2006年12月英语六级真题和答案

2006年12月英语六级真题和答案

2006年12月24日大学英语六级(CET-6)真题试卷(A卷)PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-4,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.SpaceTourismMakeyourreservationsnow.Thespacetourismindustryisofficiallyopenforbusiness,andticketsaregoingforamere$20millionforaone-weekstayinspace.DespitereluctancefromNationalAirandSpaceAdministration(NASA)，RussiamadeAmericanbusinessmanDennisTitotheworld’sfirstspacetourist.TitoflewintospaceaboardaRussianSoyuzrocketthatarrivedattheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)onApril30,2001.Thesecondspacetourist,SouthAfricanbusinessmanMarkShuttleworth,tookoffaboardtheRussianSoyuzonApril25,2002,alsoboundfortheISS.LanceBassof‘NSyncwassupposedtobethethirdtomakethe$20milliontrip,buthedidnotjointhethree-mancrewastheyblastedoffonOctober30,2002,duetolackofpayment.ProbablythemostincredibleaspectofthisproposedspacetourwasthatNASAapprovedofit.Thesetripsarethebeginningofwhatcouldbeaprofitable21stcenturyindustry.Therearealreadyseveralspacetourismcompaniesplanningtobuildsuborbitalvehiclesandorbitalcitieswithinthenexttwodecades.Thesecompanieshaveinvestedmillions,believingthatthespacetourismindustryisonthevergeoftakingoff.In1997,NASApublishedareportconcludingthatsellingtripsintospacetoprivatecitizenscouldbeworthbillionsofdollars.AJapanesereportsupportsthesefindings,andprojectsthatspacetourismcouldbea$10billionperyearindustrywithinthenexttwodecades.Theonlyobstaclestoopeningupspacetotouristsarethespaceagencies,whoareconcernedwithsafetyandthedevelopmentofareliable,reusablelaunchvehicle.SpaceAccommodationsRussia’sMirspacestationwassupposedtobethefirstdestinationforspacetourists.ButinMarch2001，theRussianAerospaceAgencybroughtMirdownintothePacificOcean.Asitturnedout,bringingdownMironlytemporarilydelayedthefirsttouristtripintospace.TheMircrashdidcancelplansforanewreality-basedgameshowfromNBC,whichwasgoingtobecalledDestinationMir.TheSurvivor-likeTVshowwasscheduledtoairinfall2001,ParticipantsontheshowweretogothroughtrainingatRussia’scosmonaut(宇航员)trainingcenter,StarCity.Eachweek,oneoftheparticipantswouldbeeliminatedfromtheshow,withthewinnerreceivingatriptotheMirspacestation.TheMircrashhasruledoutNBC’sspaceplansfornow.NASAisagainstbeginningspacetourismuntiltheInternationalSpaceStationiscompletedin2006.31nRussiaisnotaloneinitsinterestinspacetourism.Thereareseveralprojectsunderwaytocommercializespacetravel.Hereareafewofthegroupsthatmighttaketouriststospace:lSpaceIslandGroupisgoingtobuildaring-shaped,rotating“commercialspaceinfrastructure(基础结构)”thatwillresembletheDiscoveryspacecraftinthemovie“2001:ASpaceOdyssey.”SpaceIslandsaysitwillbuilditsspacecityoutofemptyNASAspace-shuttlefueltanks(tostart,itshouldtakearound12orso),andplaceitabout400milesaboveEarth.Thespacecitywillrotateonceperminutetocreateagravitationalpullone-thirdasstrongasEarth’s.lAccordingtotheirvisionstatement.SpaceAdventuresplansto“flytensofthousandofpeopleinspaceoverthenext10-15yearsandbeyond,aroundthemoon,andback,fromspaceportsbothonEarthandinspace,toandfromprivatespacestations,andboarddozenofdifferentvehicles...”lEvenHiltonHotelshasshowninterestinthespacetourismindustryandpossibilityofbuildingorco-fundingaspacehotel.However,thecompanydidsaythatitbelievessuchaspacehotelis15to20yearsaway.Initially,spacetourismwilloffersimpleaccommodationsatbest.Forinstance,iftheInternationalSpaceStationisusedasatouristattraction,guestswon’tfindtheluxurioussurroundingsofahotelroomonEarth.Ithasbeendesignedforconductingresearch,notentertainment.However,thefirstgenerationofspacehotelsshouldoffertouristsamuchmorecomfortableexperience.InregardtoaconceptforaspacehotelinitiallyplannedbySpaceIsland,suchahotelcouldofferguestseveryconveniencetheymightfindatahotelonEarth,andsometheymightnot.Thesmallgravitationalpullcreatedbytherotatingspacecitywouldallowspace-touristsandresidentstowalkaroundandfunctionfacilitieswouldbepossible.Additionally,spacetouristswouldevenbeabletotakespacewalks.Manyofthesecompaniesbelievethattheyhavetoofferanextremelyenjoyableexperienceinorderforpassengerstopaythousands,ifnotmillions,ofdollarstorideintospace.Sowillspacecreateanotherseparationbetweenthehavesandhave-nots?TheMostExpensiveVacationWillspacebeanexoticretreatreservedforonlythewealthy?Orwillmiddle-classfolkshaveachancetotaketheirfamiliestospace?Makenomistakeaboutit,goingtospacewillbethemostexpensivevacationyouevertake.Pricesrightnowareinthetensofmillionsofdollars.Currently,theonlyvehiclesthatcantakeyouintospacearethespaceshuttleandtheRussianSoyuz,bothofwhichareterriblyinefficient.Eachspacecraftrequiresmillionsofpoundsoffueltotakeoffintospace,whichmakesthemexpensivetolaunch.Onepoundofpayload(有效载重)costsabout$10,000toputintoEarth’sorbit.NASAandLockheedMartinarecurrentlydevelopingasingle-stage-to-orbitlaunchspaceplane,calledtheVentureStar,thatcouldbelaunchedforaboutatenthofwhatthespaceshuttlecoststolaunch.IftheVentureStartakesoff,thenumberofpeoplewhocouldaffordtotakeatripintospacewouldmoveintothemillions.In1998,ajointreportfromNASAandtheSpaceTransportationAssociationstatedthatimprovementsintechnologycouldpushfaresforspacetravelaslowas$50,000,andpossibly31ndownto$20,000or$10,000adecadelater.Thereportconcludedthataticketpriceof$50,000,therecouldbe500,000passengersflyingintospaceeachyear.Whilestillleavingoutmanypeople,thesepriceswouldopenupspacetoatremendousamountoftraffic.Sincethebeginningofthespacerace,thegeneralpublichassaid,“Isn’tthatgreat—whendoIgettogo?”Well,ourchancemightbecloserthanever.Withinthenext20years,spaceplanescouldbetakingofffortheMoonatthesamefrequencyasairplanesflyingbetweenNewYorkandLosAngles.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.LanceBasswasn’tabletogoonatourofspacebecauseofhealthproblems.2.Severaltourismcompaniesbelievespacetravelisgoingtobeanewprofitableindustry.3.Thespaceagenciesarereluctanttoopenupspacetotourists.4.TwoAustralianbillionaireshavebeenplacedonthewaitinglistforenteringspaceasprivatepassengers.5.Thepriceforthewinnerinthefall2001NBATVgameshowwouldhavebeen________.6.HiltonHotelsbelievesitwon’tbelongbeforeitispossibletobuilda________.7.Inorderforspacetouriststowalkaroundandfunctionnormally,itisnecessaryforthespacecitytocreatea________.8.Whatmakinggoingtospacethemostexpensivevacationistheenormouscostinvolvedin________.9.Eachyear500,000spacetouristscouldbeflyingintospaceifticketpricescouldbeloweredto________.10.Withinthenexttwodecades,________couldbeasintercityairtravel.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.I’veheardfromandtalkedtomanypeoplewhodescribedhowMotherNaturesimplifiedtheirlivesforthem.They’dlosttheirhomeandmanyoralloftheirpossessionsthroughfires,floods,earthquakes,orsomeotherdisaster.Losingeverythingyouownundersuchcircumstancescanbedistressing,butthepeopleI’veheardfromallsawtheirloss,ultimatelyasablessing.“Thefiresavedustheagonyofdecidingwhattokeepandwhattogetridof,”onewomanwrote.Andonceallthosethingswerenolongerthere,sheandherhusbandsawhowtheyhadweighedthemdownandcomplicatetheirlives.“Therewassomuchstuffweneverusedandthatwasjusttakingupspace.Wevowedwhenwestartedover,we’dreplaceonlywhatweneeded,andthistimewe’ddoitright.We’vekeptourpromise:wedon’thavemuchnow,butwhatwehaveisexactlywhatwewant.”Thoughwe’veneverhadacatastrophiclosssuchasthat,GibbsandIdidhaveaclosecallshortlybeforewedecidedtosimplify.Atthattimewelivedinafirezone.Onenightafirestormragesthroughanddestroyedoversixhundredhomesinourcommunity.Thattragedygaveusthe31nopportunitytolookobjectivelyatthegoodswe’daccumulated.Wesawthattherewassomuchwecouldgetridofandonlynevermiss,butbebetteroffwithout.Havingalmostlostitall,wefounditmucheasiertoletgoofthethingsweknewwe’dneveruseagain.Obviously,there’satremendousdifferencebetweengettingridofpossessionsandlosingthemthroughanaturaldisasterwithouthavingasayinthematter.Andthisisnottominimizethetragedyandpainsuchalosscangenerate.Butyoumightthinkabouthowyouwouldapproachtheacquisitionprocessifyouhadittodoalloveragain.Lookaroundyourhomeandmakealistofwhatyouwouldreplace.Makeanotherlistofthingsyouwouldn’tacquireagainnomatterwhat,andinfactwouldbehappytoberidof.Whenyou’rereadytostartunloadingsomeofyourstuff,thatlistwillbeagoodplacetostart.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。47.Manypeoplewhosepossessionsweredestroyedinnaturaldisasterseventuallyconsideredtheirloss________.48.Nowthatalltheirpossessionswerelostinthefire,thewomanandherhusbandfeltthattheirliveshadbeen________.49.Whatdoweknowabouttheauthor’shousefromthesentence“Gibbsanddidhaveaclosecall...”(Line1-2,Para.4)?50.Accordingtotheauthor,gettingridofpossessionsandlosingthemthroughanaturaldisasterarevastly________.51.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestpeopledowithunnecessarythings?SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswiththebody’ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-or-flightresponse.“Ananimalthatcan’tdetectdangercan’tstayalive,”saysJosephLeDoux.Likeanimals,humansevolvedwithanelaboratemechanismforprocessinginformationaboutpotentialthreats.Atitscoreisaclusterofneurons(神经元)deepinthebrainknownastheamygdale(扁桃核).LeDouxstudiesthewayanimalsandhumansrespondtothreatstounderstandhowweformmemoriesofsignificanteventsinourlives.Theamygdalereceivesinputfrommanypartsofthebrain,includingregionsresponsibleforretrievingmemories.Usingthisinformation,theamygdaleappraisesasituation—Ithinkthischargingdogwantstobiteme—andtriggersaresponsebyradiatingnervesignalsthroughoutthebody.Thesesignalsproducethefamiliarsignsofdistress:trembling,perspirationandfast-movingfeet,justtonamethree.31nThisfearmechanismiscriticaltothesurvivalofallanimals,butnoonecansayforsurewhetherbeastsotherthanhumansknowthey’reafraid.Thatis,asLeDouxsays,“ifyouputthatsystemintoabrainthathasconsciousness,thenyougetthefeelingoffear.”Humans,saysEdwardM.Hallowell,havetheabilitytocallupimagesofbadthingsthathappenedinthepastandtoanticipatefutureevents.Combinethesehigherthoughtprocesseswithourhardwireddanger-detectionsystems,andyougetanear-universalhumanphenomenon:worry.That’snotnecessarilyabadthing,saysHallowell.“Whenusedproperly,worryisanincredibledevice,”hesays.Afterall,alittlehealthyworryingisokayifitleadstoconstructiveaction—likehavingadoctorlookatthatweirdspotonyourback.Hallowellinsists,though,thatthere’sarightwaytoworry.“Neverdoitalone,getthefactsandthenmakeaplan.”Hesays.Mostofushavesurvivedarecession,sowe’refamiliarwiththebelt-tighteningstrategiesneededtosurviveaslump.Unfortunately,fewofushavemuchexperiencedealingwiththethreatofterrorism,soit’sbeendifficulttogetfactabouthowweshouldrespond.That’swhyHallowellbelievesitwasokayforpeopletoindulgesomeextremeworrieslastfallbyaskingdoctorsforCipro(抗炭疽菌的药物)andbuyinggasmasks.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。52.The“so-calledfight-or-flightresponse”(Line2,Para.1)refersto“________”.A)thebiologicalprocessinwhichhumanbeings’senseofself-defenseevolvesB)theinstinctivefearhumanbeingsfeelwhenfacedwithpotentialdangerC)theactofevaluatingadangeroussituationandmakingaquickdecisionD)theelaboratemechanisminthehumanbrainforretrievinginformation（B）53.FromthestudiesconductedbyLeDouxwelearnthat________.A)reactionsofhumansandanimalstodangeroussituationsareoftenunpredictableB)memoriesofsignificanteventsenablepeopletocontrolfearanddistressC)people’sunpleasantmemoriesarederivedfromtheirfeelingoffearD)theamygdaleplaysavitalpartinhumanandanimalresponsestopotentialdanger（D）54.Fromthepassageweknowthat________.A)alittleworrywilldousgoodifhandledproperlyB)alittleworrywillenableustosurvivearecessionC)fearstrengthensthehumandesiretosurvivedangerD)fearhelpspeopletoanticipatecertainfutureevents（A）55.WhichofthefollowingisthebestwaytodealwithyourworriesaccordingtoHallowell?A)Askforhelpfromthepeoplearoundyou.B)Usethebelt-tighteningstrategiesforsurvival.C)Seekprofessionaladviceandtakeaction.D)Understandthesituationandbefullyprepared.（D）56.InHallowell’sview,people’sreactiontotheterroristthreatlastfallwas________.A)ridiculousB)understandableC)over-cautious31nD)sensible（B）PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AmitaiEtzioniisnotsurprisedbythelatestheadingsaboutschemingcorporatecrooks(骗子).AsavisitingprofessorattheHarvardBusinessSchoolin1989,heendedhisworktheredisgustedwithhisstudents’overwhelminglostformoney.“They’retaughtthatprofitisallthatmatters,”hesays.“Manyschoolsdon’tevenofferethics(伦理学)coursesatall.”Etzioniexpressedhisfrustrationabouttheinterestsofhisgraduatestudents.“Byandlarge,IclearlyhadnotfoundawaytohelpclassesfullofMBAsseethatthereismoretolifethanmoney,power,fameandself-interest.”Hewroteatthetime.Todayhestilltakestheblamefornoteducatingthese“business-leaders-to-be.”“IreallylikeIfailedthem,”hesays.“IfIwasabetterteachermaybeIcouldhavereachedthem.”EtzioniwasarespectedethicsexpertwhenhearrivedatHarvard.Hehopedhisworkattheuniversitywouldgivehiminsightintohowquestionsofmoralitycouldbeappliedtoplaceswhereself-interestflourished.Whathefoundwasn’tencouraging.Thosewouldbeexecutiveshad,saysEtzioni,littleinterestinconceptsofethicsandmoralityintheboardroom—andtheirprofessorwasmetwithblankstareswhenheurgedhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.EtzioniseestheexperienceatHarvardasaneye-openingoneandsaysthere’smuchaboutbusinessschoolsthathe’dliketochange.“Alotofthefacultyteachingbusinessarebadnewsthemselves,”Etzionisays.Fromofferingclassesthatteachstudentshowtolegallymanipulatecontracts,toreinforcingthenotionofprofitovercommunityinterests,Etzionihasseenalotthat’slefthimshakinghishead.Andbecauseofwhathe’sseentaughtinbusinessschools,he’snotsurprisedbythelatestrashofcorporatescandals.“Inmanywaysthingshavegotalotworseatbusinessschools,Isuspect,”saysEtzioni.Etzioniisstillteachingthesociologyofrightandwrongandstillcallingforethicalbusinessleadership.“Peoplewithpoormotiveswillalwaysexist.”Hesays.“Sometimesenvironmentsconstrainthosepeopleandsometimesenvironmentsgivethosepeopleopportunity.”Etzionisaystheboomingeconomyofthelastdecadeenabledthoseindividualswithpoormotivestogetrichbeforegettingintrouble.Hishopenow:thatthecriesforreformwillprovidemorefertilesoilforhislong-standingmessagesaboutbusinessethics.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.WhatimpressedAmitaiEtzionimostaboutHarvardMBAstudents?A)Theirkeeninterestinbusinesscourses.B)Theirintensedesireformoney.C)Theirtacticsformakingprofits.D)Theirpotentialtobecomebusinessleaders.（B）58.WhydidAmitaiEtzionisay“IreallyfeellikeIfailedthem”(Line4,Para.2)?A)Hewasunabletoalerthisstudentstocorporatemalpractice.B)Hedidn’tteachhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.C)Hecouldnotgethisstudentstounderstandtheimportanceofethicsinbusiness.D)Hedidn’toffercoursesthatwouldmeettheexpectationsofthebusiness-leaders-to-be.（C）31n59.Mostwould-beexecutivesattheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievedthat________.A)questionsofmoralitywereofutmostimportanceinbusinessaffairsB)self-interestshouldnotbethetoppriorityinbusinessdealingsC)newanddifferentprinciplesshouldbetaughtatbusinessschoolsD)therewasnoplaceforethicsandmoralityinbusinessdealings（D）60.InEtzioni’sview,thelatestrashofcorporatescandalscouldbeattributedto________.A)thetendencyinbusinessschoolstostressself-interestoverbusinessethicsB)theexecutives’lackofknowledgeinlegallymanipulatingcontractsC)theincreasinglyfiercecompetitioninthemodernbusinessworldD)themoralcorruptionofbusinessschoolgraduates（A）61.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.A)thecallsforreformwillhelppromotebusinessethicsB)businessmenwithpoormotiveswillgaintheupperhandC)businessethicscoursesshouldbetaughtinallbusinessschoolsD)reforminbusinessmanagementcontributestoeconomicgrowth（A）PartVErrorCorrection(15minutes)Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordordeleteaword.Markoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsintheblanksprovided.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutandwritethecorrectwordinthecorrespondingblank.Ifyouaddaword,putaninsertionmark(∧)intherightplaceandwritethemissingwordintheblank.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitandputaslash(/)intheblank.注意：此部分试题在答题卡2上；请在答题卡2上作答。Example:Televisionisrapidlybecomingtheliteratureofourperiods╱.1.time/times/periodManyoftheargumentshaving╱usedforthestudyofliteratureas2.______________aschoolsubjectarevalidfor∧studyoftelevision.3.______the______TheNationalEndowmentfortheArtsrecentlyreleasedtheresultsofits“ReadingatRisk”survey,whichdescribedthemovementoftheAmericanpublicawayfrombooksandliteratureandtowardtelevisionandelectronicmedia.Accordingtothesurvey,“readingisonthedeclineonevery(62)region,withineveryethnicgroup,andateveryeducationallevel.”ThedaytheNEAreportreleased,theU.S.House,inatie(63)Vote,upheldthegovernment’srighttoobtainbookstoreandlibraryrecordsunderaprovisionoftheUSAPatriotAct.TheHouseproposalwouldhavebarredthefederalgovernment(64)fromdemandlibraryrecords,readinglists,bookcustomerlistsandothermaterialinterrorismandintelligenceinvestigations.Thesetwoeventsarecompletelyunrelatedto,yetthey(65)echoeachotherinthemessagetheysendabouttheplaceofbooksandreadinginAmericanculture.Attheheart(66)oftheNEAsurveyisthebeliefinourdemocraticSystemdependsonleaderswhocanthinkcritically,analyze(67)textsanddiscussingbooksandliterature.Atthesametime,throughaprovisionofthePatriotAct,theleadersofourcountryareunconsciouslysendingthemessagethatreading(68)maybe31nconnectedtodesirableactivitiesthatmightundermineoursystemofgovernmentratherthanhelpingdemocracyflourish.Ourculture’sdeclineinreadingbeginwellbeforethe(69)existenceofthePatriotAct.Duringthe1980s’culturewars,schoolsystemsacrossthecountrypulledsomebooksfrom(70)libraryshelvesbecauseitscontentwasdeemedbyparentsandteacherstobeinappropriate.Nowwhatstartedinschoolsacrossthecountryisplayingitselfoutonanationstageand(71)ispossiblyhavinganimpactonthereadinghabitsoftheAmericanpublic.PartVITranslation(5minutes)Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.72.Ifyouhad________(听从了我的忠告，你就不会陷入麻烦).73.Withtearsonherface,thelady________(看着她受伤的儿子被送进手术室).74.Aftertheterroristattack,tourists________(被劝告暂时不要去该国旅游).75.Iprefertocommunicatewithmycustomers________(通过写电子邮件而不是打电话).76.________(直到截止日他才寄出)hisapplicationform.2006年12月24日六级参考答案1.N2.Y3.Y4.NG5.atriptotheMirSpaceStation6.aspacehotel7.smallgravitationpull8.thefuelofspacecraft9.$50,00010.spacetravel47.asablessing48.simplified49.theirhouseneedtobesimplified50.different51.makealistoftheunnecessarythingsbeforeunloadingthem52.Btheinstinctivefearhumanbeingfeelwhenfacedwithpotentialdanger53.Dtheamygdaleplaysavitalpartinhumanandanimalresponsestopotentialdanger54.Aalittleworrywilldousgoodifhandledproperly55.Dunderstandthesituationandbefullyprepared56.Bunderstandable57.BTheirintensedesireformoney58.CHecouldnotgethisstudentstounderstandtheimportanceofethicsinbusiness59.Dtherewasnoplaceforethicsandmoralityinbusinessdealings60.Athetendencyinbusinessschooltostressself-interestoverbusinessethics61.Athecallsforreformwillhelppromotebusinessethics62.on→in63.day和the之间插入when64.demand→demanding65.去掉to66.in→that67.writing→write68.desirable→undesirable69.begin→began70.its→their71.nation→national72.followedmyadvice,youwouldnotbeintroublenow.73.watchedherinjuredsonsentintotheoperationroom.74.wereadvisednottotraveltothatcountryatthemoment75.viaE-mailinsteadoftelephone76.Untilthedeadlinecame,hedidn’tsentout31n2008年考研英语试题(文字版下载)SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1 tosayitanyway.Heisthat2 bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3 anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4 thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6 ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7 thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10 valueof100,andhavecontributed11 totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12 oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13heyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14avepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15 socialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16ucation.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17geneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18isargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19emtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20ateofaffairs.1. [A]selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]pleased2. [A]unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare3. [A]of [B]with [C]in [D]against4. [A]subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately5. [A]Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence6. [A]thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk7. [A]advises [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects8. [A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question9. [A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating10. [A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total11. [A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely [D]unaccountably12. [A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers13. [A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve14. [A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile15. [A]givenup [B]gotover [C]carriedon [D]putdown16. [A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administering [D]valuing17. [A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]31ninstrument18. [A]linked [B]integrated [C]woven [D]combined19. [A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed20. [A]paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable [D]continuousSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.21. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedby31nmen.[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.22. Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.[D]areexposedtomorestress.23. AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe[A]domesticandtemporary.[B]irregularandviolent.[C]durableandfrequent.[D]trivialandrandom.24. Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthat[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.[B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.25. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut?[B]ResponsestoStress:GenderDifference[C]StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay[D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet–andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit–ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishers31nworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.26. Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.27. WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.28. Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.29. Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto[A]coverthecostofitspublication.[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit.[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.30. Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyoverthe31nyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople–especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations–apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients–notably,protein–tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight–5′9″formen,5′4″forwomen–hasn’treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”31. WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto[A]illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.[B]showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S..[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.[D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.32. Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?[A]Geneticmodification.[B]Naturalenvironment.[C]Livingstandards.[D]Dailyexercise.33. Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.[B]Humanheightisconditionedbytheupright31nposture.[C]Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.[D]Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.34. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture[A]thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.[B]thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.[C]genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.[D]theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.35. Thetextintendstotellusthat[A]thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.[B]humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.Text4In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw–havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong–andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“likehavingalargebankaccount,”saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution,”includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings’schildren–thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,such31nanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.36. GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedto[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.[B]demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.[C]stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.37. Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat[A]DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.[B]initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.[C]historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson’slife.[D]politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.38. WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?[A]Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.[B]Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.[C]Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.[D]Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.39. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.[B]Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.[C]Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.[D]Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.40. Washington’sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis[A]moralconsiderations.[B]militaryexperience.[C]financialconditions.[D]politicalstand.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41)是大家网原创出品Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.(42)是大家网原创出品Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.(43)是大家网原创出品Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhaveto31nclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)是大家网原创出品Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote“TheA&PasaStateofMind”wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45)是大家网原创出品Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes–andthenagain–workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.[A] Tomakerevisingeasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentences,andcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B] Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C] It’sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D] Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[E] Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P“policy”heenforces.[F] Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin“A&P,”thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies.[G] Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.Part31nCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Inhisautobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe“OriginofSpecies”isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat“Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree.”(49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewas“superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.”Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:“NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.”(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解　　完型填空　　1、答案：B　　解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。“selected”意为“挑选”;“prepared”意为“准备”；“obliged”意为“迫使，责成”；“pleased”意为“高兴地，满足地”，前一句“人们不敢说”，本句中由“but”一词可推出意思与上句相反，即“Cochran准备说”，所以选B.　　2、答案：D　　解析：本题测试词义辨析。“unique”意为“唯一的，独特的”；“particular”意为“特殊的，独特的”；“special”意为“特别的，特殊的”；“rare”意为“稀罕的，珍贵的”，rarebird意为“稀有的人”，空格相关意思是“只有Cochra准备说”，而且“rarebird”是固定搭配,所以选D　　3、答案：A　　解析：本题测试介词的语意搭配,independentlyof意为“不依赖于，独立”，所以选A31n　　4、答案：C　　解析：本题测试词义辨析。由“actually”推出本句是对现在和以前对疾病看法的对比，所以选C　　5、答案：C　　解析：本题测试副词的用法及语段的连贯性。Even做程度副词，表示递进关系，意为“即使他自己也…”.所以选C　　6、答案：A　　解析：本题测试词义搭配。空格相关意思是“一想到他即将要做的，即使他自己也….”“Atthoughtof”意为“一看到…”；atsightof意为年“一看见”；atcostof意为“以…的代价”；atriskof意为“冒着….的危险”，所以选A　　7、答案：B　　解析：本题测试动词辨析。advice意为“建议”；suggest意为“建议，提出’”；protest“主张，断言”；object“反对”，此句指“在论文中，他建议…”，所以选B　　8、答案：D　　解析：本题测试词组搭配，inprogress意为“进行中”；infact意为“事实上”；inneed意为“在危难中”；inquestion意为“正在被讨论的”，前一句正在谈论“group群体”,本句衔接上一句表达“正在被讨论的这个群体”，所以选D　　9.答案：B　　解析：本题考查动词辨析。从该句中的12-15points可知，前面的动词是与分数相关的。score的意思是得分，打分，而其他三项没有这层意思。故答案为B。　　10.答案：C　　解析：本题考查形容词辨析。文中提到这组人IQ测试得分比100分高12-15分，按照常识，100分是平均分，mean的意思是平均的。所以答案为C。　　11.答案：B　　解析：本题考查上下文的逻辑关系和副词辨析。disproportionately的意思是不成比例地，不相称地，比例太大(或太小的)。这句话要传达的意思是这组人做贡献的比例非常大，故答案选B。　　12.答案：D　　解析：本题考查上下文的逻辑关系和名词辨析。as引导的状语从句用一些精英(包括科学家)的职业证明前面提到的这组人所做的贡献非常大，career的意思是职业，事业，符合此意，故选D。　　13.答案：A　　解析：本题考查动词辨析。选项[A]affirm意为确认，肯定，符合题意。而[B]witness常用作及物动词，表示见证，表明；[C]observe,表示观察，评论，以人作主语；[D]意思为批准，通过的意思，也是人作主语。故答案为A。　　14.答案：C　　解析：本题考查逻辑关系。前文同时叙述了关于这组人的两种现象，这两种现象明显是有关联的，但是这句话说到先前人们认为两者没有关系，上下文构成转折关系，故选C。　　15.答案：D31n　　解析：本题考查固定搭配。getdownto的意思是归因于，符合句意。而giveupto的意思是让给，getoverto的意思是让某人明白某事，carryon的意思是继续开展，坚持，均不合题意。故答案为D。　　16.答案：D　　解析：本题考查动词辨析。此处要传达的意思是重视教育的传统，只有[D]valuing符合题意。　　17.答案：C　　解析：本题考查名词辨析。此句的意思是后者是由geneticisolation导致的结果，consequence的意思是结果，后果，故答案为C。　　18.答案：A　　解析：本题考查动词辨析。此句Dr.Cochran的观点是这两者是密切关联的。link表示两者之间的关联或联系；integrate表示两者结合为一个整体；wave表示两者交织在一起；combine表示两者结合。只有link符合题意。故选A。　　19.答案：B　　解析：本题考查动词辨析。subjectto意为使…经受或遭受；limitto表示限制；convertto表示转变；directto表示指向。本句的意思是说这些人不同寻常的历史使他们经受了独特的进化压力，只有B符合题意。　　20.答案：A　　解析：本题考查形容词辨析。此处要传达的意思是独特的进化压力导致了这种似乎矛盾的状况。paradoxical表示似乎矛盾的，似是而非的；incompatible表示不兼容的，不协调的；inevitable表示不可避免的；continuous表示连续的。只有A符合题意。阅读理解PartA　　Passageone　　21.A　　题目问的是通过对前两段的了解选出正确选项。通过对原文的了解可知，文章前两段主要描写男女因为生理上的差异，所以可能在相同的情况下，女性可能更容易在压力下产生焦虑和沮丧。B项和C项不符合文意，B项所指的女性遭受压力多来自男性偏离文章线索。C项所说的女性相比男性更有处理压力的经验也是断章取义。D选项只是单纯描述男女之间在面对压力的差异，与中心偏离。　　22.D　　Dr.Ychuda的研究中指出，女性实际上或许更善于容忍压力，是因为面对的压力比男性要多得多，所以才容易在压力面前表现出焦虑。A项意思错误，文章含义是指其因为身体所具备的化学物质而更易焦虑。B选项错在文中第三段第三行所提的女性容忍压力的能力或许比男性要更好。　　23.C　　第四段中指出，女性面临的压力大多来自家庭内部而且时常发生，并非如男性所面临的压力大多是战争和具有偶然性的动态情况中。C选项中的“持久性”和“频繁性”符合文意。A项意思是“家庭内部的”和“暂时性的”，B项是“不规则型的”和“暴力性的”，D项是“琐碎的”和“偶然的”。　　24.B31n　　句子意思是指“我活在不停的支付支票生活中”。从文中我们可以看出，因为是单身母亲，Alvarez面临很大的生存压力，付房租，支付用车花销，偿还贷款等。只有B项中所指的她的薪水几乎不能满足日常生活开销符合文意。　　25.D　　因为性别上的差异，女性在压力面前的主要表现。A项过于宽泛，离开了文中关于性别之间讨论的中心。C项只是文章中的一个具体知识点，不能概括文章全部内容。B项只是单纯指出了男女在压力面前的差异，但没有注意文章中侧重女性压力前表现的文意。　　Passagetwo　　26.B　　解析：本题考查的是考生对第一段的理解。根据文章，第一段作者说到，实验室把他们的研究结果递交刊物，刊物的编辑在隐去作者姓名及相关信息后把论文递交给编审，根据审查结果或出版或拒绝出版此篇论文。版权由杂志社保留。研究者必须订阅杂志才能查找此研究结果的相关文章。很明显，此段讲述的是实验室报告的出版程序。选项A刊物编辑的背景信息和选项C作者与出版商的关系及选项D刊物出版的传统流程都未能准确概括本段的含义。　　27.C　　解析：从文章　　本题的答案信息来源在文章的第二段。第二段说到，互联网使接触到科学结果成为一个现实。OECD刚刚发布一个报告，描写了其深远的影响。这份报告使到目前为止赢得不菲利润的很多出版商争相阅读(thereportmakeheavyreadingforpublishers)。第三段说到核心科学出版市场利润巨大，第四段说到，这种情况正在改变，也是在线出版可能让他们利润下滑，所以让他们有些不安，故答案为C。　　28.A　　解析：从文章结构看，文章第一段重点地介绍了传统的出版方式，这种方式使科学工作者只有订购了该科学杂志才可以获得科学的结果。文章第二段介绍一种新型的出版方式——网络出版，使得科技人员容易获得科学结果。第三段谈到科学的价值和投资回报取决于杂志的发行量和易获得性。第四段具体介绍了这一新趋势的主要出版模式。从文章的中心是关于一种新的出版方式，以及它给科学杂志出版带来的影响——可以更方便的获得科学结果。中心词含有access，反应中心的是解，可以确定答案为A。　　29.A　　解析：从文中“thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthortopayforthepapertobepublish”可知答案为A。　　30.B　　解析：正于28题分析的，本文中心介绍了一种出版新的趋势——网络出版。B正是这一观点的高度概括，故答案为B.　　Passagethree　　31.A　　文中“…listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehad….Thebodies..changeddramaticallyovertheyears”可以看出此段主要讲述NBA球员身高的变化；另外，从文章中心来看，可以排出B，C，D。因此选A　　32.C31n　　从第三段“butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshaveincreasedinheightby…..”可以看出生活水平对于身体成长起着非常重要的作用；另外，A，B，D选项所涉及的geneticmodification,naturalenvironment和dailyexercise文中并没有提到；　　33.B　　题干中提到“mostprobably..”，通过排出法，可以确定B为最佳选项。　　34.D　　最后一段ClaireC.Gordon提到90%的制服和工作站仍将会适合新招人员，这就暗示了D选项所提到的内容。另外，可以依据排出法可以知道A，B，C不正确。　　35.C　　从全文中心来看，文章并不是以“predicthumanheight”为中心的，而是在谈美国人身高问题。所以C选项为正确选项。　　Passagefour　　36.C　　根据文章的逻辑一致性和联系，从第二段的“Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesofslavery…..”可以看出作者在第一段举GeorgeWashing(第一任美国总统)对待奴隶的例子是为了说明“美国历史上奴隶制的作用”。因此选C　　37.D　　根据排除法A项中的widely是错误的，排除；B项中说的太笼统，而第二段在讲关于slavery.C项中deliberately和madeup是不对的。因此选D。　　38.C　　从文章的内容来看，Jefferson知道奴隶制是错误的，但是他又作出了compromise(妥协)，从此而知，其对待奴隶制的态度是复杂的(complex).　　39.A　　从最后第二段第二句中可以看出Jefferson能在1800年大选中以微弱优势胜出是得意于其“将努力看作3/5人”，A选项是正确的。　　40.B　　从最后一段“afterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar….”可以看出Washington做出释放奴隶的决定是在他看见黑人士兵在独立战争中的英勇作战以后，因此B为正确选项。PartB　　08年考试的新题型仍旧是考生熟悉的七选五题型。本文主要内容是告诉读者如何利用好写作中的第一稿(草稿)。　　41题D　　空前面出现的内容告诉读者如果写文章时只要作者不再试图避免一些事情第一稿就会跃然纸上，在空后第一句里出现了outline这个词，因此41题中也会出现和outline相关的内容。D选项的内容就中提到用什么方式来写作不重要，重要的是定下一个题目，然后可以通过整理笔记来填充你的outline(提纲)。空前面所提到的坐着写、站着写、躺着写说的正是写作的方式。　　42题G31n　　选项是在讲draft的问题，所以答案中还会涉及到draft。选项后的句子中提到：一些写作中的错误可以等到修改的时候才去处理。选项的最后提到不要尝试在第一次的时候写出完全没有任何错误的文稿，因此G选项符合这个逻辑。　　43题A　　在选项后面出现了thatway所以上文中会说到具体的哪种方式，只有A选项提到了具体的方式，因此符合题意。　　44.题C　　选项后面提到了theseprintouts，空前面提到:“在修改过程中，看打印出来的材料比看电脑屏幕容易。”因此44题选项中也会有和打印出来的材料相关的内容。C选项中很明显地有copy还有printer对应下文中所提及的打印出来的材料。　　45.题E　　前文提到Sammy这个人，这是一个线索词，选项中E和F中都包含这个词，但是此段的主题句提到，在写作中要删去与主题不相关的素材，E选项中insteadofaddingthatparagraph，也就意味着删去了这段。和主题句对应。　　而F选项只是在说最后一段的具体内容，和本段的主题句不相关，故不符合题意。PartC　　46.Hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.　　本句的考查点是that引导的宾语从句，主干是hebelievesthat….that从句的结构是thisverydifficultymayhavethe….advantageofforcing…,andthusenabling…。Of后面forcing和enabling组成的并列结构做advantage的同位语。　　参考译文：达尔文认为正是因为这个困难，促使他对每一个句子进行长时间和针对性的思考，同时也使得他在观察和推理中发现错误。这也就使他具有了别人所不具备的优势。　　47.Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.　　本句考查点是宾语从句，非限制性定语从句。主干是Heassertedthat…。宾语从句的结构是hispowerto…was…。其中不定式to引导的部分follow…ofthought做power的定语；forwhichreason所引导的非限制性定语从句中又包含一个that引导的表语从句。　　参考译文：达尔文同时声称，对于冗长而且纯抽象的思想，自己的理解能力并不强。因为这个原因，他相信自己在数学方面根本不会成功。　　48.Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.　　本句考查点是同位语从句，让步状语从句。主干是hedidnotaccept…thechargemadeby…that…。其中aswellfounded作为一个插入成分，对charge进行修饰。made引导的过去分词短语作定语修饰charge。That引导的从句是charge的同位语，包括一个while引导的让步状语从句。　　参考译文：另一方面，虽然有些批评他的人一致认为他善于观察，但不具备推理能力，但是他不同意这种说法。31n　　49.Headdshumblythatperhapshewas“superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.”　　本句考查点是宾语从句，定语从句。主干是headds…that…其中宾语从句的结构是hewassuperiorto…in…,andin…。which引导的是things的定语从句。　　参考译文：达尔文很谦虚的补充到，有些事情需要高度的注意力和细心的观察，也许他自己在观察此类事情时比一般人有优势。　　50.Darvinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.　　本题考查点是宾语从句。主干是Darvinwasconvincedthat…。其中宾语从句的结构是thelossofthesetasteswasnotonly…,but…beinjuriousto…,andto…。　　参考译文：达尔文认为，对(音乐和绘画方面)兴趣的丧失，失去的不仅仅是一种乐趣，而且可能会伤害到智力，更有甚者还可能伤害到道德。31n2007/6PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-4,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.SevenStepstoaMoreFulfillingJobManypeopletodayfindthemselvesinunfulfillingworksituations.Infact,oneinfourworkersisdissatisfiedwiththeircurrentjob,accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004”survey.Theircareerpathmaybefinanciallyrewarding,butitdoesn’tmeettheiremotional,socialorcreativeneeds.They’restuck,unhappy,andhavenoideawhattodoaboutit,exceptmovetoanotherjob.MaryLynMiller,veterancareerconsultantandfounderoftheLifeandCareerClinic,saysthatwhenmostpeopleareunhappyabouttheirwork,theirfirstthoughtistogetadifferentjob.Instead,Millersuggestslookingatthepossibilityofadifferentlife.Throughherbook,8MythsofMakingaLiving,aswellasworkshops,seminarsandpersonalcoachingandconsulting,shehashelpedthousandsofdissatisfiedworkersreassesslifeandwork.LikethewayofZen,whichincludesunderstandingofoneselfasonereallyis,Millerencouragesjobseekersandthosedissatisfiedwithworkorlifetoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutworkandrecognizethat“inmanycasesyourbeliefsarewhatbroughtyoutowhereyouaretoday.”Youmayhavebeenraisedtothinkthatwomenwerebestatnurturingandcaringand,therefore,shouldbeteachersandnurses.Sothat’swhatyoudid.Or,perhapsyouwerebroughtuptobelievethatyoushoulddowhatyourfatherdid,soyouhavetakenoverthefamilybusiness,orbecomeadentist“justlikedad.”Ifthissoundsfamiliar,it’sprobablytimetolookatthenewpossibilitiesforyourfuture.Millerdevelopeda7-stepprocesstohelppotentialjobseekersassesstheircurrentsituationandbeliefs,identifytheirrealpassion,andstartonajourneythatallowsthemtopursuetheirpassionthroughwork.Step1:Willingnesstodosomethingdifferent.Breakingthecycleofdoingwhatyouhavealwaysdoneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforjobseekers.Manyfinditdifficulttosteerawayfromacareerpathormakeachange,evenifitdoesn’tfeelright.Millerurgesjobseekerstoopentheirmindstootherpossibilitiesbeyondwhattheyarecurrentlydoing.Step2:Commitmenttobeingwhoyouare,notwhoorwhatsomeonewantsyoutobe.Lookatthegiftsandtalentsyouhaveandmakeacommitmenttopursuethosethingsthatyoulovemost.Ifyoulovethesocialaspectsofyourjob,butarestuckinsideanofficeor“chainedtoyourdesk”mostofthetime,vowtofollowyourinstinctandinvestigatealternativecareersand31nworkthatallowyoumoretimetointeractwithothers.Dawnworkedasamanagerforalargeretailclothingstoreforseveralyears.Thoughshehadadvancedwithinthecompany,shefeltfrustratedandlongedtobeinvolvedwithnatureandtheoutdoors.Shedecidedtogotoschoolnightsandweekendstopursuehertruepassionbyearninghermaster’sdegreeinforestry.Shenowworksinthebiotechforestrydivisionofamajorpapercompany.Step3:Self-definitionMillersuggeststhatoncejobseekersknowwhotheyare,theyneedtoknowhowtosellthemselves.“Inthejobmarket,youareaproduct.Andjustlikeaproduct,youmostknowthefeaturesandbenefitsthatyouhavetoofferapotentialclient,oremployer.”Examinetheskillsandknowledgethatyouhaveidentifyhowtheycanapplytoyourdesiredoccupation.Yourqualitieswillexhibittoemployerswhytheyshouldhireyouoverothercandidates.Step4:Attainalevelofself-honoring.Self-honoringorself-lovemayseemlikeanoddstepforjobhunters,butbeingabletoacceptyourself,withoutjudgment,helpseliminateinsecuritiesandwillmakeyoumoreself-assured.Byacceptingwhoyouare–allyouremotions,hopesanddreams,yourpersonality,andyouruniquewayofbeing–you’llprojectmoreconfidencewhennetworkingandtalkingwithpotentialemployers.Thepowerofself-honoringcanhelptobreakallthefalsehoodsyouwereprogrammedtobelieve–thosethatmadeyoufeelthatyouwerenotgoodenough,orstrongenough,orintelligentenoughtodowhatyoutrulydesire.Step5:Vision.Millersuggeststhatjobseekersdevelopavisionthatembracestheanswerto“WhatdoIreallywanttodo?”oneshouldcreateasolidstatementinadozenorsosentencesthatdescribeindetailhowtheyseetheirliferelatedtowork.Forinstance,thesecretarywholongstobeanactressdescribesalifethatallowshertoexpressherloveofShakespeareonstage.Arealestateagent,attractedtohiscurrentjobbecauseherlovesfixingupoldhomes,describesbuyingpropertiesthatneedalittletenderlovingcaretomakethemmoresaleable.Step6:Appropriaterisk.Somephilosophersbelievethatthewaytoenlightenmentcomesthroughfacingobstaclesanddifficulties.Oncepeoplediscovertheirpassion,manyaretooscaredtodoanythingaboutit.Instead,theydonothing.Withthisstep,jobseekersshouldassesswhattheyarewillingtogiveup,orrisk,inpursuitoftheirdream.Foroneworkingmom,thatmeanttakingnightclassestolearnnewcomputer-aideddesignskills,whilestillearningasalaryandkeepingherdayjob.Forsomeoneelse,itmaymeanquittinghisorherjob,takingoutloanandgoingbacktoschoolfulltime.You’llmoveonestepclosertoyouridealworklifeifyouidentifyhowmuchriskyouarewillingtotakeandthesacrificesyouarewillingtomake.Step7:Action.Someteachersofphilosophydescribeactioninthisway,“Ifonewantstogettothetopofamountain,justsittingatthefootthinkingaboutitwillnotbringonethere.Itisbymakingtheeffortofclimbingupthemountain,stepbystep,thateventuallythesummitisreached.”Alltoooften,itisthelackofactionthatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheirideals.Creatingaplanandtakingitonestepatatimecanleadtonewanddifferentjobopportunities.Job-hunting31ntasksgainaddedmeaningasyousensetheirimportanceinyourquestforamoremeaningfulworklife.Theplancanincluderesearchingindustriesandoccupations,talkingtopeoplewhoareinyourdesiredareaofwork,takingclasses,oracceptingvolunteerworkinyourtargetedfield.Eachofthesestepswillleadyouonajourneytoahappierandmorerewardingworklife.Afterall,itisthejourney,notthedestination,thatismostimportant.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.Accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004”survey,mostpeopleareunhappywiththeircurrentjobs.2.MaryLynMiller’sjobistoadvisepeopleontheirlifeandcareer.3.MaryLynMillerherselfwasoncequitedissatisfiedwithherownwork.4.Manypeoplefinditdifficulttomakeuptheirmindswhethertochangetheircareerpath.5.AccordingtoMaryLynMiller,peopleconsideringchangingtheircareersshouldcommitthemselvestothepursuitof________.6.Inthejobmarket,jobseekersneedtoknowhowtosellthemselveslike________.7.Duringaninterviewwithpotentialemployers,self-honoringorself-lovemayhelpajobseekertoshow________.8.MaryLynMillersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthatanswersthequestion“________”9.Manypeoplearetooscaredtopursuetheirdreamsbecausetheyareunwillingto________.10.Whatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheiridealsis________.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.ItwassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated(膨胀)withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google’ssearchengineissowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andgooglebecameaverb.Theworldfellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle’ssearchengine.Brin,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookforwordmatches,italsotallied(统计)andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother.Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogol(themathematicaltermforthenumber131nfollowedby100zeroes),butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient(有先见之明的)professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoffcampustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit’snotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat’sthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。47.Apartfromaseriesoffortunateevents,whatisitthathasmadeGooglesosuccessful?48.Google’ssearchengineoriginatedfrom________startedbyL.Page.49.HowdidGoogle’ssearchenginespreadallovertheworld?50.BrinandPagedecidedtosetuptheirownbusinessbecausenoonewould________.51.TherevenueoftheGooglecompanyislargelygeneratedfrom________.SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”31nbecausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(乌托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖症).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?A)Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.（B）53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.A)publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpectedB)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevilC)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety（D）54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.（A）55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.（D）56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.31nB)Asenseofself-fulfillment.C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.（C）PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(谨言慎行)intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic(语言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.A)thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomenB)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapanC)thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamilies31nD)thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow（B）58.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?A)Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.B)Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.C)Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.D)Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.（B）59.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapanesemedia?A)Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.B)Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.C)Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.（D）60.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelationsB)hasbeentrueofallpastgenerationsC)isviewedasasignoftheirmaturityD)isaresultofrapidsocialprogress（A）61.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.A)asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturationB)anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchangeC)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsocietyD)aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantoday（C）PartVCloze(15minutes)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Historically,humansgetseriousaboutavoidingdisastersonlyafteronehasjuststruckthem.__62__thatlogic,2006shouldhavebeenabreakthroughyearforrationalbehavior.Withthememoryof9/11still__63__intheirminds,AmericanswatchedhurricaneKatrina,themostexpensivedisasterinU.S.history,on__64__TV.Anyonewhodidn’tknowitbeforeshouldhavelearnedthatbadthingscanhappen.Andtheyaremade__65__worsebyourwillfulblindnesstoriskasmuchasour__66__toworktogetherbeforeeverythinggoestohell.Granted,someamountofdelusion(错觉)isprobablypartofthe__67__condition.InA.D.63,Pompeiiwasseriouslydamagedbyanearthquake,andthelocalsimmediatelywenttowork__68__,inthesamespot—untiltheywereburiedaltogetherbyavolcanoeruption16yearslater.Buta__69__ofthepastyearindisasterhistorysuggeststhatmodernAmericansareparticularlybadat__70__themselvesfromguaranteedthreats.Weknowmorethanwe__71__didaboutthe31ndangersweface.Butitturns__72__thatintimesofcrisis,ourgreatestenemyis__73__thestorm,thequakeorthe__74__itself.Moreoften,itisourselves.Sowhathashappenedintheyearthat__75__thedisasterontheGulfCoast?InNewOrleans,theArmyCorpsofEngineershasworkeddayandnighttorebuildthefloodwalls.Theyhavegotthewallsto__76__theywerebeforeKatrina,moreorless.That’snot__77__,wecannowsaywithconfidence.Butitmaybeall__78__canbeexpectedfromoneyearofhustle(忙碌).Meanwhile,NewOrleansofficialshavecraftedaplantousebusesandtrainsto__79__thesickandthedisabled.Thecityestimatesthat15,000peoplewillneeda__80__out.However,stateofficialshavenotyetdeterminedwherethesepeoplewillbetaken.The__81__withneighboringcommunitiesareongoinganddifficult.3162.A)ToB)ByC)OnD)For（B）63.A)freshB)obviousC)apparentD)evident（A）64.A)visualB)vividC)liveD)lively（C）65.A)littleB)lessC)moreD)much（D）3166.A)reluctanceB)rejectionC)denialD)decline（A）67.A)naturalB)worldC)socialD)human（D）68.A)revisingB)refiningC)rebuildingD)retrieving（C）3169.A)reviewB)reminderC)conceptD)prospect（A）70.A)preparingB)protestingC)protectingD)prevailing（C）71.A)neverB)everC)thenD)before（B）3172.A)upB)downC)overD)out（D）73.A)merelyB)rarelyC)incidentallyD)accidentally（B）74.A)surgeB)spurC)surfD)splash（A）3175.A)ensuedB)tracedC)followedD)occurred（C）76.A)whichB)whereC)whatD)when（B）77.A)enoughB)certainC)conclusiveD)final（A）3178.A)butB)asC)thatD)those（C）79.A)exileB)evacuateC)dismissD)displace（B）80.A)rideB)trailC)pathD)track（A）3181.A)conventionsB)notificationsC)communicationsD)negotiations（D）PartVITranslation(5minutes)Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.82.Theautomanufacturersfoundthemselves________________________(正在同外国公司竞争市场的份额).83.Onlyinthesmalltown________________________(他才感到安全和放松).32n84.Itisabsolutelyunfairthatthesechildren________________________(被剥夺了受教育的权利).85.Ouryearsofhardworkareallinvain,________________________(更别提我们花费的大量金钱了).86.Theproblemsofblacksandwomen________________________(最近几十年受到公众相当大的关注).2007年6月23日六级参考答案PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)1.N2.Y3.NG4.Y5.thosethingsthattheylovemost6.products7.moreconfidence8.WhatdoIreallywanttodo?9.giveup,orrisk10.thelackofactionPartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)47.ThebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page48.theacademicproject49.Bywordofmouth50.meettheirprice51.advertising52.B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness?53.D)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety54.A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.55.D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs56.C)Newconflictsandcomplaints57.B)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapan58.B)Theyusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticform59.D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval60.A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelations61.C)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsocietyPartVCloze(15minutes)62.B)By63.A)fresh64.C)live65.D)much66.A)reluctance67.D)human68.C)rebuilding69.A)review70.C)protecting71.B)ever72.D)out73.B)rarely74.A)surge75.C)followed76.B)where77.A)enough78.C)that79.B)evacuate80.A)ride81.D)negotiationsPartVITranslation(5minutes)82.competingwithforeignfirmsformarketshare83.doeshefeelsecureandrelaxed84.aredeprivedoftherightstoreceiveeducation85.nottomention/letalonethelargeamountofmoneywehavespent86.havegained/causedconsiderablepublicconcerninrecentdecades32