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河北专版2020中考英语复习方案第二篇语法专题突破专题08动词的时态和语态课件人教新目标版
专题(八) 动词的时态和语态 第二篇 语法专题突破 1 动词的时态 考点一 动词的各种形式 1. 动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词 类别 构成 例词 动词原形 没有 经过任何变形 , 也就是词典中给出的一般形式 be, have, do, learn 第三人称 单数形式 一般在动词原形后加 -s run → runs, like → likes 以 ch,sh,s,o,x 结尾的动词后加 -es teach → teaches, wash → washes, go → goes, pass → passes, fix → fixes 以辅音字母 +y 结尾的动词 , 先将 y 变为 i, 再加 -es study → studies, carry → carries (续表) 类别 构成 例词 现在分词 在动词后加 -ing read → reading, cook → cooking 以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词 , 去掉 e 再加 -ing live → living, write → writing 以重读闭音节结尾的动词 , 末尾只有一个辅音字母时 , 双写该辅音字母后再加 -ing sit → sitting, shop → shopping, begin → beginning 少数几个以 ie 结尾的动词要变 ie 为 y, 再加 -ing die → dying, lie → lying, tie → tying 2. 动词的过去式及过去分词的构成 变化情况 规则 例词 规则 变化 在动词原形后加 -ed work → worked → worked , stay → stayed → stayed 以辅音字母 +y 结尾的动词 , 先将 y 变为 i 再加 -ed carry → carried → carried , study → studied → studied 以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词 , 直接加 -d live → lived → lived, close → closed → closed 以 重读闭音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词 , 双写该辅音字母后再加 -ed stop → stopped → stopped , plan → planned → planned (续表) 变化情况 规则 例词 不规则 变化 AAA 型(即原形、过去式与过去分词三式同型) cut → cut → cut, put → put → put, let → let → let ABB 型(即过去式与过去分词同型) think → thought → thought , teach → taught → taught ABC 型(即原形、过去式与过去分词不同型) do → did → done, go → went → gone ABA 型(即原形与过去分词同型) come → came → come , run → ran → run 考点二 常见 6 种 时态的构成及用法 时态 用法 构成 常见标志词语 例句 一般现 在时 ( 1 )表示经常性、习惯性的动作 ( 2 )表示现在的状态、特征或真理 ( 3 )在时间、条件状语从句中 , 常用一般现在时代替将来时 ( 1 )主语 + 动词原形 ( 2 )主语(第三人称单数) + 动词(第三人称单数) ( 3 )主语 +am/is/are+ 其他 often, usually, sometimes, every day ( week/ month/year …) , once a week 等 He goes to school every day. 他每天都去上学。 The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 If she is free, she will come to see me tomorrow. 如果她明天有空就会来看我。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见标志词语 例句 一般过 去时 ( 1 )表示过去某时发生的事 ( 2 )表示过去存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作 ( 1 )主语 + 动词过去式 ( 2 )主语 +was/were+ 其他 yesterday,last year ( week/night/month ) , three years ago, in 2015, just now 等 He worked in a factory in 2015. 他 2015 年在一家工厂工作。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见标志词语 例句 一般将 来时 ( 1 )表示将来的动作或状态 ( 2 )表示即将发生的或最近打算做的事 ( 3 )表示按计划即将发生的动作 ( 1 )主语 +will/shall+ 动词原形 ( 2 )主语 +be going to+ 动词原形 ( 3 ) go, come, start, move, leave 等可用进行时态表将来 [ 注意 ]there be 句型的一般将来时结构为 There will be/There is/are going to be tomorrow, next week ( year/month ) , in+ 时间段 , in 2025 等 We will have a party tomorrow. 明天我们将有个聚会。 I'm leaving for Beijing. 我将要动身去北京。 There will be a meeting tomorrow. 明天将有一个会议。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见标志词语 例句 现在进 行时 表示 说话时刻或现阶段正在进行的动作 主语 +am/is/are+ 现在分词 now, look, listen, these days, at the moment 等 Look! They are playing football. 看 ! 他们正在踢足球。 I'm doing my homework now. 现在我正在做我的家庭作业。 过去进 行时 表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正在进行的动作 主语 +was/were+ 现在分词 at that moment, at this time yesterday,at … o'clock yesterday evening 等 I was watching TV at 8:00 yesterday evening. 昨天晚上八点我正在看电视。 He was reading a novel when I came in. 当我进来的时候 , 他正在看小说。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见标志词语 例句 现在完 成时 ( 1 ) 表示动作在说话之前已完成 , 对现在有影响 ( 2 )表示动作开始于过去 , 持续到现在 , 并可能继续进行下去 主语 +have/has+ 过去分词 just, ever, yet, already, so far, in the past 5 years, for 和 since 引导的时间状语 He has been to Beijing. 他去过北京。 He has studied English for 5 years. 他学习英语已经五年了。 I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。 They have been married for 30 years . 他们 已经结婚三十年了。 【拓展】 过去将来时 , 过去完成时 [ 了解 ] 时态 用法 构成 常见 标志 例句 过去 将来时 表示从过去的某一时刻来看将要发生的动作。常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中 ( 1 ) would+ 动词原形 ( 2 ) was/were+going to+ 动词原形 判断过去将来时一定要有一个用于表示“过去”的参照物。这个参照物往往不是时间 , 而是一个发生在过去的动作。 His uncle said that there would be a good harvest the next year. 他叔叔说第二年会有个好收成。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见 标志 例句 过去完 成时 表示过去的某一时刻以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态 , 也就是“过去的过去” had+ 过去分词 by, before 短语或 when, before, after, until 等引导的从句作为时间状语 My teacher said she had never been to London. 我的老师说她从来没去过伦敦。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 当警察到达时 , 小偷已经逃跑了。 [ 注意 ] 短暂性动词与时间段连用或用于 how long 提问的问句中时 , 要转换成对应的延续性动词 , 常见的短暂性动词及其转换如下 : arrive → be here begin/start → be on die → be dead leave → be away go out → be out finish/end → be over get up → be up put on → wear/be on open → be open join → be in/be a member of close → be closed borrow → keep buy/get → have catch ( a cold )→ have ( a cold ) marry → be married fall ill/sick/asleep → be ill/sick/asleep 2 动词的语态 考点一 被动语态的构成 被动语态的基本结构是“ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”。与主动语态一样 , 被动语态也有各种时态变化 , 列表如下(以动词 do 为例) : 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are+done 一般过去时 did was/were+done 一般将来时 will/be ( am/is/ are ) going to+ do will/be ( am/is/are ) going to+be+done 现在完成时 have/has done have/has been+done 含情态动词 情态动词 +do 情态动词 +be+done [ 注意 ] ( 1 )带双宾语的主动语态改为用其直接宾语(物)作主语的被动语态时 , 间接宾语(人)前必须加介词 to 或 for 。 My father bought me a computer. → A computer was bought for me by my father. 我父亲给我买了一台电脑。 ( 2 )有些感官动词和使役动词( hear, see, watch, notice, make, have 等)在主动语态中作谓语时 , 其宾语补足语后的动词不定式省略 to, 但变成被动语态时 , 必须将 to 还原。 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. → The workers were made to work 12 hours a day by the boss. 老板让工人们一天工作 12 个小时。 ( 3 )主动语态变被动语态的方法 【巧学妙记】 感官动词和使役动词 : 一感( feel ) ; 二听( hear, listen to ) ; 三让( let, make, have ) ; 四看( see, watch, look at, notice ) 考点二 被动语态的用法 1. 不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。 Rice is grown in the south of China. 中国南方种水稻。 2. 需要强调或突出动作的承受者 , 而不是强调动作的执行者。 Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world. 世界上越来越多的人讲汉语。 3. 动作的发出者是某个事物。 Many houses were washed away in the flood. 在洪水中许多房子被冲走了。 4. 固定句型中常用的被动语态。 如 :It's said that …(据说……) , It's reported that …(据报道……) , It's well-known that …(众所周知……)等。 考点三 主动形式表被动意义 1.look, smell, feel, taste 等系动词用主动形式表被动意义。 The cloth feels soft. 这布摸起来很软。 The cake tastes delicious. 这蛋糕尝起来很美味。 2.need/require/want+doing sth. 意为“……需要……”。 The door needs repairing. 这门需要修理。 The window wants cleaning. 这窗户需要清洁。 3. 某物 +write/open/sell/wash/clean/cut/open+ 其他。该结构为主动形式 , 可表被动意义。 These books sell well. 这些书卖得很好。 The shop opens every day. 这家店每天都营业。 4. 不及物动词和动词短语 , 如 :happen, take place, come out, come true, run out 等。 A traffic accident happened last night. 昨晚发生了一起交通事故。 If you work hard, your dream will come true. 如果你努力工作 , 你的梦想就会实现。 | 动词的时态 | 1.[2019 ·河北 ]It . Please take an umbrella with you, Annie. A.rains B.is raining C.rained D.was raining 2.[2019 ·河北 ]He me his name, but I can't remember it now. A.tells B.will tell C.told D.is telling 对接中考专练 B 根据后面一句“ Annie, 请带把伞。”可知说话时正下雨 , 故选 B 。 C 根据后句“但是我现在不记得了。”可推断出“他过去告诉过我他的名字。”故选 C 。 3.[2019 ·河北 ]Sorry, I didn't see you, because I a picture. A.draw B.drew C.was drawing D.have drawn 4.[2018 ·河北 ]Gary is the best singer in my class. No one else so well. A.sings B.sang C.will sing D.is singing 对接中考专练 C 根据句子中 didn't 可以得知刚才正在画画 , 应用过去进行时态。故选 C 。 A 根据语境可知 , 这里表示的是一个客观事实 , 应用一般现在时。故选 A 。 5.[2018 ·河北 ] — The bread is really delicious. — Thank you. I it myself. A.make B.made C.will make D.am making 6.[2018 ·河北 ]I an invitation to the concert. I can't wait to go. A.receive B.will receive C.was receiving D.have received 对接中考专练 B 根据语境可知 , “做面包”的动作发生在过去 , 应用一般过去时。故选 B 。 D 根据语境可知 , 这个请柬到现在为止已经收到了 , 所以现在“我”迫不及待想参加。由此可知 , 本句用现在完成时态。故选 D 。 7.[2017 ·河北 ]Wow! You dinner! Let's eat now. A.cook B.are cooking C.will cook D.have cooked 8.[2017 ·河北 ]Don't take the dictionary away. I it. A.use B.used C.am using D.have used 对接中考专练 D 句意 : 哇 ! 你做完晚餐了 ! 现在让我们吃饭吧。强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响 , 用现在完成时。故选 D 。 C 句意 : 别把词典拿走 , 我正在用呢。根据句意可知 , 空处表示现在正在做某事 , 故用现在进行时。故选 C 。 9.[2016 ·河北 ]Grandpa glasses when he reads. A.wears B.wore C.has worn D.was wearing 10.[2016 ·河北 ]Just go down this road and you the library next to the bank. A.See B.saw C.have seen D.will see 对接中考专练 A 结合语境可知 , 当爷爷读书的时候戴着眼镜 , 用一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作。故选 A 。 D 11.[2016 ·河北 ]Our team another point! I am sure we'll win the game. A.will get B.has got C.is getting D.was getting 12.[2015 ·河北 ]Grace this game every time we play. A.wins B.won C.will win D.has won 对接中考专练 B 句意 : 我们队又得一分 , 我确信我们会赢得这场比赛。根据“ we'll win the game ”可知 , 此处指得分这一动作对现在造成的影响 , 应用现在完成时。故选 B 。 A 13.[2015 ·河北 ]I the shops. Can I get you anything? A.go to B.went to C.have gone to D.am going to 14.[2015 ·河北 ]We're proud that China stronger and stronger these years. A.will become B.became C.is becoming D.was becoming 对接中考专练 D C | 动词的语态 | 1.[2019 ·河北 ]These cakes with chocolate. Have one, please. A.fill B.filled C.are filled D.were filled 2.[2018 ·河北 ]Look at the picture. The top five TV plays in it. A.list B.are listed C.will list D.will be listed 对接中考专练 C 根据后半句句意“请吃一个吧。”可知是考查一般现在时 , 前句中 cakes 和 fill 之间是动宾关系 , 应用被动语态 , 故选 C 。 B 3.[2017 ·河北 ]Hangzhou as the City of Silk. Tourists like shopping for silk there. A.knows B.is known C.was known D.will be known 4.[2016 ·河北 ]Emily is glad that she for her honesty at that meeting. A.praises B.praised C.is praised D.was praised 5.[2015 ·河北 ]Everybody deeply after they heard the story. A.moves B.moved C.is moved D.was moved 对接中考专练 B D D 6.[2019 ·石家庄质检 ] — Dad, the phone is ringing. — I guess either you or your mom on the phone. A.was wanted B.is wanted C.wanted D.wants 7.[2019 ·唐山路北区二模 ] — Dad, may I play on the computer for a while? — As soon as all your homework , you can. A.will finish B.finishes C.is finished D.will be finished 8.[2019 ·保定二模 ]Annie to the party. She had a wonderful time with us. A.invites B.is invited C.was invited D.has invited 对接中考专练 B C C 9.[2019 ·邯郸二模 ]Those children to use words like “ thanks ” and “ please ” every morning. Now they are much more polite. A.teach B.will teach C.are taught D.will be taught 10.[2019 ·邢台一模 ]If students to have a part-time job, they may have less time to study. A.allow B.allowed C.will allow D.are allowed 对接中考专练 C D查看更多