2000英语专四答案

2000英语专四答案

2000WriteonANSWERSHEETONEacompositionofabout150wordsonthefollowingtopic:Collegelifeshouldbevariedandcolourful.Andextracurricularactivitiesareanimportantaspectofit.However,atpresent,thereismuchroomforimprovementinthisregard.Writeanarticletotheuniversityradioentitled:TheImportanceofExtracurricularActivitiesSECTIONBNOTE-WRITING［10MIN.］WriteonANSWERSHEETONEanoteofabout50-60wordsbasedonthefollowingsituation:You’vereadonthenoticeboardthattheuniversitylibraryislookingforapart-timelibraryassistantwhocanworkatweekends.Youthinkthatyourclassmate,George,isasuitablepersonforthisvacancy.Writehimanote,tellinghimwhatyouknowaboutthevacancyandtryingtopersuadehimtogoforaninterviewMarkswillbeawardedforcontentorganization,grammarandappropriacy.PartⅡDICTATION［15MIN.］PartⅢLISTENINGCOMPREHENSION［20MIN.］InSectionsA,B,andCyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Markthebestanswertoeachquestiononyouranswersheet.SectionASTATEMENTInthissectionyouwillhearninestatements.Attheendofthestatementyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingninequestions.1.WhatissaidaboutHarry’sbrother?A.Heishappywithhisjob.B.Heisaveryambitiousman.C.Heistooambitioustobeanenginedriver.D.Hedoesn’tliketobeanenginedriver.2.WhatdoyoulearnaboutMs.Ellis?A.Shehasbeenwaiting.B.Sheisexaminingherpatient.C.Sheisseeingherdoctor.D.Shewouldn’tmindwaiting.3.Joanisprobablya___.A.nurseB.doctorC.lawyerD.saleswoman4.ThespeakerseesMarywear___differentsilkscarvesinaweek.A.2B.5C.7D.65.WherewillthepassengerschangetrainstogotoGilford?A.EastCroydon.B.Victoria.C.Southeast.D.RedHill.6.Whatisthespeakerprobablydoing?A.Interviewingaclerk.B.Writingajobad.C.Dismissingaclerk.D.Makinginquiresn7.Whatdoesthespeakermean?A.Emilyisneitherhonestnortrustworthy.B.Emilyusedtobehonestonly.C.Emilyusedtobetrustworthyonly.D.Emilyismorethanhonestandtrustworthy.8.Whendoesthenexttrainleave?A.6:56.B.7:00.C.7:28.D.8:38.9.WhatwaswrongwithMalcolm?A.Hehadtroubleworkinghard.B.Hedidn’tknowwheretogo.C.Heneverwentanywhere.D.Heworkedhardbutneversucceeded.SECTIONBCONVERSATIONInthissection,youwillheareightshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversationyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingeightquestions.10.What’stheprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?A.Teacherandstudent.B.Doctorandpatient.C.Lawyerandclient.D.Bossandsecretary.11.WhatistheweatherusuallylikeinNovember?A.Hotterthanthepresentweather.B.Morehumidthanthepresentweather.C.Drierthanthepresentweather.D.Coolerthanthepresentweather.12.Whatconclusioncanwedrawfromthisconversation?A.Publicbusesarefastandcheap.B.Parkingisbecomingabigproblem.C.Subwaytrainsareevensaferthantaxis.D.Taxisaremoreconvenientthanbuses.13.Whatarethetwospeakerstalkingabout?A.Fixingthewoman’scomputer.B.OrderingsomenewpartsbyFriday.C.GettingthenewpartsreadybyFriday.D.Sendingthewoman’scomputerforrepair.14.Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?A.Neitherofthemhasafavourableopinionoftheservice.B.Thewomanishavingaterribletimeservingintherestaurant.C.Bothagreeit’stimefortherestauranttofiresomestaff.D.Themanthinkstherestaurantisallright,butthewomandoesn’t.15.Whowillpayforthecall?A.Theman.B.Theoperator.C.Theman’ssister.D.Themanandhissister.n16.Whatdoesthemanthinkofthewoman’schoiceofclothing?A.Hethinksherchoiceisgood.B.Hethinksherchoiceisterrible.C.Hedoesn’tlikethecolour.D.Hedoesn’tlikethestyle.17.WhathappenedtoMr.Runt’sproject?A.Itwasfairlysuccessful.B.Itwashardandfutile.C.Itfailedforlackoffund.D.Itstoppedforlackofland.SECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTQuestion18isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven1Osecondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.18.Accordingtothenews,NATOandRussia___.A.havefinalizedacharterontheirnewrelationshipB.stillhavedifferencesinmilitaryandpoliticalissuesC.willholdafifthroundoftalksinLuxembourgD.madenoprogressinthisroundoftalksQuestions19and20arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthetwoquestions.Nowlistentothenews.19.___peoplewerekilledduringtheaircrash.A.61B.51C.41D.1020.Accordingtothenews,theplanecrashed___.A.shortlybeforeitlandedB.minutesafterittookoffC.afteritclearedthemountainsD.atthefootofthemountainsQuestions21and22arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthetwoquestions.Nowlistentothenews.21.WhichofthefollowingisNOTlistedasaterroristgroupbytheUS?A.Thepro-IranianHezbollah.B.ThePalestiniangroupHamas.C.TheIrishRepublicanArmy.D.TheBasqueseparatistgroupETA.22.Theaffectedgroupswillbepreventedfrom___.A.enteringtheUnitedStateslegallyB.freezingUSfinancialassetsabroadC.receivingsupportfromothercountriesD.givingweaponstootherterroristgroupsQuestion23isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven1Osecondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.23.IsraeliPrimeMinisterBenjaminNetanyahu___.A.hasbeenprosecutedbytheJusticeMinistryB.maybeprosecutedbytheJusticeMinistrynC.hasbeenprosecutedbythepoliceD.willbeprosecutedonMondayQuestions24and25arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthetwoquestions.Nowlistentothenews.24.Thewinnersofthereportedelectionsare___.A.theleft-wingConservativesB.theleft-wingSocialistsC.thecentre-rightConservativesD.thecentre-rightSocialists25.Iftheleftsecurestheparliamentarymajority,___.A.ChiracwillsharehispresidentialpowerwithJospinB.JospinwillsharehisprimeministerialpowerwithChiracC.Jospinwillbecomeprimeminister,andChiracwillremainD.Jospinwillbecomeprimeminister,andChiracwillresign完型填空PartⅣCLOZE［15MIN.］Decidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.Markthebestchoiceforeachblankonyouranswersheet.Thedifferencebetweenaliquidandagasisobvious(26)theconditionsoftemperatureandpressurecommonlyfoundatthesurfaceoftheEarth.Aliquidcanbekeptinanopencontainerand(27)ittothelevelofafreesurface.Agasformsnofreesurfacebut(28)todiffusethroughoutthespaceavailable;itmust(29)bekeptinaclosedcontainer,as(30)aplanet’satmosphere.Thedistinctionwasaprominentfeatureofearlytheories(31)thephasesofmatter.Inthenineteenthcentury,forexample,onetheorymaintainedthataliquidcouldbe“dissolved”inavaporwithoutlosingitsidentity,andanothertheoryheldthatthetwophasesare(32)differentkindsofmolecules(分子).Thetheoriesnowprevailing(33)aquitedifferentapproachbyemphasizingwhatliquidsandgaseshaveincommon.Theyarebothformsofmatterthathavenopermanentstructure,andtheybothfloweasily.Theyarefluids.The(34)similarlyofliquidsandgasesbecomesclearlyapparentwhenthetemperatureandpressureareraisedsomewhat.(35)aclosedcontainerpartiallyfilledwithaliquidisheated.Theliquidexpandsor(36),becomeslessdense;someofitevaporates.(37),thevaporabovetheliquidsurfacebecomesdenserastheevaporatedmoleculesareaddedtoit.Thecombinationoftemperatureandpressure(38)thedensitiesbecomeequalis(39)thecriticalpoint.Abovethecriticalpointtheliquidandthegascannolongerbe(40);thereisasingle,undifferentiatedfluidphaseofuniformdensity.26.A.inB.onC.underD.beyond27.A.fillsB.befilledC.fillingD.tofill28.A.intendsB.tendsC.inclinesD.contends29.A.howeverB.neverthelessC.soD.thereforen30．A.intheeventofB.inthecaseofC.withaviewtoD.withreferenceto31.A.havingdescribedB.describedC.describingD.tohavedescribed32.A.madeupofB.consistedofC.constitutedofD.madefrom33.A.applyB.adaptC.takeD.conduct34.A.elementaryB.crucialC.rudimentaryD.fundamental35.A.SupposeB.TosupposeC.BeingsupposedD.Supposed36.A.inawordB.inthemeantimeC.inotherwordsD.inthatcase37.A.SimilarlyB.IncontrastC.FurthermoreD.Instead38.A.onthatB.onwhichC.atthatD.atwhich39.A.knownB.definedC.calledD.referredto40.A.classifiedB.recognizedC.categorizedD.distinguishedPartⅤGRAMMARANDVOCABULARY［15MIN.］Therearetwenty-fivesentencesinthissection.BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.Markyouranswersonyouranswersheet.41.Acutehearinghelpsmostanimalssensetheapproachofthunderstormslongbeforepeople___.A.doB.hearC.dothemD.hearingit42.Thisisanillnessthatcanresultintotalblindness___leftuntreated.A.afterB.ifC.sinceD.unless43.Thecentralprovinceshavefloodsinsomeyears,and___.A.droughtinothersB.droughtsareothersC.whileotherdroughtsD.othersindrought44.Dohelpyourselftosomefruit,___you?A.can’tB.don’tC.wouldn’tD.won’t45.There___nothingmorefordiscussion,themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.A.tobeB.tohavebeenC.beingD.be46.Mymothercan’tget___becauseshehasrheumatism(风湿病).A.aboutB.onC.throughD.in47.Iwasverymuchput___byMark’srudebehavior;itreallyannoyedme.A.overB.offC.upD.by48.You___Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.A.needn’thavetoldB.needn’ttellC.mustn’thavetoldD.mustn’ttell49.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere___quitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.A.weren’tB.hasn’tbeenC.hadn’tbeenD.wouldn’tbe50.Firmsthatusecomputershavefoundthatthenumberofstaff___qualitycontrolcanbesubstantiallyreduced.A.whoseB.asC.whatD.that51.___atinthisway,thepresenteconomicsituationdoesn’tseemsogloomy.A.LookingB.LookedC.HavinglookedD.Tolook52.Manypeopleare___toinsectbites,andsomeevenhavetogotohospital.A.insensitiveB.allergicC.sensibleD.infectedn53.Whenyou’redrivingonamotorway,youmustobeythesignstellingyoutogetintotheright___.A.wayB.trackC.roadD.lane54.Themotoristhadto___toavoidknockingtheoldwomandowninthemiddleoftheroad.A.swerveB.twistC.departD.swing55.Inwinterdrivershavetroublestoppingtheircarsfrom___onicyroads.A.skatingB.skiddingC.slidingD.slipping56.Thisprojectwould___ahugeincreaseindefensespending.A.resultB.assureC.entailD.accomplish57.Thechancesofarepetitionoftheseunfortunateeventsare___indeed.A.distantB.slimC.unlikelyD.narrow58.Weshouldmakeaclear___between’competent’and’proficient’forthepurposesofourdiscussion.A.separationB.divisionC.distinctionD.difference59.Inthepresenteconomic___wecanmakeevengreaterprogressthanpreviously.A.airB.moodC.areaD.climate60.RiteofPassageisagoodnovelbyanystandards;___,itshouldrankhighonanylistofsciencefiction.A.consistentlyB.consequentlyC.invariablyD.fortunately61.Thediversityoftropicalplantsintheregionrepresentsaseemingly___sourceofrawmaterials,ofwhichonlyafewhavebeenutilized.A.exploitedB.controversialC.inexhaustibleD.remarkable62.WhilehewasinBeijing,hespentallhistime___someimportantmuseumsandbuildings.A.visitingB.travelingC.watchingD.touring63.Youmustletmehavetheannualreportwithout___byteno’clocktomorrowmorning.A.failureB.hesitationC.troubleD.fail64.Asthedirectorcan’tcometothereception,I’mrepresentingthecompanyA.onhisaccountB.onhisbehalfC.forhispartD.inhisinterest65.Dreamsare___inthemselves,butwhencombinedwithotherdata,theycantellusmuchaboutthedreamer.A.uninformativeB.startlingC.harmlessD.uncontrollable阅读理解APartⅥREADINGCOMPREHENSION［30MIN.］SECTIONAREADINGCOMPREHENSION［25MIN.］Inthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.Markyouranswersonyouranswersheet.TEXTAnClearlyifwearetoparticipateinthesocietyinwhichwelivewemustcommunicatewithotherpeople.Agreatdealofcommunicatingisperformedonaperson-to-personbasisbythesimplemeansofspeech.Ifwetravelinbuses,buythingsinshops,oreatinrestaurants,wearelikelytohaveconversationswherewegiveinformationoropinions,receivenewsorcomment,andverylikelyhaveourviewschallengedbyothermembersofsociety.Face-to-facecontactisbynomeanstheonlyformofcommunicationandduringthelasttwohundredyearstheartofmasscommunicationhasbecomeoneofthedominatingfactorsofcontemporarysociety.Twothings,aboveothers,havecausedtheenormousgrowthofthecommunicationindustry.Firstly,inventivenesshasledtoadvancesinprinting,telecommunications,photography,radioandtelevision.secondly,speedhasrevolutionisedthetransmissionandreceptionofcommunicationssothatlocalnewsoftentakesabackseattonationalnews,whichitselfisoftenalmosteclipsedbyinternationalnews.Nolongeristhepossessionofinformationconfinedtoaprivilegedminority.Inthelastcenturythewealthymanwithhisownlibrarywasindeedfortunate,buttodaytherearepubliclibraries.Fortyyearsagopeopleusedtoflocktothecinema,butnowfarmorepeoplesitathomeandturnontheTVtowatchaprogrammethatisbeingchannelledintomillionsofhomes.Communicationisnolongermerelyconcernedwiththetransmissionofinformation.Themodemcommunicationindustryinfluencesthewaypeopleliveinsocietyandbroadenstheirhorizonsbyallowingaccesstoinformation,educationandentertainment.Theprinting,broadcastingandadvertisingindustriesareallinvolvedwithinforming,educatingandentertaining.Althoughagreatdealofthematerialcommunicatedbythemassmediaisveryvaluabletotheindividualandtothesocietyofwhichheisapart,thevastmodemnetworkofcommunicationsisopentoabuse.However,themassmediaarewithusforbetter,forworse,andthereisnoturningback.66.Inthefirstparagraphthewriteremphasizesthe___offace-to-facecontactinsocialsettings.A.natureB.limitationC.usefulnessD.creativity67.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat___.A.localnewsusedtobetheonlysourceofinformation.B.localnewsstilltakesasignificantplace.C.nationalnewsisbecomingmorepopular.D.internationalnewsisthefastesttransmittednews.68.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?A.Topossessinformationusedtobeaprivilege.B.Publiclibrarieshavereplacedprivatelibraries.C.Communicationmeansmorethantransmission.D.Informationinfluenceswaysoflifeandthinking.n69.Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthatthewriteris___.A.indifferenttotheharmfulinfluenceofthemassmediaB.happyaboutthedrasticchangesinthemassmediaC.pessimisticaboutthefutureofthemassmediaD.concernedaboutthewronguseofthemassmediaTEXTBThemenandwomenofAnglo-SaxonEnglandnormallyboreonenameonly.Distinguishingepithetswererarelyadded.Thesemightbepatronymic,descriptiveoroccupational.Theywere,however,hardlysurnames.HeritablenamesgraduallybecamegeneralinthethreecenturiesfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.Itwasnotuntilthe13thand14thcenturiesthatsurnamesbecamefixed,althoughformanyyearsafterthat,thedegreeofstabilityinfamilynamesvariedconsiderablyindifferentpartsofthecountry.Britishsurnamesfallmainlyintofourbroadcategories:patronymic,occupational,descriptiveandlocal.Afewnames,itistrue,willremainpuzzling:foreignnames,perhaps,crudelytranslated,adaptedorabbreviated;orartificialnames.Infact,overfiftypercentofgenuineBritishsurnamesderivefromplacenamesofdifferentkinds,andsotheybelongtothelastofourfourmaincategories.EvensuchanameasSimpsonmaybelongtothislastgroup,andnottothefirst,hadthefamilyoncehaditshomeintheancientvillageofthatname.Otherwise,Simpsonmeans“thesonofSimon”,asmightbeexpected.Hundredsofoccupationalsurnamesareatoncefamiliartous,oratleastrecognisableafteralittlethought:Archer,Carter,Fisher,Mason,Thatcher,Taylor,tonamebutafew.Hundredsofothersaremoreobscureintheirmeaningsandtestifytotheamazingspecialisationinmedievalarts,craftsandfunctions.Suchare“Day”,(OldEnglishforbreadmaker)and“Walker”(afullerwhosejobitwastocleanandthickennewlymadecloth).Allthesevocationalnamescarrywiththemacertaingravityanddignity,whichdescriptivenamesoftenlack.Some,itistrue,like“Long”,“Short”or“Little”,aresimple.Theymaybetakenquiteliterally.Othersrequiremorethinking:theirmeaningsareslightlydifferentfromthemodemones.“Black”and“White”implieddarkandfairrespectively.“Sharp”meantgenuinelydiscerning,alert,acuteratherthanquick-wittedorclever.Place-nameshavealastinginterestsincethereishardlyatownorvillageinallEnglandthathasnotatsometimegivenitsnametoafamily.Theymaybepicturesque,evenpoetical;ortheymaybepedestrian,eventrivial.Amongthecommonernameswhichsurvivewithrelativelylittlechangefromold-Englishtimesare“Milton”(middleenclosure)and“Hilton”(enclosureonahill).70.Surnamesaresaidtobe___inAnglo-SaxonEngland.A.commonB.vocationalC.unusualD.descriptiven71.Welearnfromthefirstparagraph___formanyyearsafterthe13thand14thcenturies.A.familynamesbecamedescriptiveandoccupationalB.peopleinsomeareasstillhadnosurnamesC.somepeoplekeptchangingtheirsurnamesD.allfamilynamesbecamefixedinEngland72.“Patronymic”inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto“formedfrom___.A.thenameofone’sfather”B.thefamilyoccupation”C.one’sfamilyhome”D.one’sfamilyhistory”73.Whichofthefollowingsentencesisanopinionratherthanafact?A.hundredsofoccupationalnamesareatoncefamiliartous.B.“Black”and“White”implied“dark”and“fair”respectively.C.Vocationalnamescarrywiththemacertaingravityanddignity.D.EveryplaceinEnglandhasgivenitsnametoafamily.TEXTCSincetheearly1930s,Swissbankshadpridedthemselvesontheirsystemofbankingsecrecyandnumberedaccounts.Overtheyears,theyhadsuccessfullywithstoodeverychallengetothissystembytheirowngovernmentwho,inturn,hadbeenfrequentlyurgedbyforeigngovernmentstorevealinformationaboutthefinancialaffairstocertainaccountholders.TheresultofthispolicyofsecrecywasthatakindofmystiquehadgrownuparoundSwissbanking.Therewasawidely-heldbeliefthatSwitzerlandwasirresistibletowealthyforeigners,mainlybecauseofitsnumberedaccountsandbankers’reluctancetoaskawkwardquestionsofdepositors.Contributingtothemystiquewastheview,carefullypropagatedbythebanksthemselves,thatifthissecrecywasevergivenup,foreignerswouldfalloverthemselvesintherushtowithdrawmoney,andtheSwissbankingsystemwouldvirtuallycollapseovernight.Tomany,therefore,itcamelikeaboltoutoftheblue,when,in1977,theSwissbanksannouncedtheyhadsignedapactwiththeSwissNationalBank(theCentralBank).Theaimoftheagreementwastopreventtoimproperuseofthecountry’sbanksecrecylaws,anditseffectwastocurbseverelythesystemofsecrecy.Theruleswhichthebankshadagreedtoobservemadetheopeningofnumberedaccountssubjecttomuchcloserscrutinythanbefore.Thebankswouldberequired,ifnecessary,toidentifytheoriginofforeignfundsgoingintonumberedandotheraccounts.Theideawastostopsuchaccountsbeingusedfordubiouspurposes.Alsotheyagreednottoacceptfundsresultingfromtaxevasionorfromcrime.Thepactrepresentedessentiallyatighteningupofbankingrules.Althoughthebanksagreedtoendrelationswithclientswhoseidentitieswereunclearorwhowereperformingimproperacts,theywerestillnotobligedtoinformonaclienttoanyone,includingtheSwissgovernment.Tosomeextent,therefore,theprincipleofsecrecyhadbeennmaintained.74.Swissbankstookpridein___.A.thenumberoftheiraccountsB.withholdingclientinformationC.beingmysterioustotheoutsidersD.attractingwealthyforeignclients75.Accordingtothepassage,thewidely-heldbeliefthatSwitzerlandwasirresistibletowealthyforeignerswas___bybanksthemselves.A.deniedB.criticizedC.reviewedD.defended76.Inthelastparagraph,thewriterthinksthat___.A.completechangeshadbeenintroducedintoSwissbanksB.SwissbankscouldnolongerkeepclientinformationC.changesinthebankpolicieshadbeensomewhatsuperficialD.morechangesneedtobeconsideredandmadeTEXTDCoketownwasatownofredbrick,orofbrickthatwouldhavebeenredifthesmokeandtheasheshadallowedit;butasmattersstooditwasatownofunnaturalredandblacklikethepaintedfaceofasavage.Itwasatownofmachineryandtallchimneys,outofwhichsmoketrailedthemselvesforeverandever.Ithadablackcanalinit,andariverthatranpurplewithill-smellingdye,andvastpilesofbuildingsfullofwindowswheretherewasarattlingandatremblingalldaylong,andwherethepistonofthesteam-engineworkedmonotonouslyupanddownliketheheadofanelephantinastateofmadness.Thetowncontainedseverallargestreetsallverylikeoneanother,andmanysmallstreetsstillmorelikeoneanother,inhabitedbypeopleequallylikeoneanother.Asunnymidsummerday.Therewassuchathingsometimes,eveninCoketown.Seenfromadistanceinsuchweather,Coketownlaycoveredinahazeofitsown.Youonlyknewthetownwasthere,becauseyouknewtherecouldhavebeennosuchblotchupontheviewwithoutatown.Thestreetswerehotanddustyonthesummerday,andthesunwassobrightthatitevenshonethroughthehazeoverCoketown,andcouldnotbelookedatsteadily.Workersemergedfromlowundergrounddoorwaysintofactoryyards,andsatonpostsandsteps,wipingtheirfacesandcontemplatingcoals.Thewholetownseemedtobefryinginoil.Therewasastiflingsmellofhotoileverywhere.Theatmosphereofthoseplaceswaslikethebreathofhell,andtheirinhabitantswastingwithheat,toiledlanguidlyinthedesert.Butnotemperaturemadethemadelephantsmoremadormoresane.Theirwearisomeheadswentupanddownatthesamerate,inhotweatherandincold,wetweatheranddryfairweatherandfoul.Themeasuredmotionoftheirshadowsonthewalls,wasthesubstituteCoketownhadtoshowfortheshadowsofrustlingwoods;whileforthesummerhumofinsects,itcouldofferalltheyearround,fromthedawnofMondaytothenightofSaturday,thewhirrofshaftsandwheels.n77.WhichofthefollowingadjectivesisNOTappropriatetodescribeCoketown?A.dullB.dirtyC.noisyD.savage78.FromthepassageweknowthatCoketownwasmainlya(n)___town.A.industrialB.agriculturalC.residentialD.commercial79.Only___werenotaffectedbyweather.A.theworkmenB.theinhabitantsC.thesteam-enginesD.therustlingwoods80.Whichistheauthor’sopinionofCoketown?A.Coketownshouldbereplacedbywoods.B.Thetownwasseriouslypolluted.C.Thetownhadtoomuchoilinit.D.Thetown’satmospherewastraditional.n1999年英语专业四级考试试题真题PartⅠWRITING［45MIN.］SECTIONACOMPOSITIONWeseeadvertisementsontelevisioneveryday.SomepeoplethinkthatTVadvertisingbringsusbenefits,hutothersdon'tthinkso.Whatisyouropinion?WriteonANSWERSHEETONEacompositionofabout150wordsonthefollowingtopic:AMAJORADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGEOFADVERTISINGONTELEVISIONYouaretowriteinthreeparagraphs.Inthefirstparagraph,statejustONEmajoradvantageordisadvantageofTVadvertising.Inthesecondparagraph,giveoneortworeasonstosupportyourpointofview.Inthelastparagraph,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusion.Markswillheawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriacy.Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.SECTIONBNOTE-WRITING［10MIN.］WriteonANSWERSHEETONEanoteofabout50-60wordsbasedonthefollowingsituation:You’velearnedthatyourfriendJimmyisillthesedays.Writehimanoteexpressingyourconcern,askingafterhishealthandgivingyourbestwishes..Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriacy.PartⅡDICTATION［15MIN.］Listentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadtoyoufourtimes.Duringthefirstreading,whichwillbereadatnormalspeed,listenandtrytounderstandthemeaning.Forthesecondandthirdreadings,thepassagewillbereadsentencebysentence,orphrasebyphrase,withintervalsof15seconds.Thelastreadingwillhereadatnormalspeedagainandduringthistimeyoushouldcheckyourwork.Youwillthenbegiven2minutestocheckthroughyourworkoncemore.PleasewritethewholepassageonAnswerSheetTwo.PartⅢLISTENINGCOMPREHENSION［20MIN.］InSectionsA,BandCyouwillheareverythingonceonly.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Markthecorrectanswertoeachquestiononyouranswersheet.SECTIONASTATEMENTInthissectionyouwillheareightstatements.Attheendofeachstatementyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingeightquestions.1.Howwelldidthespeakerdointhetest?A.Heansweredthelastfourquestions.B.Heansweredthelastfewquestionsfirst.C.Heansweredonlysomeofthequestions.nD.Heansweredallthequestionsexceptthefirst.2.JanethinksthatSwisscheese___.A.tastesthebestB.tastesverybadC.isbetterthanbuttercheeseD.isnobetterthanothercheese3.Johnwentto___first.A.thecinemeB.therepairshopC.thegasstationD.theservicestation4.Bettywishesto___.A.sendawaythec1eaningladyB.replacethecleaningladyC.keepthecleaningladyD.dothehousecleaning5.HowmuchdidFredpayforhiscar?A.Hepaidhalfthepricethesalesmanasked.B.liepaidtwiceasmuchasthesalesmanaskedC.Hepaidthepricethesalesmanasked.D.Heneedn’thavepaidthatmuchforthecar.6.Permanenteducationispracticalbecause___.A.therearcnolimitsatallB.therearenoagelimitsC.nooneisgettingreallytoooldD.noonewantstolearnatoldage7.Accordingtothespeaker,themostdifficultthingis___.A.travelingfromplacetoplaceB.keepingawayfromcrowdsC.makingholidayplansD.findingaplacewithmanypeople8.Williamlosthisjobbecause___.A.hewasalwayssickB.heusuallywenttoworklateC.hemadeamistakeinhisworkD.hegotangrywithhisbossSECTIONBCONVERSATIONInthissection,youwillheareightshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversationyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingeightquestions.9.Markrefusedtotakethejobbecause___.A.theworkinghourswerenotsuitableB.thejobwasnotwellpaidC.hehadtodoalotoftravellingD.thejobwasquitedifficult10.Whatdotheythinkabouttherestaurant?A.Theservicethereisnotgood.B.Thefoodmightnotbegood.C.Thewaiterisnothospitable.D.Therestaurantistoosmall.11.WhichlanguagedoesMaryspeakwell?A.Chinese.B.French.C.Japanese.D.English12.ThewomanbelievesthatJohn___.A.wasplayingajokeB.wasleavingBostonC.wasmovingtoBostonD.wassellinghishousehimself13.Thewomanshouldhavearrivedby___.A.10:45B.10:40C.10:55D.11:0014.Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?A.Johnisnotsick.B.Johnisfeelingbetter.nC.Jackhasn’tbeensick.D.Jackhasnotgotbetter.15.Thetoneofthemanisthatof___.A.surpriseB.sarcasmC.disappointmentD.humour16.Thetwospeakersareprobably___.A.inaparkinggroundB.ataferry-crossingC.inatrafficjamD.atapetrolstationSECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTQuestions17and18arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.17.SomeHaitiansareonstrikeinorderto___.A.getpropermedicaltreatmentB.askfortheirpoliticalrightsC.protestagainsttheUSdecisionD.demandfoodsupplyaidfromUSA18.ThestrikersaredeniedentryintotheUSbecause___.A.AIDSvirushasbeenfoundamongthemB.theycannotgetpoliticalasylumintheUSC.theUSgovernmenthasrefusedtotakethemD.theydon’tacceptpropermedicaltreatmentQuestion19isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillhegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.19.TheUSauto-makersdecidedtostoptheiractionbecause___.A.Japaneseauto-makerspromisedtostopdumpingcarsintheUSB.theGovernmentpromisedtosolvetheUS-JapantradeimbalanceC.threeUScompanieshaveendedtheUS-JapantradeimbalanceD.JapanagreedtosellcarsattheagreedpricesinsidetheUSQuestions20and21arebasedonthefollowingnews.Altheendofthenewsitem,youwillhegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.20.Wheredidthestormsfirststrike?A.TheeasternUS.B.TheGulfofMexico.C.TheCanadianborder.D.SomeareasinCuba.21.ThestormshaveresultedinthefollowingEXCEPT___.A.deathanddamageB.disruptionofairservicesC.destructionofcropsD.relocationofpeopleQuestion22isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.22.Accordingtothenews,Francewasstronglycriticizedfor___.A.conductingfivenucleartestsonWednesdayB.carryingoutaseriesofnucleartestsinthePacificC.gettingdisappointingresultsinthenuclearprogramD.refusingtosignaglobaltreatybanningnucleartestsQuestions23isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,Youwillhegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.23.Thenewsitemismainlyabout___.A.airtrafficproblemsB.safetyimprovementC.thenumberofflightsD.flighttrainingcoursesnQuestions24and25arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillhegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.24.WhatisthepurposeofthemeetinginLuxembourg?A.TocontrolpatrolboatsontheRiverDanube.B.ToendeconomicsanctionsagainstSerbia.C.TostepupeconomicsanctionsagainstSerbia.D.Tosendpoliceofficerstosearchtheriver.25.InternationaleffortsagainstSerbiahavebeenineffectivebecause___.A.shipscarryingillegalsuppliesstillsailalongtheriverB.moreillegalgoodshavebeencarriedoverlandC.localauthoritiesdidn’tattempttostopillegalgoodsD.therehasbeendisagreementovereconomicsanctionsPart4CLOZE［15MIN.］Decidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldcorrectlycompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.MarkthecorrectchoiceforeachblankonyouranswerSheet.Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestruggleforsurvivalintheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot(26)withthebear,whosestrength,speedandclaws(27)animpressive’smallfire’weaponry.Theycouldnotevendefendthemselves(28)runningswiftlylikethehorses,zebrasorsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsintheopen,theywouldhavebeen(29)tofailureandextinction.Buttheywere(30)withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakindnotpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthesearch(31)thepickingsoftheforest,theape-menhad(32)efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolourthattheanimalsofthegrasslandsdidnotpossess.Theabilitytoseeclearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsinawaythatlayfar(33)thereachoftheoriginalinhabitantsofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas(34)anothermatter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwellingapesandmonkeysbecausethehighertheviewpoint,thegreatertherangeofsight—so(35)theyhadhadtodowasclimbatree.Outintheopen,however,thissimplesolutionwasnot(36).Climbingahillwouldhavehelped,butinmanyplacesthegroundwasflat.Theape-men(37)theonlypossiblesolution.Theyrearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalkupright.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtaboutconsiderabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthealreadyslowape-menbecameslowerstill.(38),theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame(39)tothenew,unstablepositionthat(40)themthenameHomoerectus,uprightman.26.A.matchB.compareC.rivalD.equal27.A.becameB.equippedC.posedD.provided28.A.inB.uponC.byD.withn29.A.drivenB.doomedC.forcedD.led30.A.bestowedB.givenC.presentedD.endowed31.A.forB.ofC.onD.at32.A.progressedB.generatedC.developedD.advanced33.A.fromB.apartC.beyondD.above34.A.ratherB.quiteC.muchD.really35.A.anythingB.thatC.everythingD.all36.A.availableB.enoughC.sufficientD.convenient37.A.choseB.adoptedC.acceptedD.took38.A.HoweverB.ThereforeC.MeanwhileD.Subsequently39.A.accustomedB.familiarizedC.adaptedD.suited40.A.obtainedB.calledC.deservedD.earnedPart5GRAMMARANDVOCABULARY［15MIN.］Therearetwenty-fivesentencesinthissection.BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseonewordorphrasethatcorrectlycompletesthesentence.Markyouranswersonyouranswersheet41.After___seemedanendlesswait,itwasherturntoenterthepersonnelmanager’soffice.A.thatB.whatC.thereD.it42.Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintotheneighbouringcountry,___bythepoliceeachtime.A.hadbeencapturedB.beingalwayscapturedC.onlytobecapturedD.unfortunatelycaptured43.ProfessorJohnsonissaid___somesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.A.havingmadeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.tomake44.Fatcannotchangeintomuscle___musclechangesintofat.A.anymorethanB.nolessthanC.nomorethanD.muchmorethan45.Itisnotsomuchthelanguage___theculturalbackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.A.butB.norC.asD.like46.Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofmountainclimbingthan___inthepublicmindtoday.A.existsB.existC.existingD.toexist47.I’veneverbeentoLhasa,butthat’sthecity___.A.I’dmostliketovisitB.whereIliketovisitC.whichIliketovisitmostlyD.I’dlikemuchtovisit48.He___unwisely,buthewasatleasttryingtodosomethinghelpful.A.mayhaveactedB.musthaveactedC.shouldactD.wouldact49.IfyouhavereallybeenstudyingEnglishforsolong.It’sabouttimeyou___abletowritelettersinEnglish.A.shouldbeB.wereC.mustbeD.are50.He’s___asa“bellyacher”——he’salwayscomplainingaboutsomething.A.whoisknownB.whomisknownC.whatisknownD.whichisknownn51.___healwaystrieshisbesttocompleteitontime.A.HoweverthetaskishardB.HoweverhardthetaskisC.ThoughhardthetaskisD.Thoughhardisthetask52.Muchas___,Icouldn’tlendhimthemoneybecauseIsimplydidn’thavethatmuchsparecash.A.IwouldhavelikedtoB.IwouldliketohaveC.1shouldhavetolikeD.1shouldhavelikedto53Mycousinlikeseatingverymuch,butheisn’tvery___aboutthefoodheeats.A.specialB.peculiarC.particularD.specific54.Youradvicewouldbe___valuabletohim.whoisnowatalossastowhattodofirst.A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD.exclusively55.Moreoftenthannot,itisdifficultto___theexactmeaningofaChineseidiominEnglish.A.exchangeB.transferC.conveyD.convert56.Sherefusedto___thedoorkeytothelandladyuntilshegotbackherdeposit.A.handinB.handoutC.handdownD.handover57.Thescientistshaveabsolutefreedomastowhatresearchtheythinkitbestto___.A.engageB.devoteC.seekD.pursue58.TheOlympicGames___in776B.C.inOlympia,asmalltowninGreece.A.originatedB.stemmedC.derivedD.descended59.Weshouldalwaysbearinmindthat___decisionsoftenresultinseriousconsequences.A.urgentB.instantC.promptD.hasty60.Thefactthatthemanagementistryingtoreachagreement___fiveseparateunionshasledtolongnegotiations.A.overB.inC.uponD.with61.Thechairmanofthecompanysaidthatnewtechniqueshad___improvedtheirproductionefficiency.A.violentlyB.severelyC.extremelyD.radically62.Thelocalauthoritiesrealizedtheneedtomake___forelderlypeopleintheirhousingprogrammes.A.preparationB.requirementC.specificationD.provision63.Theguestteamwasbeatenbythehostteam2___4inlastyear’sCFACupFinal.A.overB.inC.toD.against64.Thepolicelethimgo,becausetheydidn’tfindhimguilty___themurder.A.ofB.inC.overD.on65.Asadevelopingcountry,wemustkeep___withtherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.A.moveB.stepC.speedD.pacePartⅥREADINGCOMPREHENSION［30MIN.］SECTIONAREADINGCOMPREHENSION［25MIN.］Inthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatnements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthecorrectanswer.Markyourchoiceonyouranswersheet.TEXTASurprisingly,nooneknowshowmanychildrenreceiveeducationinEnglishhospitals,stilllessthecontentorqualityofthateducation.Properrecordsarejustnotkept.Weknowthatmorethan850.000childrengothroughhospitaleachyear,andthateverychildofschoolagehasalegalrighttocontinuetoreceiveeducationwhileinhospital.Wealsoknowthereisonlyonehospitalteachertoevery1,000childreninhospital.Littlewonderthelatestsurveyconcludesthattheextentandtypeofhospitalteachingavailabledifferagreatdealacrossthecountry.ItisfoundthathalfthehospitalsinEnglandwhichadmitchildrenhavenoteacher.Afurtherquarterhaveonlyapart-timeteacher.Thespecialchildren’shospitalsinmajorcitiesdobest;generalhospitalsinthecountryandholidayareasareworstoff.Fromthissurvey,onecanestimatethatfewerthanoneinfivechildrenhavesomecontactwithahospitalteacher—andthatcontactmaybeaslittleastwohoursaday.Mostchildreninterviewedweresurprisedtofindateacherinhospitalatall.Theyhadnotbeenpreparedforitbyparentsortheirownschool.Iftherewasateachertheyweremuchmorelikelytoreadbooksanddomathornumberwork;withoutateachertheywouldonlyplaygames.Reasonsforhospitalteachingrangefrompreventingachildfallingbehindandmaintainingthehabitofschooltokeepingachildoccupied,andthelatterisoftenalltheteachercando.Thepositionandinfluenceofmanyteacherswassummedupwhenparentsreferredtothemas“thelibrarylady”orjust“thehelper”.Childrentendtorelyonconcernedschoolfriendstokeepintouchwithschoolwork.Severalparentsspokeofrequestsforworkbeingignoredorrefusedbytheschool.Oncebackatschoolchildrenrarelygetextrateaching,andaretoldtocatchupasbesttheycan.Manyshort-staychild-patientscatchupquickly.Butschoolsdoverylittletoeasetheanxietyaboutfallingbehindexpressedbymanyofthechildreninterviewed.66．Theauthorpointsoutatthebeginningthat___.A.everychildinhospitalreceivessometeachingB.notenoughisknownabouthospitalteachingC.hospitalteachingisofpoorqualityD.thespecialchildren’shospitalsareworstoff67.Itcanbeinferredfromthelatestsurveythat___.A.hospitalteachingacrossthecountryissimilarB.eachhospitalhasatleastonepart-timeteacherC.allhospitalssurveyedoffereducationtochildrenD.onlyone-fourthofthehospitalshavefull-timeteachers68.Childreninhospitalusual1yturnto___inordertocatchupwiththeirschoolwork.A.hospitalteachersB.schoolmatesC.parentsD.schoolteachersn69.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethattheauthoris___.A.unfavourabletowardschildrenreceivingeducationinhospitalsB.infavourofthepresentstateofteachinginhospitalsC.unsatisfiedwiththepresentstateofhospitalteachingD.satisfiedwiththeresultsofthelatestsurveyTEXTBComputerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“computer-literate”,inotherwords,tolearntounderstandcomputersandwhatmakesthemtick.Notallexpertsagree,however,thatisagoodidea.Onepioneer,inparticular.whodisagreesisDavidTebbutt,thefounderofComputertownUK.Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,Daviddoesnotseeitthatway.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstothepeopleandmakethem“people-literate”.DavidfirstgottheideawhenhevisitedoneofAmerica’sbest-knowncomputer“guru”figure,BobAlbrecht，inthesmalluniversitytownofPaloAltoinNorthernCalifornia.AlbrechthadstartedaprojectcalledComputertownUSAinthelocallibrary,andthelocalchildrenusedtocallroundeveryWednesdaytoborrowsometimeonthecomputersthere,insteadofborrowinglibrarybooks.Albrechtwasalwaysonhandtoansweranyquestionsandtohelpthechildrendiscoveraboutcomputersintheirownway.Overhere,inBritain，Computertownshavetakenoffinabigway，andtherearenowabout40scatteredoverthecountry.DavidTebbuttthinkstheyaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclub.Heinsiststhereisavastandimportantdifferencebetweenthetwo,althoughtheycomplementeachother.Theclubscaterfortheenthusiasts,withsomecomputerknowledgealready,whogettogetherarideventuallyformanexpertcomputergroup.Thisfrightensawaynon-experts,whoarehappiergoingtoComputertownswheretherearecomputersavailableforthemtoexperimenton,withexpertsavailabletoencouragethemandansweranyquestions;theyarenottoldwhattodo,theyfindout.DavidTehbuttfindsitinterestingtoseethetwodifferentapproachesworkingsidebyside.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeabletoexplaintheanswerstothequestionsthatpeoplereallywanttoknow.InsomeComputertownstherearequestionsessions,ratherlikeradiophone-ins,wheretheexpertslistentoalotofquestionsandthentrytoworkoutsomestructuretoanswerthem.Peoplearenothavingtolearncomputerjargons,buttheexpertsarehavingtotranslatecomputermysteriesintoeasilyunderstoodterms;thecomputersarebecoming“people-literate”.70.AccordingtoDavidTebbutt,thepurposeofComputertownUKisto___nA.trainpeopletounderstandhowcomputersworkB.makemorecomputersavailabletopeopleC.enablemorepeopletofixcomputersthemselvesD.helppeoplefindoutmoreaboutcomputers71.WeLearnfromthepassagethatComputertownUSAwasa___.A.townB.projectC.libraryD.school72.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?A.ComputertownsintheUKhavebecomepopular.B.Computertownsandclubscaterfordifferentpeople.C.Computertownsaremoresuccessfulthanclubs.D.It’sbetterthatcomputertownsandclubsworktogether.73.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanadvantageofcomputertowns?A.Expertsgivelecturesandtalksoncomputers.B.Expertsareonhandtoanswerpeople’squestions.C.Peoplearelefttodiscovercomputersontheirown.D.Therearecomputersaroundforpeopletopractiseon.TEXTCTheremustbefewquestionsonwhichresponsibleopinionissoutterlydividedasonthatofhowmuchsleepweoughttohave.Therearesomewhothinkwecanleavethebodytoregulatethesemattersforitself.“Theansweriseasy,”saysDr.A.Burton.“Withtherightamountofsleepyoushouldwakeupfreshandalertfiveminutesbeforethealarmrings.”Ifheisrightmanypeoplemustbeundersleeping,includingmyself.Butwemustrememberthatsomepeoplehaveagreaterinertiathanothers.Thisisnotmeantrudely.Theyswitchonslowly,andtheyarereluctanttoswitchoff.Theyarealertatbedtimeandsleepywhenitistimetogetup,andthismayhavenothingtodowithhowfatiguedtheirbodiesare,orhowmuchsleeptheymusttaketolosetheirfatigue.Otherpeoplefeelsurethatthepresenttrendistowardstoolittlesleep.Toquoteonemedicalopinion,thousandsofpeopledriftthroughlifesufferingfromtheeffectsoftoolittlesleep;thereasonisnotthattheycan’tsleep.Likeadvancingcolonists,wedoseemtobegraspingevermoreofthelandofsleepforourwakingneeds,pushingtheboundarybackandreaching,apparently,forapointinourevolutionwherewewillsleepnomore.Thisinitself,ofcourse,neednotbeabadthing.Whatcouldbedisastrous,however,isthatweshouldpresstooquicklytowardsthisgoal,sacrificingsleeponlytogainmoretimeinwhichtojeopardizeourcivilizationbyactionsanddecisionsmadeweakbyfatigue.Then,tocompletethepicture,therearethosewhobelievethatmostpeoplearepersuadedtosleeptoomuch.DrH.Roberts,writinginEveryManinHealth,asserts:“Itmaysafelybestatedthat,justasthemajorityeattoomuch,sothemajoritysleeptoomuch.”Onecanseethepointofthisalso.Itwouldbeapitytoretardourdevelopmentbyholdingbackthosepeoplewhoaregiftedenoughtoworkandplaywellwithlessthantheaverageamountofsleep,ifindeeditdoesthemnoharm.Ifoneofthetrendsofevolutionisthatmoreofthelifespanistobespentingainfulwakingactivity,thensurelythesepeopleareinthevanofthisadvance.n74.Theauthorseemstoindicatethat___.A.therearemanycontroversialissuesliketherightamountofsleepB.amongmanyissuestherightamountofsleepistheleastcontroversialC.peoplearenowmovingtowardssolvingmanycontroversialissuesD.therightamountofsleepisatopicofmuchcontroversyamongdoctors75.TheauthordisagreeswithDr.Burtonbecause___.A.fewpeoplecanwakeupfeelingfreshandalertB.somepeoplestillfeeltiredwithenoughsleepC.somepeoplestillfeelsleepywithenoughsleepD.somepeoplegotobedverylateatnight76.Inthelastparagraphtheauthorpointsoutthat___.A.sleepinglessisgoodforhumandevelopmentB.peopleoughttobepersuadedtosleeplessthanbeforeC.itisincorrecttosaythatpeoplesleeptoolittleD.thosewhocansleeplessshouldbeencouraged77.Welearnfromthepassagethattheauthor___.A.commentsonthreedifferentopinionsB.favoursoneofthethreeopinionsC.explainsanopinionofhisownD.revisessomeoneelse’sopinionTEXTDMigrationisusuallydefinedas“permanentorsemipermanentchangeofresidence.”Thisbroaddefinition,ofcourse,wouldincludeamoveacrossthestreetoracrossacity.Ourconcerniswithmovementbetweennations,notwithinternalmigrationwithinnations,althoughsuchmovementsoftenexceedinternationalmovementsinvolume.Today,themotivesofpeoplewhomoveshortdistancesareverysimilartothoseofinternationalmigrants.Studentsofhumanmigrationspeakof“push”and“pull”factors,whichinfluenceanindividual’sdecisiontomovefromoneplacetoanother.Pushfactorsareassociatedwiththeplaceoforigin.Apushfactorcanbeassimpleandmildamatterasdifficultyinfindingasuitablejob.orastraumaticaswar,orseverefamine.Obviously,refugeeswholeavetheirhomeswithgunspointedattheirheadsaremotivatedalmostentirelybypushfactors(althoughpullfactorsdoinfluencetheirchoiceofdestination).Pullfactorsarethoseassociatedwiththeplaceofdestination.Mostoftentheseareeconomic，suchasbetterjobopportunitiesortheavailabilityofgoodlandtofarm.ThelatterwasanimportantfactorinattractingsettlerstotheUnitedStatesduringthe19thcentury.Ingeneral,pullfactorsadduptoanapparentlybetterchanceforagoodlifeandmaterialwell-beingthanisofferedbytheplaceoforigin.Whenthereisachoicebetweenseveralattractivepotentialdestinations,thedecidingfactormightbeanon-economicconsiderationsuchasthepresenceofrelatives,friends,oratleastfellowcountrymennalreadyestablishedinthenewplacewhoarewillingtohelpthenewcomerssettlein.Considerationsofthissortcadtothedevelopmentofmigrationflow.Besidespushandpullactors,therearewhatthesociologistscall“interveningobstacles”Evenifpushand(or)pullfactorsareverystrongtheystillmaybeoutweighedbyinterveningobstacles,suchasthedistanceofthemove,thetroubleandcostofmoving,thedifficultyofenteringthenewcountry,andtheproblemslikelytobeencounteredonarrival.Thedecisiontomoveisalsoinfluencedby“personalfactors”ofthepotentialmigrant.Thesamepush-pullfactorsandobstaclesoperatedifferentlyondifferentpeople,sometimesbecausetheyareatdifferentstagesoftheirlives,orjustbecauseoftheirvaryingabilitiesandpersonalities.Theprospectofpackingupeverythingandmovingtoanewandperhapsverystrangeenvironmentmayappearinterestingandchallengingtoanunmarriedyoungmanandappallinglydifficulttoaslightlyoldermanwithawifeandsmallkids.Similarly,theneedtolearnanewlanguageandcustomsmayexciteonepersonandfrightenanother.Regardlessofwhypeoplemove,migrationoflargenumbersofpeoplecausesconflict.TheUnitedStatesandotherwesterncountrieshaveexperiencedadjustmentproblemswitheachnewwaveofimmigrants.Thenewestarrivalsareusuallygiventhelowest-paidjobsandareresentedbynativepeoplewhomayhavetocompetewiththemforthosejobs.Ithasusuallytakenseveraldecadesforeachgrouptobeacceptedintothemainstreamofsocietyinthehostcountry.78.Theauthorthinksthatpullfactors___.A.areallrelatedtoeconomicconsiderationsB.arenotasdecisiveaspushfactorsC.includearangeofconsiderationsD.aremoreimportantthanpushfactors79.People’sdecisionstomigratemightbeinfluencedbyallthefollowingEXCEPT___.A.personalities.B.education.C.maritalstatus.D.abilities.80.Thepurposeofthepassageistodiscuss___.A.theproblemsofinternationalmigrantsB.themotivesofinternationalmigrantsC.migrationinsidethecountryD.migrationbetweencountries