外研初中英语八年级下册各模块知识要点

外研初中英语八年级下册各模块知识要点

Module 1 Hobbies 复习要点 一、重点词组 ‎ tidy up 收拾，take up 占用（时间或空间）；a bit +adj. / a bit of +n. 一点儿… (区别于a little +adj. / n. )；a collection of stamps / collect stamps 集邮；play the violin / the piano / the drum / the flute 拉小提琴/弹钢琴/打鼓/吹笛子；play football / tennis / volleyball 踢足球/打网球/打排球；listen to music 听音乐；all the time 一直, 总是；be / show/ become interested in sth. 对…感兴趣/显示出/变得感兴趣；next time 下一次；at the end of …在…末尾；need to do sth. 需要做某事；start doing sth./ to do sth. 开始做某事；how often 多久一次(询问频率)；grow vegetables 种菜；look after…照顾, 照看；such as…= for example 例如；grow as a person 成长；develop one’s interests 发展兴趣；come out 出版; 出现; 结果是；as a result 结果；like doing sth. / to do sth. 喜欢做某事；in the future 在将来；try to do sth. / try doing sth. 尽力做某事/尝试做某事；in one’s free/ spare time 在某人业余时间；bring sb. great success 给某人带来成功（注意词性success成功n.. successful 成功的adj. successfully 成功地adv. succeed (in doing sth.) 成功v. ；be popular with …在…中受欢迎；write to sb. 给某人写信；all over the world 遍及全世界；think about…考虑某事；find out ( about )… 查明有关某事；dress in… 穿着…衣服；in the past 在过去；not only…but also…不仅…而且…‎ 三、重点知识点 ² make +sb. / sth. +adj. 使…怎么样e.g. The news made her sad .‎ ² 使役动词make / let / have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 e.g. Hobbies can make you grow as a person. The joke made us laugh. ‎ ² 感官动词hear / listen to / see / watch / feel sb. do / doing sth.‎ ‎（其中do强调动作的全过程，而doing强调动作正在发生。）‎ e.g. I heard someone singing in the next room. I often listen to him play the violin.‎ Have you seen the book fall off the desk? I saw some boys playing football over there just now.‎ The robot watches the professor eat and sleep every day. I felt my heart break. ‎ ² 双宾语give / bring / lend / hand / send / show / leave / teach / pass sb sth= give / bring / lend / hand / send / show / leave / teach / pass sth to sb ² e.g. Pass me the sugar, please. = Pass the sugar to me, please.‎ buy / cook / read sb. sth. = buy / cook / read sth. for sb.‎ e.g. My father bought me a new bike as my birthday present. =‎ ‎ My father bought a new bike for me as my birthday present. ‎ ‎☆help sb. do sth. = help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事 e.g.Tom often helps his classmates clean the classroom.‎ My brother often helps me with my math.‎ ² spend …(时间或钱) on + 名词 spend …. (时间或钱) (in) doing sth.‎ e.g. David spent four weeks on a summer camp. I spent five dollars on the book.‎ ‎ Shall we spend some time playing tennis on Saturday?‎ ‎ We usually spend one hour doing my homework. ‎ 辨析四个“花费”spend, cost, take, pay spend主语是人，花费的对象可以为时间，也可以为钱，多用于spend …(时间或钱) on + ‎ 名词 / spend …. (时间或钱) (in) doing sth. 这两个结构中。‎ e.g. I spent five dollars on the book.‎ cost主语是物，花费的对象只能是钱。‎ e.g. The book cost me five dollars. （注意这里的cost是其过去式）‎ take的花费对象多为时间，偶而为钱，‎ e.g. The journey by car will take half an hour.‎ 另外，take多用于下面的结构中：‎ It takes / took / will take sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人一些时间做某事。‎ e.g. It took me two hours to finish my homework last night.‎ ‎ It will take the workers one year to build this bridge.‎ pay 主语是人，花费的对象为钱，多用于下面的结构中：‎ pay (sb.) (some money) (for sth.) e.g. I paid him 20,000 dollars for the house. ‎ ² as well as…‎ We all want to visit Beijing as well as Shanghai. He as well as his friends is coming to see me.‎ ‎（这里注意as well as…在句中做状语，不是主语成分，所以谓语动词要看前面的主语中心词。）‎ ² ask sb. (not) to do sth. / tell sb. (not) to do sth.‎ e.g. The teacher asks us to be quiet in class. My parents told me not to go out at night.‎ ² What do you think of…? / How do you like…?‎ e.g. What do you think of the Great Wall? How do you like Chinese food?‎ ² Why not do sth? = Why don’t you do sth?‎ e.g. Why not go to the concert? = Why don’t you go to the concert?‎ 三、语法 句子: 简单句 ‎ 并列句：由并列连词and, but, or等连接两个简单句，两个句子是并列关系。‎ ‎ 复合句：由if, when, while, because, although等引导从句，两个句子有主句与从句之分。‎ 简单句的六种基本句型 ‎1.主语+系动词+表语 （+状语）‎ These books are great. He looks worried.‎ ‎2.主语+谓语（不及物动词vi）（+状语）‎ The first book came out in 2003. We didn’t go to the cinema yesterday.‎ ‎3.主语+谓语（及物动词vt）+宾语（+状语）‎ I bought a very good book yesterday. Every morning my mother prepares breakfast for me.‎ ‎4.主语+谓语（及物动词vt）+间接宾语+直接宾语（+状语）‎ His hobby has brought him enjoyment. Last week, my aunt sent me a box of chocolate.‎ ‎5.主语+谓语（及物动词vt）+宾语+宾语补足语（+状语）‎ We can help you develop new skills. The news made everyone happy.‎ ‎6.there be+主语+状语 There are many story books in his schoolbag.‎ Module 2 Friendship 复习要点 ‎ 一、 重点词组 hold the line (= hold on) 稍等，别挂断； call back 打（电话）回来； right now 现在； take a message 捎个信儿 ；leave a message 留个信儿 ；whether...or not 是否 ；in fact 事实上 a couple of...几个，若干 ；in a week 一周后（用于将来时） ；miss one's close friends 想念某人的好朋友 ；be different from... (反义：the same as...) 与...不同 (反义：与...相同) make friends with sb. 与...交朋友 ；good luck with...祝...好运 ；bring sb. for a visit to some place 带某人来某地参观 ；wait for sb. (to do sth.) 等待某人做某事 ；invite sb. to do sth. / invite sb. to some place 邀请某人去做某事/去某地 ；talk with/to sb about sth. 和某人谈论某事 ；by the way 顺便说一下 ；feel happy / unhappy / better 感觉快乐/不快乐/更好 ；take place 发生 ；far (away) from some place 离某地远 ；be afraid to do sth. / be afraid of sth./doing sth. 害怕做某事 ；every time + 时间状语从句 每次 ；want (sb.) to do sth. 想让某人做某事 ；worry about... 担心... ；sit at the desk / work at the computer 坐在桌旁/在电脑前工作 ；as usual 像往常一样 ；at that moment 在那时 ；enter the room (注意enter是及物动词，后不加介词。) 进入房间 ；turn back 转过身 ；day by day 一天天地 ；be close to... 离...近 ；smile at sb. 对...微笑 ；laugh at sb. 嘲笑某人 ；It doesn't matter (that....). .......没关系 ；not ...any more / not...any longer 不再 ；give advice / take advice 提出建议/接受建议 ；look for... 寻找... ；in town / in the country 在城镇/在乡村 二 ‎、 重要知识点 * What does it feel like? 用来询问对方对某件事的看法。 e.g. What does it feel like to be at school in America? 在美国上学感觉如何 ？ 类似的表达还有What do you think of...? / How do you like...? * 辨析sometime, some time, sometimes, some times sometime某个时候，表示时间点，多用于将来。 I believe that my dream will come true sometime in the future. some time一段时间，表示时间段，多用于现在完成时。 He has been here for some time. sometimes有时，表频率，多用于一般现在时。 It's sometimes hot and sometimes cold. some times若干次/若干倍 I have been to Sydney some times. * 辨析lonely 与alone lonely是adj. 表示"孤独的"，是内心的感受，而 alone可做adj.或adv.，表示"独自一人地"，是现实的状况。 e.g. She felt lonely because she had no friends here. 她因为在这儿没有朋友而感到很孤独。 The old woman lives alone because her daughter is abroad. But she is not lonely because we often go to see her. 这位老奶奶一个人独自居住，因为她的女儿在国外，但她并不孤独，因为我们经常去看望她。 * 辨析other, the other, others, the others 区分这四个词，只需注意以下两点： 1． 没有the表示"别的，其余的"；有the强调"其余所有的" 2． 若other后没有s则后面往往还有名词（单数情况除外），若other后有s则后面不加名词。 另外，another与这四组词都不相同，它表示"又一个，再一个"，所指事物没有范围，而上面那四组词则都是将事物分成了两大部分。 e.g. English is spoken not only in the UK and the USA, but also in many other countries. （这里不强调除英美外，其余所有的国家都说英语，所以不加the，另外，后面有countries，所以other不加s。） The old lady has four sons. One is in Canada, the others are in America. （这里强调除一个在加拿大外，其余所有的都在美国，所以加the，另外，other后面没有名词，所以加s。） Would you like another cup of tea? （这里指再来一杯，没有范围。） * 当adj.修饰不定代词(something, anything, nothing, everything)时，adj.要后置。 e.g. I have something important to tell you. He has nothing new to say. * 辨析surprising与surprised surprising 意为"令人惊讶的"，修饰物或事；而surprised意为"吃惊的"，修饰人。 e.g. The news is surprising. I'm surprised at the news. 类似的单词还有exciting (excited), tiring (tired), pleasing (pleased), amazing (amazed)等。 * 掌握一些固定电话用语： Is Chen Huan there? 请问陈欢在吗? Is that Chen Huan (speaking)? 您是陈欢吗? May I speak to Jack, please? 杰克在吗? I'll call back later. 我一会儿再打。 This is Sally (speaking). 我是Sally。 Who's calling, please? 请问您是那位？ Hold the line, please. 稍等，别挂断。 Sorry. He isn't here right now. 对不起，他现在不在。 Can I take a message? / Can you leave a message? 我能捎个信儿吗？/ 您能留个信儿吗？ I'm afraid you have the wrong number. 恐怕您打错了。 四、 语法 Objective Clause宾语从句 宾语从句可根据引导词分为三大类： 1． 当从句是陈述句时，用that引导，that可省略，语序不变。 * Trees improve the air. Betty thinks (that) trees improve the air. * It will snow this winter. I hope (that) it will snow this winter. * There is a good film tonight. Jack said (that) there was a good film on that night 2． 当从句是一般疑问句时，用if 或whether引导（若句尾有or ‎ not，则用whether，语序由原来的疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。 * Will they plant trees on Sunday? He doesn't know whether they will plant trees on Sunday or not. * Have you seen him before? I can't remember if I have seen him before. * Was she late for class this morning? He asks if she was late for class this morning. * Did she study hard? I didn't know whether she studied hard or not. 3． 当从句是特殊疑问句时，用原来的特殊疑问词引导，语序由原来的疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。 * How can we help protect the environment? He asks how we can help protect the environment. * Why do they like computer games so much? I can't understand why they like computer games so much. * When will we hold the sports meeting? Do you know when we will hold the sports meeting? * Where did the accident happen? Tom asked me where the accident happened. 掌握宾语从句，尤其要注意以下三个方面： 1． 引导词 2． 语序 3． 时态：若主句是现在范畴的时态，从句用任何时态均可。 若主句是一般过去时，从句必须用过去范畴的时态。 Exercises（练习）: 1) Your father is a doctor. (I know) 2) What's he going to do? (He doesn't know) 3) Should she go to the party? ( She can't decide) 4) When did he last see his old friends? ( He can't remember) 5) Do you like living in China? ( Can I ask you ) 6) What does she usually do? ( Tom asked ) 7) Where did Mike study two years ago? ( Do you know ) 8) Do you do your homework in the evening? ( Could you tell me )‎ ‎ 9) What does he do at weekends? ( I wonder ) 10) How do things work? ( Thomas Edison liked to find out )‎ Module 3知识与语法要点 重点词组：‎ ‎1. take sb. around= show sb. around   带某人四处参观 2. mention sb. / sth. ( to sb.)  （向某人）提及某人/事    3. look out for …   小心… 4. stop to do sth.停止去做某事 （不是同一件事） stop doing sth.    停止做某事 （停下手头上正在做的事情）5.  need sth.  需要某物need to do   需要做某事need doing sth. 需要被…（表被动）6. enjoy doing sth.   享受做某事7. keep sb. / sth. adj.  使某人/ 某事保持……keep doing sth.  使……持续做某事8. maybe  adv. 也许         may be 情态动词+ be “也许是”9. join 参加/ 加入（组织、团体、党、团……）take part in  参加（聚会、活动）10. prepare for = get ready for   准备……11. hate sb. / sth.    讨厌某人/ 事hate doing sth.  讨厌做某事（长时间的，习惯性的）hate to do  讨厌做某事 （短暂性的）‎ ‎12. lose one’s way = get lost / be lost  迷路 ；丢失13. start/ begin to do = start / begin doing    开始做某事14. look down    向下看        look down at sb.    向下看某人15. explain sth. ( to sb.)    （向某人）解释某事   explain + 从句   解释……16. voice嗓音（人说话、唱歌等声音）sound  指人听到的任何声音（声音的统称）noise   噪音，杂音17. seem to be 似乎是…  seem to do  似乎做…It seems that +从句    似乎/好像……18. in person亲自 19.   ask for… 请求……20. learn about = hear about / of听说learn to do sth.学习做某事learn from sb.向某人学习21.   play / have a joke on sb. 开某人的玩笑22.   look out of …从……望出去 / 向外看23.   come with sb. = follow sb.  跟着某人走24.   do a sound check 做一个声音测试25.   begin / end … with… 以……开始/ 结束26. close down（电台）停止播音27.   in front of …在…前面（外部）in the front of… 在…（范围内的）前面 （内部）‎ 知识辅导 ‎1. We’d like to thank you for taking us around Radio Beijing.(Unit 1, P18)‎ ‎(1)  would like to do sth. “愿意做某事”, 如:I would like to speak a few words.我想讲几句话”‎ ‎(2)   would like sth. “愿意要某东西”, 如:‎ Would you like a cup of tea?                                  I’d like an apple. 我想吃个苹果 ‎(3)   thank you for doing sth. “因为…而感谢你” ,‎ 如:Thank you for your help感谢你帮忙   Thank you for helping me.‎ ‎2.      Don’t mention it. 在口语中回答别人感谢时常用,意思是“不客气,不用谢” , 如:‎ ‎--Thank you for your help.  -- Don’t mention it.‎ ‎3. Now, I want to answer your questions, but remember to look out for the red light.‎ ‎⑴look out for 意思相当于pay attention to, “照料,当心”,如:‎ Look out for your little sister while you’re at the station.‎ ‎⑵look“看”, 表示动作 see“看见, 了解, 领会”,表示结果, 如:‎ He looked but saw nothing. 他看了, 但什么也没看见。      Oh, I see. 哦，我明白了。‎ ‎⑶由look组成的常见短语:‎ ‎①    look out“向外望,注意, 当心”, 如:“Look out!” Somebody shouted.‎ ‎②look like“看起来象”,如:She looks like her mother.‎ ‎③look for“寻找”,如:She is looking for his new text book.‎ ‎④look at“看”,如:  Look at the blackboard, please.‎ ‎4.  We decide what to listen to… and who to see. (Unit 1, P18)‎ ‎⑴decide 可用于结构:‎ ‎①decide to do sth. “决定做某事”, 如:He decided to go himself.他决定亲自去。‎ ‎②decide  sth. “决定某事”, 如:The judge decided the case.法官判决了这个案件。‎ ‎⑵decide +that 从句  “决定…”,‎ 如:She has decided that she will be a doctor.她已决定将来当个医生。‎ ‎⑵注意做动词的宾语的特殊疑问词+动词不定式结构, 如:I don’t know what to do.‎ ‎5.  Me, too!常用于口语中,表示自己的情形和对方所提及的一样,意思是“我也这样”, 如:--Sally has been to America.                            -- Me, too!‎ ‎6. Some sports news about the England and China football match. (Unit 1, P18)‎ ‎⑴news 是不可数名词, “一条新闻”不能说 a news, 而要说a piece of news ‎⑵news拓展的单词:        newsreader新闻播报员     newsboy“报童, 送报人”‎ newsman“卖报人, 送报人; 新闻记者”      news-writer“新闻记者”‎ ‎⑶注意一条谚语:No news, good news. (=No news is good news.)没有消息, 就是好消息。‎ ‎7.We won the match! (Unit 1, P18)      win赢了比赛,不能用于赢了某人.‎ ‎8. And you want a job in radio? (Unit2, P20)‎ 陈述句用升调读就变成了问句,这种问句称为陈述问句, 如:The train is in already?‎ ‎9.Shouldn’t you be at school? (Unit2, P20)‎ 这是一个否定问句,带有惊讶情绪,这种问句还可以表示责难和赞赏, 如:‎ ‎--Why are you driving so fast? Don’t you know the traffic regulations?‎ ‎--Aren’t these flowers beautiful?‎ ‎10. When I was about four or five years old, I remember sitting close to the radio in the living room, listening to my favourite programmes, and to the voices of my favourite presenters. (Unit2, P20) 在我四五岁的时候,我记得自己坐在客厅里的收音机旁, 听我喜欢的节目和喜欢的播音员的声音.‎ ‎⑴remember doing sth. “记得做过某事”;remember to do sth. “记着去做某事” ,‎ 如:I remember seeing her once.我记得曾见过她一次。‎ Remember to close the door when you leave. 你离开时记得关上门.‎ ‎⑵sitting close to the radio in the living room, listening to my favourite programmes, and to the voices of my favourite presenters.在句中做状语,表示伴随情况.‎ my favourite programmes, 和 the voices of my favourite presenters.并列作listening to的宾语, and后面省略了listening.‎ ‎⑶close ‎①在这里是形容词,意思是“离得近,距离短” , 如:The table was close to the wall.‎ ‎②    它还有“关上”的意思, 如: Close the door, please.‎ ‎11.It seemed that they were speaking to me in person. (Unit2, P20)‎ ‎⑴It seemed that…表示“看起来似乎…”的意思, 如:It seemed that he had no money with him.‎ ‎⑵in person“亲自” , 如:‎ He went to Beijing to receive the award in person.‎ ‎12. Once a week, I played my favourite music from my father’s computer to the listeners, talked about life at school, and then closed down and did my homework. (Unit2, P20)‎ ‎⑴Once a week “一周一次”,如:Once a week, I go to the cinema with my father.‎ ‎⑵close down “关闭，停止”的意思, 如:The small shop on the corner has closed down.‎ Most television and radio stations close down at 12:00 pm.‎ ‎13.One day I learnt about Internet radio. (Unit2, P20)‎ learn about “听说”的意思, 如:I learn about the story of the town from my grandpa.‎ ‎14. Just tell me what you had for breakfast. (Unit2, P20)‎ 本句是祈使句, 还要注意宾语此句what you had for breakfast, 是疑问词+陈述句语序.‎ Take back what you said, or I will be angry.‎ 语法: to +v.与 v.-ing作宾语 本模块主要介绍to +v.与 v.-ing作动词宾语的情况. 平时要注意积累和总结.‎ 一. 跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有：‎ ‎1.want to do sth. 需要做某事。例如：He wants to be an artist when he grows up.  2.would like to do sth. 愿意做某事。例如：I would like to eat an apple.‎ ‎3.hope to do sth. 希望自己做某事。例如：We hope to get there before dark.‎ ‎4.wish to do sth. 希望做某事。例如：I wish to go to the moon.‎ ‎5.plan to do sth.计划做某事 。例如：I plan to go t o college.‎ ‎6.need to do sth.需要做某事 。例如：I need to wash my coat.‎ ‎7.decide to do sth.  决定做某事。例如：I decide to clean the floor again.‎ ‎8.forget to do sth. 忘记做某事（尚未做）Don’t forget to close the door.‎ ‎9.remember to do sth. 记着去做某事（尚未做）== Don’t forget to do sth.‎ Remember to wash my coat.‎ ‎10.try to do sth.  努力做某事。例如：He tried to lift the table.‎ ‎11. agree to do sth.  .同意做某事He agreed to meet at 5 o’clock.‎ 二. 必须跟v.-ing形式作宾语做宾语的情况：‎ ‎1.   enjoy doing sth.   喜欢做某事  例如： He enjoys watching TV.‎ ‎2.  finish doing sth.   完成做某事 例如：He finished cleaning the floor.‎ ‎3.  practise doing sth.  练习做某事 例如：He practise singing the song.‎ ‎4.  keep doing sth.   一直做某事 例如：He keeps writing the story .‎ ‎5.  give up doing sth.  放弃做某事 例如：He gave up smoking.‎ ‎6. stop doing停止做某事 例如：He stopped watching TV.‎ 三．(一). 既可以跟动词不定式又可以跟v.-ing形式做宾语的词, 有时候要注意它的意义的区别：‎ ‎1.stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事        stop doing sth.停下来不做某事  例如：‎ I suggest we stop working and have a rest.‎ They stopped to listen, but there was no more sound.‎ ‎2.see sb. do sth.看见某人做某事全过程see doing sth.看见某人正在做某事 例如：‎ I saw the leaves falling.                                   I saw the boy fall off the tree.‎ ‎3.hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事全过程hear doing sth.听见某人正在做某事 I hear him cry in the next room.               I hear him singing in the next room.‎ ‎4.forget to do sth. 忘了去做某事forget doing sth.做过某事而忘了 例如：Don't forget to give my regards to them.                 I forgot closing the door.‎ ‎5.remember to do记得去做某事 remember doing sth.记得做过某事 例如：‎ I remember doing this exercise before.       Remember to post the book for me.‎ ‎6.like to do sth.喜欢去做某事like doing sth.平时喜欢做某事例如：‎ She likes doing housework.               Do you like to eat ice-cream?‎ ‎7 .try to do sth.努力做某事try doing sth.试着做某事   例如：‎ I'll try to improve my pronunciation.        Why not try knocking at the back door?‎ ‎(二). 既可以跟动词不定式又可以跟v.-ing形式做宾语,且意思区别不大的词有 ‎1.begin to do /doing sth.开始做某事    I began to understand my mother's feelings.‎ ‎2.start to do/ doing sth. 开始做某事     It started to rain.‎ ‎3.continue to do / doing sth.继续做某事       He continues to clean the floor.‎ ‎4. hate to do /doing sth. 憎恨做某事 例如： I hate watching sports.‎