2020版高考英语一轮复习课时提能练21greatscientists（含解析）新人教版

2020版高考英语一轮复习课时提能练21greatscientists（含解析）新人教版

课时提能练(二十一)Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2019·桂林模拟)Youmaybefamiliarwiththefollowingfamouspeople，buthaveyouheardoftheirgraduationspeeches，inwhichtheyeithersharetheirunforgettableexperiencesorgiveyousomegreatinspiration?●MichaelDell，UniversityofTexasatAustinAndnowyou'veaccomplishedsomethinggreatandimportanthere，andit'stimeforyoutomoveontowhat'snext.Andyoumustnotletanythingpreventyoufromtakingthosefirststeps...Youmustalsocommittotheadventure.Justhavefaithintheskillsandtheknowledgeyou'vebeenblessedwithandgo.●J.K.Rowling，HarvardUniversityHalfmylifetimeago，Iwasstrikinganuneasybalancebetweenmyambitionandtheexpectationsfrommyparentswhowerenotrich...ButwhatIfearedmostformyselfatyouragewasnotpoverty，butfailure.ThefactthatyouaregraduatingfromHarvardsuggeststhatyouknowlittleaboutfailure.Youmightbedrivenbyafearoffailurequiteasmuchasadesireforsuccess.●SteveJobs，StanfordUniversitySometimeslife'sgoingtohityouintheheadwithabrick.Don'tlosefaith...Yourworkisgoingtofillalargepartofyourlife，andtheonlywaytobetrulysatisfiedistodowhatyoubelieveisgreatwork，andtheonlywaytodogreatworkistolovewhatyoudo.Ifyouhaven'tfoundityet，keeplooking，anddon'tsettle.●BillGates，HarvardUniversityWeneedasmanypeopleaspossibletohaveaccesstotheadvancedtechnologytoleadtoarevolutioninwhathumanbeingscandoforoneanother.Theyaremakingitpossiblenotjustfornationalgovernments，butforuniversities，smallerorganizations，andevenindividualstoseeproblems，seeapproachesanddealwiththeworld'sinequities(不公平)likehunger，povertyandsoon.【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了四位世界著名人物的毕业演讲，包括迈克尔·戴尔、J.K.罗琳、史蒂夫·乔布斯和比尔·盖茨。1．WhatMichaelDellsaidistourgeusto________．A．listentoourheartB．learnfromourmistakesC．followothers'examplenD．pursueourdreamsD　[推理判断题。根据题干关键词“MichaelDell”定位至第二段，由第二段第一句“Andnowyou'veaccomplishedsomethinggreatandimportanthere，andit'stimeforyoutomoveontowhat'snext”可知，迈克尔·戴尔认为毕业之时是继续前进的时候；根据第二段第三、四句“Youmustalsocommittotheadventure.Justhavefaithintheskillsandtheknowledgeyou'vebeenblessedwithandgo”可知，他还鼓励人们勇于探索冒险，鼓足信心，用自己的技能和知识继续前进；据此可以判断，迈克尔·戴尔鼓励人们追求自己的梦想，故D项正确。]2．WhatdidJ．K.Rowlingfearmostwhenshewasstudyinginuniversity?A．Failure.　　　　　B．Hunger.C．Poverty.D．Parents'expectations.A　[细节理解题。由题干关键词“J.K.Rowling”定位至第三段，根据第三段第二句“ButwhatIfearedmostformyselfatyouragewasnotpoverty，butfailure”可知，J.K.罗琳在大学时最害怕的不是贫穷，而是失败；故A项正确。]3．WhatdoesBillGatessuggestpeopledo?A．Masterasmuchadvancedtechnologyaspossible.B．Worktogethertosolvesomeglobalproblems.C．Makecontributionstotheenvironment.D．Takeresponsibilityfortheirownbehavior.B　[细节理解题。由题干关键词“BillGates”定位至第五段，根据第五段内容可知，比尔·盖茨鼓励人们协同工作，一起解决全球的饥饿、贫穷等不公平问题，故B项正确。]B(2019·昆明质检)Batsaretheonlymammals(哺乳动物)thatcanflyalongdistance，buttheyhaveanotherability.Manybatsliveaverylongtimeforananimaloftheirsize.Europeanresearchersarestudyingbatstounderstandwhytheylivesolong.Theyhopetomakediscoveriesaimedatfightingtheagingprocessinhumanbeings.Lastweek，thegroupofscientistssaidtheyhaddiscoveredimportantbiologicalqualitiesinsomebatspecies.Thegroupstudiedbatchromosomes(染色体)．Thescientistsweremostinterestedinstructuresconnectedtotheendsofthechromosomes.Theyarecalledtelomeres(端粒)，whichshorteneachtimeacelldivides.Thescientistsbelievethisshorteningprocesscausescellstobreakdown.Theysaythisiswhatcausesaging.TheEuropeanresearchersstudied493batsfromfourbatspecies.Thegroupusedinformationthathadbeengatheredovermorethan60years.Oftheseanimals，thengreatermouseearedbatgenerallylivedanaverageof37years.Thescientistssaidithadtelomeresthatdidnotshortenwithage.AnotherMyotisholdtherecordforoldestage，reaching41years.Thescientists'findingssuggestthatthesebats'cellshavetheabilitytokeepandrepairtheirtelomeres.This，theysaid，helpsguardagainsttheagingprocess.Basedonitsbodysize，abatlikethegreatermouseearedbatwouldbeexpectedtolivefouryears.But，thesemammalshavebeenfoundtolivenearly10timeslongerthanthat.Thescientistsfoundthatonly19speciesofmammalslivelongerthanhumanswhentheirbodysizeisconsidered.18ofthesearebats.TheonlyexceptionisanunusualAfricanrat.【语篇解读】　该文是一篇研究性实验报告。欧洲研究人员通过研究蝙蝠来了解它们长寿的原因。4．Whatdecidesbats'agingprocessaccordingtothetext?A．Thelengthoftelomeres.B．Thebodysizeofthebat.C．Thetypesofchromosomes.D．Thebuildingofcells.A　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thescientistsweremostinterestedinstructuresconnectedtotheendsofthechromosomes.Theyarecalledtelomeres(端粒)，whichshorteneachtimeacelldivides.Thescientistsbelievethisshorteningprocesscausescellstobreakdown.Theysaythisiswhatcausesaging”可知，科学家们对连接到染色体末端的结构最感兴趣。它们被称为端粒，每次细胞分裂时它会缩短。科学家们相信这个缩短的过程会导致细胞分裂。他们说这是导致变老的原因，由此可知，端粒的长度决定了蝙蝠变老的过程。故选A。]5．Howlongdoesagreatermouseearedbatgenerallylive?A．19years.　　　　　　B．37years.C．41years.D．60years.B　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Oftheseanimals，thegreatermouseearedbatgenerallylivedanaverageof37years”可知，在这些动物中，通常大鼠耳蝠的平均寿命为37岁。故选B。]6．Wecanlearnfromthetextthat________．A．thescientistshavestudiedbatsformorethansixdecadesB．19kindsofbatscouldlivelongerthanhumansC．thebatsstudiedintheresearchareofthesamespeciesnD．researchersfocusonfindingoutwhyhumanslivelongA　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的“TheEuropeanresearchersstudied493batsfromfourbatspecies.Thegroupusedinformationthathadbeengatheredovermorethan60years”可知，欧洲的研究人员研究了四种蝙蝠中的493只蝙蝠。该组研究人员使用了超过60年间收集的信息。故可推断出选项A的表述“thescientistshavestudiedbatsformorethansixdecades(科学家们对蝙蝠进行了60多年的研究)”是正确的。]7．Inwhichcolumnofamagazinecanyoureadthetext?A．Lifestyle.B．Business.C．Science.D．Fashion.C　[推理判断题。本文是对蝙蝠长寿原因的探究并且研究人员都是科学家，所以应该是在杂志中科研方面的专栏，所以选项C是正确的。]Ⅱ.完形填空(2019·成都诊断)Iaskedmygrandpawhatitfeelsliketogrowold.Hetookasipofteaand__1__，“Haveyoueverbeeninahot__2__whenthewaterran__3__？”ItoldhimIhad.“That'swhat__4__feelslike，”hesaid.“Inthebeginningoflife，it'slikeyou'retakingahotshower.__5__，thewateristoowarm，butyougetusedtothe__6__andbeginenjoyingit.Whenyou'reyoung，youthinkit'sgoingtobethiswayforever.Butlifegoesonlikethis__7__．”“Youbeginto__8__itsomewherebetweenyour40sand50s.Thewatertemperaturedropsjusttheslightestbit.It'salmostunnoticeable，butyouknowit__9__．Youturnthefaucet(水龙头)uptostaywarm.Onedayyourealizethefaucetcan'tgoany__10__，andthetemperaturebeginstodrop—thewarmthisleavingyour__11__．”“Itfeelsrather__12__．”Grandpaadded.“Thewaterisstill__13__，butit'llsoonbecomecoldandthere'snothingyoucando.IenjoyedmylifebecauseIsatisfiedmyself__14__theshowersofmyyouth.”Lateronthatday，enteringGrandpa'slivingroom，Inoticedhim__15__inhischairwithablanket__16__hislegs；hiseyelidsclosed.Hischestwasrisingandfalling__17__．Idecidednottodisturbhissleep，hopinghewasdreamingofhis__18__，theenjoymentwithfamily，thewarmthofdaysgoneby.__19__，allofusshouldvaluethosewelove__20__thewaterrunscold.【语篇解读】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。爷爷形象生动地以洗热水澡为例，向我描述了人在逐渐变老过程中的感受，n并表示他对自己青年时期感到很满意。文章建议我们在变老之前要珍惜我们所爱的一切。1．A.asked　　　　　　B．continuedC．laughedD．whisperedA　[A项意为“问”；B项意为“继续”；C项意为“大笑”；D项意为“低语”。根据后面的爷爷的问话可知，本处是爷爷问我。故选A。]2．A.riverB．springC．showerD．poolC　[A项意为“河流”；B项意为“泉”；C项意为“淋浴”；D项意为“游泳池”。“ahotspring”指的是温泉，不符合语境。根据下文内容可知，本处爷爷问我是否体验过洗热水澡时水变凉(cold)的感受。下文出现的“ahotshower”是提示，故选C。]3．A.outB．coldC．warmD．downB　[参见上题解析。下文出现的“watertemperaturedrops”“cold”是提示，故选B。]4．A.desperationB．ageingC．childhoodD．happinessB　[本处与开篇第一句话呼应，应讲述的是变老(ageing)的感觉。故选B。]5．A.ObviouslyB．GraduallyC．AtfirstD．ForcertainC　[A项意为“明显地”；B项意为“逐渐地”；C项意为“起初”；D项意为“确定”。根据语境可知，起初水太热了。故选C。]6．A.speedB．heatC．quantityD．qualityB　[A项意为“速度”；B项意为“热，热度”；C项意为“数量”；D项意为“质量”。起初水太热了，但是你习惯了这种热度并开始喜欢这种热度。故选B。]7．A.temporarilyB．permanentlyC．naturallyD．fortunatelyA　[A项意为“暂时地”；B项意为“持久地”；C项意为“自然地”；D项意为“幸运地”。但是生活只会暂时那样。故选A。]8．A.touchB．acceptC．feelD．ignoreC　[A项意为“触摸”；B项意为“接受”；C项意为“感觉”；D项意为“忽视”。大约四五十岁的时候开始感觉有变化。故选C。]9．A.happenedB．disappearednC．stoppedD．hurtA　[A项意为“发生”；B项意为“消失”；C项意为“停止”；D项意为“伤害”。它几乎不被注意，但你知道它发生了。故选A。]10．A.looserB．lowerC．higherD．fartherD　[A项意为“更松”；B项意为“更低”；C项意为“更高”；D项意为“更远，更进一步”。根据语境可知，有一天你会发现水龙头开不了更大了。故选D。]11．A.bodyB．roomC．lifeD．legsA　[根据空前的“温度开始下降”可知，本处应为“温暖正在离开你的身体(body)”。故选A。]12．A.strangeB．helplessC．funnyD．encouragingB　[A项意为“奇怪的”；B项意为“无助的”；C项意为“滑稽的”；D项意为“鼓舞人心的”。根据爷爷下一句的讲述“水温依然令人愉快，但是水很快就会变凉，而且你无能为力”可知，变老的过程是让人无助的。故选B。]13．A.burningB．freezingC．pleasantD．cleanC　[A项意为“炙热的”；B项意为“冰冻的”；C项意为“令人愉快的”；D项意为“干净的”。根据语境可知，水温依然令人愉快，但是水很快就会变凉，而且你无能为力。故选C。]14．A.waitingforB．makingupC．lookingforD．callingupD　[A项意为“等待”；B项意为“组成”；C项意为“寻找”；D项意为“回忆”。根据语境可知，应该是“回忆我的青年时期，我对自己还是很满意的”。故选D。]15．A.lyingB．thinkingC．drinkingD．movingA　[A项意为“躺着”；B项意为“想，认为”；C项意为“喝”；D项意为“移动”。本处应该是爷爷躺在椅子上。故选A。]16．A.acrossB．behindC．aboveD．betweenA　[本处指毯子盖住他的腿部，应用“across”。故选A。]17．A.suddenlyB．toughlyC．frequentlyD．slightlyDn　[A项意为“突然”；B项意为“艰难地”；C项意为“频繁地”；D项意为“轻微地”。爷爷睡着了，胸脯轻微地起伏。故选D。]18．A.futureB．achievementsC．youthD．sorrowsC　[A项意为“未来”；B项意为“成就”；C项意为“青年时期”；D项意为“悲伤事”。根据语境可知，我决定不去打扰他的睡眠，希望他会梦到他的青年时期、他与家人在一起的快乐、逝去的日子的温暖。故选C。]19．A.MoreoverB．UndoubtedlyC．HoweverD．GenerallyB　[A项意为“此外”；B项意为“毋庸置疑地”；C项意为“然而”；D项意为“一般说来”。毋庸置疑的是，我们在变老之前要珍惜我们所爱的一切。故选B。]20．A.duringB．asC．sinceD．beforeD　[我们在变老之前要珍惜我们所爱的一切。before“在……之前”。故选D。]