2018_2019学年高中英语unit21humanbiologysectionⅷgrammar学案（含解析）

2018_2019学年高中英语unit21humanbiologysectionⅷgrammar学案（含解析）

SectionⅧGrammar单元语法项目(一)——条件句和混合条件句语法图解探究发现A．①IfcurrentOlympicchampionMarionJonestooksuchdrugs,shewouldprobablyhavebrokenthatworldrecordmorethanonce.②IfPeterwasamoreskillfulplayer,hewouldhavescoredmorepoints.B．③BenJohnsonwouldstillbethe100metresworldrecordholder,ifhehadnotbeencaught.④Ifhehadbrokenthatrecord,hewouldbeaworldfamousrunnernow.[我的发现](1)A组句子中，从句表示与现在事实相反的假设，而主句表示与过去事实相反的结果。由此可知混合条件句可以用来谈论“非真实的、常常是想象中的现在状态，可能对过去有影响”，其构成形式是：“if＋主语＋动词的过去式，主语＋would_have_done”。(2)B组句子中，从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，而主句表示与现在事实相反的结果。由此可知混合条件句可以用来谈论“想象中的过去事件可能对现在有影响”，其构成形式是：“if＋主语＋had_done，主语＋would＋动词原形”。在英语中，我们一般把条件句分为两种，即真实条件句和非真实条件句。非真实条件句亦可称为虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。一、if条件状语从句中的虚拟语气主从句构成时态if虚拟条件句主句与现在事实相反if＋主语＋动词过去式主语＋nwould/should/could/might＋动词原形与过去事实相反if＋主语＋had＋过去分词主语＋would/should/could/might＋have＋过去分词与将来事实相反if＋主语＋主语＋would/should/could/might＋动词原形IfIwereabird,Icouldfly.如果我是一只鸟的话，我就能飞了。Ifwehadstartedearlier,wewouldnothavemissedthetrain.如果我们早点出发，就不会错过这列火车了。Ifheshouldn'tcometomorrow,weshouldputoffthemeetingtillnextMonday.要是他明天来不了，我们将把会议推迟到下周一。[即时演练1]　用所给动词的适当形式填空①(2017·北京高考改编)Ifthenewsafetysystemhad_been_put(put)touse,theaccidentwouldneverhavehappened.②(湖南高考改编)Sorry,Iamtoobusynow,ifIhad(have)time,Iwouldcertainlygoforanoutingwithyou.　③IfIwere(be)you,Iwould_go(go)toseethefilmLostonJourney.④Ifyouhad_worked(work)hardlastyear,youwould_have_passed(pass)thetest.⑤Ifsheshould_come/came/were_to_come(come)tomorrow,Iwould_ask(ask)herforhelp.二、混合虚拟条件句在虚拟语气中，虚拟条件句与主句所指的时间不一致(如一个是过去的，一个是现在的)，这时主、从句谓语动词的形式需要根据具体的时间来调整，从而构成混合虚拟条件句，即错综时间条件句。该句式中不仅仅存在时间的不同，更重要的是事实和假设的混合，其基本用法如下：1．想象的过去事件可能对现在或将来有影响句子时间意义谓语形式从句与过去事实相反haddonen主句与现在/将来事实相反would/should/could/might＋动词原形Ifyouhadtakenhisadvicethen,youwouldbebetternow.如果你当时听取了他的建议，你现在会好些。Ifyouhadn'twatchedTVlatelastnight,youwouldn'tbesosleepynow.如果你昨晚看电视不看到那么晚，你现在就不会这么困倦。IfIhadspokentohimyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow.假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。2．想象的过去事件可能对现在正在进行的动作有影响句子时间意义谓语形式从句与过去事实相反haddone主句与现在正在进行的事实相反would/should/could/might＋bedoingIfIhadstudiedhard,Iwouldbestudyingincollegenow.如果我努力学习的话，我现在就在大学里学习了。Ifhehadn'tleftforShanghai,hewouldbehelpingmenow.如果他不去上海的话，他现在就帮助我了。Ifyouhadnotgivenmealift,Iwouldbewalkingintherainnow.如果你不让我搭车，我现在还冒雨走着呢。3．想象中的现在状态可能对过去有影响句子时间意义谓语形式从句与现在事实相反动词的过去式(be→were)主句与过去事实相反would/should/could/might＋havedoneIfIwereyou,IwouldhavegonetowatchtheExpothen.如果我是你，当时我就去看世博会了。Ifshedidn'tspeakafewlanguages,shewouldn'thavegotthatjob.如果她不会说几种语言，她就不能得到那份工作了。[即时演练2]　用所给动词的适当形式填空①(2016·江苏高考改编)Ifithad_not_been/hadn't_been(be)forhisinvitationtheotherday,Ishouldnotbeherenow.②(2014·北京高考改编)Wewould_be(be)backinthehotelnowifyoudidn'tlosethemap.n③IfIwerenottomakeapreparationformyexperimentthismorning,Iwould_have_gone(go)toseethefilmwithyoulastnight.④Ifhehad_listened(listen)tome,hewouldnotbeinsuchtroublenow.⑤Ifyouhadnotstudiedtheproblemcarefully,youwould_find(find)itdifficultnow.三、虚拟条件句的特殊用法1．省掉if的条件从句结构：若条件句把if省略，则需要把were,had,should放在主语前，形成部分倒装结构。Hadyoutakenmyadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedintheexamination.(＝Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedintheexamination.)如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格了。2．含蓄虚拟条件句：有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词、定语从句、短语或上下文暗示(常见without,butfor,otherwise,or等表达)，此时句子的时态要依具体情况而定。Iwasbusythatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavegonetherewiththem.(＝IfIhadn'tbeenbusythatday,Iwouldhavegonetherewiththem.)我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。Withoutelectricity(＝Iftherewerenoelectricity),lifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.如果没有电，今天的生活就会完全不同。Butforyourhelp(＝Ifithadnotbeenyourhelp),itwouldhavecausedaseriousloss.要不是你的帮助，那将会导致巨大的损失。Atruefriendwouldnotdosuchathing.(＝Ifhewereatruefriend,hewouldnotdosuchathing.)一个真正的朋友是不会做这样的事的。3．含虚拟语气的句子：but＋真实情况MarywouldtellussomethingaboutLondon,butsheisn'tfromLondon.玛丽很想告诉我们一些关于伦敦的事情，但她不是来自伦敦的。(前面表示对现在的虚拟，but后的从句表示一个客观情况)[即时演练3]　用所给动词的适当形式填空①(2017·天津高考改编)—DoyouhaveBetty'sphonenumber?—Yes.Otherwise,Iwouldn't_have_been(be)abletoreachheryesterday.②(2015·安徽高考改编)Itisluckywebookedaroom,orwewould_have(have)nnowheretostaynow.③(2015·重庆高考改编)Withouthiswartimeexperiences,Hemingwaywouldn't_have_written(not，write)hisfamousnovelAFarewelltoArms.④(福建高考改编)Were(be)therenomoderntelecommunications,wewouldhavetowaitforweekstogetnewsfromaroundtheworld.⑤(福建高考改编)—Pityyoumissedthelectureonnuclearpollution.—Iwould_have_attended(attend)it,butIwasbusypreparingforajobinterview.Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空1．(2017·江苏高考改编)Were(be)itnotforthesupportoftheteachers,thestudentcouldnotovercomeherdifficulty.2．Ifithad_rained(rain)lastnight,thegroundwouldbewetnow.3．Ifshehadgotfinancialaid,shewould_graduate(graduate)fromacollegethisfall.4．Welostourwayinthatsmallvillage,otherwisewewould_have_visited(visit)moreplacesofinterest.5．Ifyouwere(be)me,wouldyoutalktothem?6．Ifheweretoleave,youwould_hear(hear)aboutit.7．Ifwehadn'tgoteverythingready,wewould_be(be)havingaterribletimetomorrow.8．Hehesitatedforamomentbeforekickingtheball,otherwise,hewould_have_scored(score)agoal.9．Were(be)Iyou,Iwouldstayathomeonsuchaterriblenight.10．Ishould_have_returned(return)thebooklastweek,butIwassobusythatIforgottodoso.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Without/But_for_your_help,_Iwouldhavefailed.要是没有你的帮助，我就会失败了。2．If_he_had_received_six_more_votes,_hewouldbeourchairmannow.他要是多得六票，现在就是我们的主席了。3．IfMarywereagirlofstrongcharacter,shewould_have_said“No”toherboss.如果玛丽是一位个性强的姑娘，当时她就会拒绝老板了。n4．Had_you_followed_your_father's_advice,_youwouldbemuchbetternow.(省略if)如果你听从你父亲的意见的话，你现在就会好得多。5．Ifithadn't_beenforthedoctor'scare,Iwould_not_be_speakingtoyounow.要不是有医生的照料，我此时就不会在这里和你说话了。6．Ifyouhad_goneonboardtheplane,youwould_not_be_enjoyingyourlifeherenow.如果你登上那架飞机，你现在就不会在此享受生活了。7．Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor'sadvice,youwould_be_all_right_now.如果你(那时)听从医生的建议的话，现在就不会有事了。8．IfIwereateacher,Iwould_have_lots_of_students.如果我是一名教师，我会有很多的学生。单元语法项目(二)——情态动词语法图解探究发现①Butyoung,strongmenmustrealizethatthiscanhappentothem,too.②Inthenextfewmonths,hehadtohavetwooperationsandtoundergochemotherapytreatment.③However,wemustnotforgetthatheisdifferentfromotherstars.④ManypeopledoubtedArmstrong'sabilitytobecomeatopcyclistagainbuttheyneednothaveworried.⑤Therewasa40%chancehewouldsurviveand60%chancehemightdie.[我的发现](1)句①中的must和句②中的hadto，表示“义务和需要”。(2)句③中的mustnot表示“禁止”。(3)句④中的neednot表示“没有必要”。(4)句⑤中的might表示“推测”。n情态动词是一种本身有一定的意义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形一起构成谓语。常见的情态动词有：can(could),may(might),must,need,oughtto,dare(dared),shall(should),will(would)。一、常见情态动词用法情态动词表示推测can(能)；may(可能)；could(可能)；might(可能)；must(一定)；should(应该)；oughtto(应该)；will/would(会)表示义务、责任、必要性must(必须)；haveto(不得不)；should(应该)；oughtto(应该)；need(有必要)；needn't(没有必要)；don'thaveto(不必)；hadbetter(最好)表示能力can(能够)；could(能够，过去式)；beableto(能够)表示请求、许可、禁止CanI...？；MayI...？；CouldI...?(委婉形式);MightI...?(委婉形式);Willyou...？；Wouldyouplease...？；ShallI...？；can't(不许);maynot(不可以);mustn't(禁止)表示习惯和倾向usedtodo(过去常常);woulddo(过去的习惯行为);willdo(常常)表示意志will(与第一、二、三人称连用，意为“愿意”)；shall(与第二人称和第三人称连用表示命令、允诺、强烈的意愿)；dare(敢)Isawhergooutjustnow.Shecan'tbeathomenow.我刚才看见她出去了。她现在不可能在家。—May/MightIsithere?—Ofcourseyoucan.——我可以坐这儿吗？——当然可以。Youhaven'teatenanythingthismorning;youmustbehungry.你今天早晨没吃任何东西，一定饿了吧。Sheshouldn'tbeoutinsuchanearlymorning.她不会这么一大早就出去的。Hewouldcometohelpuswhenhewasfree.过去，他闲时常来帮我们。Thecarwon'tstart.n车子启动不了。[即时演练1]　单句改错①(2015·重庆高考改编)YoumaybeCarol.Youhaven'tchangedabitafteralltheseyears.may→must②(2015·北京高考改编)—Can'tyoustayalittlelonger?—It'sgettinglate.Ireallyshouldgonow.Mydaughterishomealone.should→must③(北京高考改编)MustIhaveawordwithyou?Itwon'ttakelong.Must→Can④Whenhewasalittleboy,heusedtoswimmingintherivernearby.swimming→swim⑤It'shardtosaywhatkindofpersonheis.Sometimesheisveryfriendly;atothertimeshemaybeverycold.may→can⑥Dareyoutotellyourparentsyourschoolrecords？去掉to⑦—CouldIusethiscomputer?—Yes,youcould.答语中的could→can⑧Ifyoumaygo,atleastwaittilltherainstops.may→must二、某些情态动词的特殊用法1．shall在疑问句中，用于第一人称表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方发出请求；用于第二、三人称，表示说话人对对方的命令、警告、允诺等。—ShallIturndowntheradioabit?—Yes,please.(No,pleasedon't.)——我可以把收音机的音量关小点吗？(征求对方建议)——可以。(不，请不要。)YoushallhavetheEnglishbookassoonasIfinishit.我一完成，你就会有这本英语书的。(表示许诺)2．should可用在表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等语气的名词性从句中，意为“竟然、竟会”。Itisstrangethatheshouldnotpasssoeasyanexam.令人感到奇怪的是，他竟然连这么容易的考试都没有通过。3．will,would在疑问句中用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问，用would语气更加委婉；will表示现在的习惯性动作或状态，would表示过去的习惯性动作或状态；will用于各种人称，表示意志、意愿、决心、允诺等，would表示过去时间的意志、意愿等。HardasItryandtry,thedoorwon'topen.我努力地试了又试，这个门就是打不开。(主语的意愿)IwouldclimbthehillwhenIwasayoungboy.n我是个小男孩时常爬这座山。(过去的习惯性动作)4．must表示“偏要，硬要”(指做令人不愉快的事)。Mustyoushoutsoloudly?你非得这么大声吗？5．was/wereableto表示过去成功地做成了某事，相当于managedtodosth./succeededindoingsth.。could仅表示客观上有某种能力，不说明实施该能力后的结果。ThemathsproblemwashardbutIwasabletoworkitout.这道数学题目虽难，但我做出来了。Bythetimeshewaseight,shecouldreadGreekandLatin.她八岁就会希腊文和拉丁文了。6．几个情态动词常考的句型(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，与hadbetter相近。Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.既然航班已经取消了，你不妨乘火车吧。(相当于youhadbettergobytrain)(2)cannot/can't...too/enough...“越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot...over...Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.驾车的时候，越小心越好。[即时演练2]　选词填空：must/shall/should/would①(2014·四川高考改编)IstillremembermyhappychildhoodwhenmymotherwouldtakemetoDisneylandatweekends.②(2014·江苏高考改编)Itwassadtomethatthey,sopoorthemselves,shouldbringmefood.③John,lookatthetime.Mustyouplaythepianoatsuchalatehour?④—Daddy,canyoubuymeanewiPadwhenyougotoBeijing?—Youshallgetoneifyouareadmittedtoakeymiddleschool.⑤ShallTomgotherewithmetomorrow?三、情态动词＋havedone含义形式推测must＋have＋过去分词一定发生……(对发生在过去的事情的推测)→否定式can't(couldn't)＋have＋过去分词may(might)＋have＋过去分词n也许发生……(对发生在过去的事情的推测，可能性较小)→否定式may(might)not＋have＋过去分词虚拟语气could＋have＋过去分词本能够做……(实际上没做)needn't＋have＋过去分词本没有必要做……(实际上已经做了)should(oughtto)＋have＋过去分词本应该做……(实际上没做)shouldn't(oughtn'tto)＋have＋过去分词本不应该做……(实际上已经做了)Shecan'thavebeentoyourhouse;shedoesn'tknowyouraddress.她不可能去过你家；她不知道你的地址。(对过去的否定推测)Sheistwohourslate.Whatcanhavehappened?她晚了两个小时。可能会发生什么事情呢？(疑问句中对过去的推测)Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。(肯定句中对过去的推测)Sheislate.Shemayhavemissedthebus.她迟到了。她可能没赶上公交车。(可能性较小)Hemaynothavereadthebook.他也许没有看过那本书。(否定句中可能性较小)Tom,youaretoolazy.Theworkshouldhavebeenfinishedyesterday.汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本应该昨天就完成的。(本应该完成，但实际上没完成)Youneedn'thavewokenmeup;Idon'thavetogotoworktoday.你没必要叫醒我；今天我不上班。(本没必要做，但实际上做了)Youcouldhavecomeherealittleearlier.你本来可以早一点到这里来的。(本能够早一点来的，但实际上来得不早)[即时演练3]　完成句子①(2015·福建高考改编)—Sorry,Mum！Ifailedthejobinterviewagain.—Oh,it'stoobad.Youshould_have_madefullpreparations.——对不起，妈妈！我这次面试又没过。——哦，真是太糟糕了。你本该做好充分准备的。②(2014·陕西高考改编)Mybook,TheHouseofHades,ismissing.Whocould_have_takenit?n我的书《哈迪斯之屋》不见了，谁有可能拿走了呢？③Lookwhatyou'vedone!Youought_to/should_have_donetheexperimentmorecarefully.看你都做了什么！你本应该更仔细地做这个实验。④Youneedn't_have_toldthemwhathadhappenedbetweenus.你本不必告诉他们我们之间发生了什么事。⑤Youcould_have_passedtheexamearly,butyouweresocarelessastomakesomanymistakes.你本来能早点通过考试，但你那么粗心以致犯这么多错误。Ⅰ.用适当的情态动词填空1．TomcomesfromAustraliaandhecanspeakEnglishverywell.2．Iheardyouboughtanewbook.MayIhavealook?3．Ifyoucanpassthedrivingtest,youshallgetanewcar.4．—Must/NeedIwaterthetreesonTuesday?—No,youneedn't.5．Thenewlawstatesthatpeoplemustnotdriveafterdrinkingalcohol.6．MrSmithhaspromisedthatallofuswillpasstheexam,soitcannotbesodifficultasyouimagine.7．—CanIpaythebillbycheck?—Sorry,sir.Butitisthemanagementruleofourhotelthatpaymentshallbepaidincash.8．—Whydidn'tyouanswermyphonecall?—Well,Imusthavebeensleeping,soIdidn'thearit.9．Ifthatisthecase,wemay/mightaswelltry.10．Thisoldmanisstrange.Hewillsitforhourswithoutsayinganything.Ⅱ.完成句子1.(2017·天津高考改编)Myroomisamess,butI_needn't_clean_itbeforeIgoouttonight.Ican_do_it_in_the_morning.我的房间很乱，但今晚出去之前我不需要打扫。我可以在早晨打扫。2．(2017·北京高考改编)Samuel，thetallestboyinourclass,can_easily_reach_the_books_onthetopshelf.塞缪尔在我们班上个子最高，能轻易地够到书架顶层的书本。3．Heneedn't_have_broughtanyfoodtothepartybecausetherewasplentyalready.n他本没必要带食物来聚会的，因为食物足够了。4．Tommust_have_eatenthecake,forthereissomeonhismouth.汤姆一定已经吃了蛋糕了，因为他的嘴上有些蛋糕。5．Youmight_have_learnedmorefromhim,ifyouhadfollowedhim.如果你跟着他学，你也许可以向他学到更多东西的。