译林英语6B语法汇总教学

译林英语6B语法汇总教学

一、名词（可数名词和不可数名词） 二、人称代词 三、冠词 四、动词 五、介词 六、数词 七、形容词和副词 八、there be结构 九、句式 1.肯定句 2.否定句 3.疑问句 4.祈使句 十、时态： 1. 一般现在时 2. 一般过去时 3. 现在进行时 4. 一般将来时 十一、“wh”的特殊疑问句 小学英语语法大全 一、名词 名 词 具体名词 抽象名词 普通名词 专有名词 个体名词 集体名词 名 词 可数名词 不可数名词 单数 复数 英语语法中，名词有两种数的形式： 1）单数（表示一个人或事物）； 2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。 只有可数名词才有复数形式。 名词的数： 名词复数形式的构成 形式 变化规则 发音 例词 一般情况 +s 1. 清辅音结尾的名词后[s] 2. 浊辅音结尾的名词后[z]； 3. 元音结尾的名词后[z]; books, cups, cats dogs, birds, arms days, players 以-s,-sh, -ch, -x, -z结尾的名词 +es [iz] bus, brush, boxes, watch, 大多数以-o结 尾的名词 +es [z] tomatoes, potatoes 以元音字母加o 结尾的名词 +s [z] radios, pianos 以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词 把y改成i再 加es [z] stories, families, babies 以f和fe结尾的 大多数名词 把f或fe改 成v再加es [z] thieves, knives 1. 由元音字母的变化构成： man-men, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, mouse-mice, woman-women 2. 有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样： sheep, deer, fish(但也可以是fishes) 3. 有些名词变成复数时加-en: child-children, ox-oxen 不规则名词的复数 Practise 1. peach_________ 2. zoo _________ 3. glass _________ 4. fox _______ 5. lady _________ 6. policewoman _________ 7. house ___________ 8. photo _________ 9. monkey __________ 10. wife __________ 11. rose ____________ 12. path __________ 13. judge ___________ 14. map ___________ peaches zoos glasses foxes ladies policewomen houses photos monkeys wives roses paths judges maps 二、人称代词 主格： I we you she he it they 宾格： me us you her him it them 形容词性 物主代词： my our your her his its their 名词性 物主代词： mine ours yours hers his its theirs 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 后跟名词 能够在句子中独立作 主语、宾语或表语 Practise 1. _______(他) is my brother. 2. I had a letter from __________ (她). 3. It’s all right; it’s only _________(我). 4. Today ________(我们) went in _________(我们的) car; tomorrow ________(我们) are going in _________(他们的). 5. ________(我) lend _________(我的) books gladly to _______ (我的) friends and to ________(你的). 6. Can you help _________(我) with ________(我的) English. 7. When ________(你) go to see _________(你的) father, please take these books to ________(他). 8. ________(他们) found _______(它) difficult to learn German. He her me we our we theirs I my my yours me my you your him They it 所有格 所有格的形式 单数人称名词末尾加 ’s child-child’s 以-s结尾的单数人称名词末尾加’s waitress-waitress’s 不规则的复数人称名词末尾加’s children- children’s 以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加’ girls-girls’ 以-s结尾的一些人名末尾加’s James-James’s 下列情况一般用 “of”结构： 1. 东西(没有现成的复合名词时): the book of the film 2. 东西的一部分: the bottom of the box 3. 抽象的概念: the price of success 4. 当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时： Can’t you look at the book of the boy behind you? 双重 ’s结构也可以用于 “of”结构之后，如：a friend of my father’s , 出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一 个限定词，又如：this son of mine, a friend of yours, a cousin of hers等等。 Isn’t Frank a friend of yours? That silly uncle of Tom’s has told me the same Joke five times. 冠 词 不定冠词a,an 定冠词the 只能用于单数可数名词之前 单数可数名词 复数可数名词 不可数名词 零冠词 名词前可不用冠词 不定冠词的用法： 1. 表示“一”，“任何一个”或“不管哪一个”的意思。 I have a sister and two brothers. 2. 在某些度量表示法中： We have PE lessons three times a week. 3. 用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。 George wants to be an engineer. 4. 在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。 What a pretty girl! 5. 一些常用短语中。 have a good time, half an hour, have a headache…. 定冠词的用法： 1. 用来表示“独一无二”的意思。 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 2. 表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。 There is a boat in the river. The boat is made of wood. 3. 用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。 the letter from America, the fourteenth of April 4. 用在泛指的乐器名词前。 He plays the piano. 5. 一些常用短语。 by the way, in the morning, What’s the matter? 零冠词的用法： 1. 泛指的抽象名词前。Life is very hard for some people. 2. 泛指的物质名词前。Water is very useful. 3. 泛指的复数名词前。Books are my best friends. 4. 泛指的“餐”名前。Come to have dinner/breakfast with me. 5. 大多数的专有名词前。He comes from France. 6. 语言的名词前。She can speak French. 7. 在季节和节日的名词前。Winter is the best time for skating. 8. 当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。My brother is a soldier. 9. 在体育项目的名词前。play basketball 10. 一些常用短语。 at home, go to school, at night 1. There is _____notebook on my desk. I use _____ notebook to keep a diary. 2. There is ______bottle on the table. _____ water in it is sweet. 3. Wang's mother is ______English teacher. She teaches in _____ primary school. 4. China is ______ ancient country with _____ long history. 5. China has _____ population of 12 hundred million. _____ Chinese people are _____ great people. 6. Her mother is _____ university teacher. She is _____ honest woman. 7. None of _____books should be taken out of _____ room without _____ permission of _____ librarian. 8. _____Party always teaches us to work for _____ people heart and soul. 9. She studies at ____No. 3 Middle School. She goes to ____ school by ____ bus every day. 10. My elder sister is _____student of _____ English. She studies at _____ college. 11. ______ Monday before _____ Spring Festival was very cold. 12. Have you had ______dinner? Practise a the a The an the an a the The / a an the the the/ The / / / / /a a The / / 四、动词 动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质， 有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。 小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、 be动词、情态动词can等。 Be动词 am, is, are was, were been Practise1. He ________ very good at English. 2. My father and I ________ going to Beijing next month. 3. ________ you on duty the day before yesterday? 4. Mr. King ________ in London two weeks ago. 5. There ________ many kinds of animals in the zoo. 6. What ________ the date yesterday? 7. Look! A little girl ________ flying a kite. 8. Who ________ not at school last Monday? 9. Have you ever ________ to Japan? 10. I ______ not a nurse. I work as a doctor. is are Were was are was is was been am 动词的基本形式 原形 第三人称单 数现在式 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 study studies studied studied studying do does did done doing have has had had having learn learns learned /learnt learned /learnt learning 第三人称单数现在式 情况 变化规则 例词 一般情况 +s works, learns, eats, needs, says 结尾为 s,x,sh,ch,o +es passes, washes, teaches, goes, fixes 结尾为辅音 字母+y 变y为 i+es carries, studies, flies, hurries, cries 动词be和have的第三人称单数现在式 分别是is和has。 动词的过去式 构成 例词读音 在动词 后加ed 在以e结 尾的动词 后加ed 在以辅音字母加 y结尾的动词后， 先变y为i再加ed 在重读闭音节或r音节 结尾而末尾只有一个 辅音字母时，须双写 这个辅音字母再加ed 在清辅音后读[t] looked washed passed hoped liked stopped dropped 在元音和浊辅音 后读[d] stayed called lived studied tried carried planned preferred 在辅音[t]、[d] 后读[id] tasted needed admitted permitted 现在分词 情况 变化规则 例词 一般情况 +ing doing, asking, helping 以不发音的e结尾 的动词 去e加ing having, taking, writing, living 以重读闭音节结尾 而末尾只有一个辅 音字母的动词 双写最后一个辅音 字母，再加ing running, swimming, putting, sitting 原形 第三人称单 数现在式 过去式 现在分词 have give get read sweep play carry has had having gives gave giving gets got getting reads read reading sweeps swept sweeping plays played playing carries carried carrying Practise 五、动词的时态 动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。 小学阶段所学的时态有： 1.一般现在时：work/works 2. 现在进行时：am/is/are working 3. 一般过去时：worked 4. 一般将来时：am/is/are going to work 一般现在时 通常表示经常发生的或习惯性的动作或 目前的状态。 常与时间副词连用：always, often, usually, every…, on Sundays, twice a week等。基本结构 肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 I work. We work. I don’t work. We don’t work. Do I work? Do we work? You work. You don’t work. Do you work? They work. They don’t work. Do they work? She He works. It She He doesn’t work. It she Does he work? it 现在进行时 通常表示说话时或现阶段正在发生或 进行着的动作。它所表示的动作具有 持续性、暂时性和未完成性。 常见的与现在进行时有关的词有： now, these days, look, listen等。基本结构 肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 I am working. We are working. I’m not working. We’re not working. Am I working? Are we working? You are working. You aren’t working. Are you working? They are working. They aren’t working. Are they working? She He is working. It She He isn’t working. It she Is he working? it 一般过去时 通常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或 存在的状态，其中也包括习惯性动作。 常与表示过去的时间状语连用：yesterday, last…, …ago, just now, in 1998等。基本结构 肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 I worked. We worked. I didn’t work. We didn’t work. Did I work? Did we work? You worked. You didn’t work. Did you work? They worked. They didn’t work. Did they work? She He worked. It She He didn’t work. It she Did he work? it 一般将来时 表示将来发生的动作或情况。 常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow, next…, Be going to do表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要 做某事；也可以表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表 明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。 基本结构 肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 I’m going to work. We’re going to work. I’m not going to work. We aren’t going to work. Am I going to work? Are we going to work? You’re going to work. You aren’t going to work. Are you going to work? They’re going to work. They aren’t going to work. Are they going to work? She He is going to work. It She He isn’t going to work. It she Is he going to work? it 1. Peter ________ (play) basketball twice a week. 2. Do you believe what he ________ (say) just now? 3. Look! The lazy cat ____________ (sleep) in the sofa. 4. There _______(be) a book and two pens on the desk. 5. _____you _______________(see ) a film tomorrow morning? 6. She ____________(not play) the guitar at the moment. 7. What ______his father usually _______(do) in the evening ? 8. They ______________ ( have ) a meeting next week, aren't they? 9. Both he and I ________ (be) teachers. 10. I ___________ (not feel ) very well yesterday . 11. He put on his coat and _________ (go) out. 12. Lei Feng often ____________ (help) others and he was helpful. 13. Next Sunday, we ___________________ (clean) up the park. 14. Hurry! Your mother ____________ (wait) for you at the school gate. Practiseplays said is sleeping is Are going to see isn’t playing does do are going to have are didn’t feel went helps are going to clean is waiting 六、介词 介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句 子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句） 前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。方 位 介 词 in, on, at, under, to, behind, beside, near, before, in front of, next to, between 时 间 介 词 in, on, at, after, before, from…to, past, between 其 它 of, by, with, into, out of, for, Practise 1. Look _____ the picture. It's picture___ my school. 2. There is a school building ____ my school. It has five floors.______ the school building, there is a big playground. ________school, the children always play ball games there. 3. My classroom is____ the fifth floor. It's big and clean. 4. Miss Li is our class teacher. She comes ______ school early every morning. She comes ____bicycle. Then she does morning exercises ______us. She likes sports. Tomorrow is her birthday. We will make a card ___ her. We love her very much. 5. There are some apples _____ the tree. 6. –Where’s your study? –It’s next ____ my bedroom. 7. The car _____ the tree is Jack’s. 8. The ball is________ the door, so you can’t see it. 9. _____ ______ ____the house, there are many trees. 10. Listen! Someone is knocking ____the door. 11. There is something wrong _____ my computer. at of in Near After on to by with for on to under behind In front of at with 七、数词 1.表示数目的词称为基数词 2.表示数目顺序的词称为序数词 1. 1—12的基数词： one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve 13—19的基数词： thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen 20—90的基数词： twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety 21—29的基数： twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine thirty-nine, forty-eight, fifty-seven…. -teen -ty 十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号“-” 2. 百位数： one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred… five hundred and eight-six, six hundred and ninety-nine, seven hundred and eight, eight hundred and one 3. 千位数： one thousand, four thousand, seven thousand one hundred and five 百位数和十位数之间加and。 注意 英语中没有“万”这个单位，所以常用 thousand来表示。 ten thousand, thirty thousand, fifteen thousand one hundred, five hundred and one thousand four hundred and thirty-two 1. 英语序数词第1-19除了first, second与third有特殊形式外，其余的都由 基数词加后缀-th构成。 注意：fifth, eighth, ninth和twelfth的拼法。 2. 十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾ty中的y变为i， 然后加后缀-eth,如： twenty—twentieth, forty—fortieth 3.十位数的序数词如果含有1-9的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序 数词，中间用“-”连字符。如： twenty-fourth, ninety-fifth 4. 百、千、万等的序数词由hundred, thousand, million等加-th,前面加有 关的基数词构成。如： one hundredth, one thousandth 注意：序数词前的one不能用a代替。 one hundred and twenty-first Practise 1. There are ____ days in a year. A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five 2.______people visit this museum every day. A. Hundred B. Hundreds C. Hundred of D. Hundreds of 3.There are two_____ people in the meeting room. A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred of 4.____ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years. A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousand of 5. My brother is in____. A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade One, Class Three D. class three, grade one 6. We are going to learn___ this term. A. book six B. six book C. the book six D. Book Six 7. We can say the number 78, 645 in English like this____. A. seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty-five B. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five D. seventy eight thousand six hundred and forty-five C D A A B D C 8. "The year 1999" should be read "The year____". A. nineteen and ninety-nine B. nineteen ninety-nine C. one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine D. nineteen hundred and ninety-nine 9. He will come here ____ tomorrow morning. A. at fifth B. at ten C. on two D. till tenth 10. Every day he begins to do his homework ___. A. at ten past seven B. at seven pass ten C. on ten past seventh D. until ten 11. We all like the_____ boy. A. of ten years old B. ten-year-old C. at ten old D. of age of ten 12. There are____ months in a year. December is the ____ month of the year. A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth C. twelfth; twelve D. twelve; twelveth 13. During____ century, the world population has already reached 6 billion. A. twenty B. the twentieth C. twentieth D. the twenty 14. Jenny was born_______. A. on July 10, 1987 B. in July 10, 1987 C. in 1987, July 10 D. on 1987, July 10 B B A B B B A 八、形容词和副词 形容词是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。 副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全 句的词。 1. He is a good student. 2. The film is very interesting. 3. There is something wrong with the bike. 4. Lucy is older than Helen. 1.The problem is very difficult. 2. He wrote the letters carefully. • 方式副词：carefully, quickly, suddenly… 2. 地点副词：here, there, up, down… 3. 时间副词：yesterday, today, now… 4. 程度副词：very, quite, much, just… 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 情况 比较级 最高级 一般情况 +er, 如：taller, longer, faster, sooner +est, 如：tallest, longest, fastest, soonest 以e结尾的词 +r, 如：later, nicer, larger +st, 如：latest, nicest, largest 以重读闭音节结 尾的词 双写最后一个字母，再 +er, 如: bigger, fatter 双写最后一个字母，再+est， 如：biggest, fattest 以辅音字母加y 结尾的词 把y改为i再+er, 如： busier, earlier 把y改为i再+est, 如：busiest, earliest 大部分多音节词 在前面加more, 如： more careful, more wonderfully 在前面加most, 如： most careful, most wonderfully 不规则的词： good/well, many/much, far better more farther/further best most farthest/further 比较级的用法 1. 用来把彼此独立的事和人进行比较，表示“比……更……一些” 的意思，通常用一个由从属连词than引导的状语从句来表示和什 么相比。为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如： Helen is taller than Lucy. He got more information than I did. He runs faster than I. 2. 如果我们要说两个东西在某一方面是一样的，我们就可以用 “as+形容词/副词+as”, 形容词不用比较级而用原级。在作否定 比较时，可以用not as…as…, not so…as…, 也可以用 less…than…，如： Jimmy is as tall as his father. I don’t write as/so well as Helen. This film is less interesting than that one. 比较级的用法 3. 为了表示持续不断的变化，我们可以用“双重比较”的方 法，这种结构后面不可跟than引导的比较状语从句。如： He is crying harder and harder. Our country gets more and more beautiful. Computers are getting smaller and smaller, and computing faster and faster. 4. 表示两个变化是一起发生的，可以把比较级形式和the一 起用，表示“越……，就越……”的意思。如： The higher the mountain is, the thinner the air is. The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back. Practise 1. Shanghai is ________than Beijing. It is ____________ city in our country. (large) 2. Bill isn’t as ______ as Mike. Tom is ______ than Mike. Who is ________ of the three boys? (old) 3. Mary draws as ______ as Bill, and she is much _______ than him at singing. (well, good) 4. Spring is coming. The weather is getting ________ and _________.(warm) 5. Tom, Jon and I bought a computer each last week. John’s computer is much ____________ than Tom’s and mine. It is _________________ of the three. (expensive) 6. It is a little __________ today than yesterday. (wet) 7. Mrs Brown is much ________ than she was two years ago. (healthy) 8. Which do you like _________, basketball, volleyball, or football? (well) larger the largest old older the oldest well better warmer warmer more expensive the most expensive wetter healthier best 1. Beijingers are true __________ to the world. (friend) 2. Look! How __________ Kitty is laughing! (happy) 3. I think July is ______ than any other month in our country. (hot) 4. She always listens to the teacher _________ in class. (care) 5. The park is one of the ______________ parks in Beijing. (beautiful) 6. She speaks English, but not as _______ as his brother. (good) 7. I was __________ by the _________ sound. (frightened, frightening) 8. The music sounds ____________. (beautiful, beautifully) 9. Don’t make so much noise, or you will wake up the _________ boy. (sleeping, asleep) 10. Yesterday’s concert was wonderful. I’ve never heard such an _________ one before. (excited, exciting) Practise friendly happily hotter carefully most beautiful well frightened frightening beautiful sleeping exciting There be 的结构 肯定句： There is/was a … There are/were … 一般疑问句:Is/Was there …? Yes, there is/was. No, there isn’t/was. Are there…? Yes, there are/were. No, there aren’t/weren’t. 否定句： There isn’t/wasn’t …. There aren’t/weren’t…. There be表示 “存在有”,即当我们告诉某人某事存在(或不 存在)常用这种结构。其中there是引导词,本身无词义;be为谓 语动词,后面跟的是名词,也就是主语,也就是说there be结构 的运用也就是倒装的具体运用。其真正的主语在there be 之 后。 There be 的结构 1.Some 和 any 一般情况下， some用于肯定句中， any用于否定句中。如： There is some milk in the bottle. There aren’t any pictures on the wall. Is there anything new in today’s newspaper? 3. 特殊疑问句： 1) What’s in the basket? There are some eggs in it. 2) How many students are there in your class? There are fifty students. 2. Be动词与后面所跟名词的就近原则： There is a pen and two pencils in the box. There are some students and a teacher in the classroom. Practise 1．There ________ no tea in the cup． A．is B．are C．has D．be 2．There ________ in the next room． A．is Tom B．are some boys C．are they D．is the boy 3．There is some ________ on the plate． A．apple B．bread C．banana D．sandwich 4．There ________ some paper and a pen on the desk． A．is B．are C．have D．has 5．There's going to ________ in tomorrow's newspapers． A．have something new B．have new something C．be something new D．be new something 6．There is some milk in the bottle， ________ ？ A．isn't there B．aren't there C．isn't it D．are there 7． ________ is there on the table？ A．How many apples B．How much bread C．How much breads D．How many food 8．There is ________ old woman in the car． A．× B．a C．the D．an A B B A C A A D 9．There's ________ orange tree behind ________ house． A．an ；the B．a；a C．the；the 10．There is _____ map in the classroom．____ map is on the wall． A．a；A B．the；The C．a；The D．the；A 11．There is ____ “f”and _____ “u”in the word“four”． A．an；a B．a；a C．an；an D．a；an 12．There ______ not any water in the glass． A．has B．is C．are 13．There ________ an apple and ten bananas in the basket．You can take any of them． A．are B．is C．has D．have 14． ________ any flowers on both sides of the street？ A．Is there B．Are there C．Has D．Have 15．There is little water in the glass， ________ ？ A．isn 't there B．isn't it C．is it D．is there 16．There ________ some water in the bottle． A．are B．is C．has D．have 17．How many ________ are there in your classroom？ A．desks B．desk C．chair D．door A C A B B B D B A “Wh”的疑问句 1. What——1) What’s this/that? 2) What’s your name? 3) What are you doing? 4) What do you like/need? 5) What did you do? 6) What is his job? 7) What do you usually do at the weekends? 8) What are you going to do? 9) What colour is it? 10) What’s the weather like? 11) What time is it? What’s the time? 12) What day is it? What’s the date? 13) What would you like? 13) What can you see? 14) What subjects do you have this term? 15) What lessons do you have in the morning? “Wh”的疑问句 2. How—— 1) How are you? 2) How old are you? 3) How do we go to the park? 4) How many apples can you see? 5) How much are they? 6) How about…? 7) How do you spend your weekends? 8) How far…? How long…? How often…? 3. Who—— Who is that? Who’s that boy in/with…? “Wh”的疑问句 4. Whose—— 1)Whose is this bike? 2)Whose bike is this? 3) Whose bag is bigger, yours or mine? 5. Which—— 1) Which one? 2) Which is longer, yours or mine? 3) Which season do you like best? 6. Where—— 1) Where is the book? 2) Where are you from? 7. Why—— Why? 1. Tom visits the Science Museum every year. 2. The building near the factory is the People’s hospital. 3. Jack did well in maths. 4. It’s cloudy today. 5. My mother is over 40 years old. 6. I usually take No. 4 bus to work. 7. We have a class meeting once a week. What does Tom visit every year? Which building is the People’s hospital? How did Jack do in maths? What’s the weather like today? How old is your mother? Which bus do you usually take to work? How often do you have a class meeting? Practise 8. The coat is 388 yuan. 9. Uncle Wang feels better now. 10. He goes to school by bus. 11. They are cleaning their classroom now. 12. They are on the lake. 13. Xiao Wang is looking for his teacher. 14. Tom’s mother is a music teacher. 15. I go to work at eight . How much is the coat? How does Uncle Wang feel now? How does he go to school? What are they doing now? Where are they? Who is Xiao Wang looking for? What is Tom’s mother’s job?/ What does Tom’s mother do? What time do you go to work? Practise