英语形容词，副词，冠词，动词和时态讲解及习题答案

英语形容词，副词，冠词，动词和时态讲解及习题答案

第六节 形容词及其专项练习 一、形容词的定义 形容词用来修饰名词（或不定代词），表示人或事物的性质、特征、状态或属性，一般置 于所修饰的名词前，多数形容词具有比较级以及独特的后缀。 二、形容词的句法功能 （一）形容词的一般用法 1.作定语，一般放在所修饰词的前面。 It’s a cold and windy day. 2.作表语，放在系动词的后面。 He looks happy today. 3.形容词修饰 something，anything，nothing，everything 等复合不定代词时，须放在其 后。Would you like something hot to drink？ 4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。 How long is the river？ It’s about two hundred metres long. 5.只能作表语的形容词：afraid；alone；asleep；awake；alive；well；ill；frightened. The man is ill.（正） The ill man is my uncle.（误） 6.只能作定语的形容词：little 小的；only 唯一的；wooden 木质的；woolen 羊毛质的； elder 年长的。My elder brother is in Beijing.（正）My brother is elder. （误） 7.貌似副词的形容词：lonely；friendly；lively；lovely。 (二)形容词常用句型 1.“It’s +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人（做某事）怎么样”。=sb +be +adj+to do sth 注意：这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，如：good，kind，nice，polite ， clever，foolish，lazy，careful，careless，right（正确的），wrong 等。 It’s very kind of you to help me.（=You are very kind to help me.） 2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。=To do sth. is adj for sb . 注意：这一句型中常用的形容词有 important，necessary，difficult，easy，hard，dangerous， safe，useful，pleasant，interesting，impossible 等。 It’s not easy for them to learn a foreign language.（=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.） 3.表示感情或情绪的形容词，如：glad，pleased，sad，thankful 等常接不定式。 I’m very sad to hear the bad news. 4.表示能力和意志的形容词，如 ready（乐意的，有准备的），able（有能力的），sure（一 定），certain（一定）等常接不定式。 Lei Feng is always ready to help others. He is sure to get to school on time. 三、规则变化 1.一般在词尾直接加 er 或 est， tall-taller-tallest，long-longer-longest 2.以不发音的字母 e 结尾的单词在词尾直接加 r 或 st，nice-nicer-nicest。 3.以辅音字母+y 结尾的词，把 y 变为 i，再加 er 或 est，heavy-heavier-heaviest。 4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加 er 或 est， big-bigger-biggest。 注: 大，红，湿，热，悲，瘦，胖。双写末辅再变级。（big/red/wet/hot/sad/thin/fat ） 5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加 more 构成比较级和 most 构成最高级， beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful。 注:表示否定意义在其前加 less /least。 English is more interesting than Chinese. =Chinese is less interesting than English. 6.由 “形容词+ly”构成的副词,在其前加 more/ most slowly—more slowly—most slowly；但 early—earlier—earliest。 四、不规则变化 表 1-3 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best many/much more most little less least old old / elder old /eldest bad/badly/ill worse worst far farther/further farthest /furthest 下列单、双音节词只能加 more 和 most 表 1-4 原级 比较级 最高级 like more like most like real more real most real tired more tired most tired pleased more pleased most pleased often more often most often 注: 形容词,副词同形有 back，high，well，fast，early，late，straight。 练 习 1. This box is______ that one. A. heavy than B. so heavy than C. heavier as D. as heavy as 2. When we speak to people, we should be . A. as polite as possible B. as polite as possibly C. as politely as possible D. as politely as possibly 3. My mother is no ______ young. A. shorter B. longer C. little D. few 4. These children are _______ this year than they were last year. A. more tall B. more taller C. very taller D. much taller 5. The jacket was so______ that he decided to buy it. A. much B. little C. expensive D. cheap 6. Our classroom is _______ larger than theirs. A. more B. quite C. very D. much 7. The population of China is larger than ______of any other country. A. this B. that C. it D. the 8. The earth is about_______ as the moon. A. as fifty time big B. fifty times as big C. as big fifty times D. fifty as times big 9. Tom is stronger than ______ in his class. A. any other boy B. any boys C. any boy D. other boy 10. ______you eat, ______you become. A. The more, the fatter B. The more, the more fat C. The much, the fat D. The much, the fatter 11. Which is_______country, China or Japan? A. the large B. the larger C. larger D. largest 12. English is one of______ spoken in the world. A. the important languages B. the most important languages C. most important language D. the most important language 13.Mike, I have________to tell you. A. important something B. important anything C. something important D. anything important 14. When spring comes, it gets_______. A. warm and warm B. warmer and warmer C. colder and colder D. shorter and shorter 15. The girl works hard _______ to pass the exam. A. enough B. too C. still D. yet 16."Do you want______?" the shop assistant asked. A. else anything B. anything else C. other anything D. else something 17. This is______ book______ I'd like to read once more. A. such an interesting; that B. so interesting; that C. such an interesting; as D. a so interesting; as 18. I am twelve; Mike is fourteen; Mary is thirteen. So Mike is the _______ of the three. A. old B. older C. oldest D. the oldest 19. The man was not ______ when he heard the ______ words. A. frightening; frightening B. frightened; frightened C. frightening; frightened D. frightened; frightening 20. _______ helped a lot in our country. A. The blind is B. The blind are C. The blinds is D. Blind are 21. Looking ___ at his mother, the little boy looked______. A. happy; good B. happy; well C. sadly; sad D. sad; sadly 22. He has not been at school, because he is______. A. ill B. well C . fine D. nice 23. He lay on the floor and fell _______. A. sleepy B. sleeping C. awake D. asleep 24. Mary's mother bought a_______ coat for her yesterday. A. new big blue silk B. new blue silk big C. new silk blue big D. blue silk new big 25. When I saw her, I thought she looked________. A. to be happy B. being happy C. happily D. happy 第七节 副词及副词专项练习 一、副词的定义 副词是修饰动词、形容词、副词的词，有时也可以修饰数词、介词（短语）、连词、名 词或全句。 二、副词的句法功能 （一）副词基本用法 1)副词用来修饰形容词、其他副词,一般放在被修饰词之前。 He plays the piano very well. 2)副词是用来修饰动词,常放在动词之后。 He got up quickly. 3)enough 修饰 adj /adv 时,放在其后。 He is old enough to go to school. （二）常见副词用法辨析 1.already 与 yet 的区别 already 用于肯定句句中，表示“已经”；yet 用于否定句句末，表示“还”，用于疑问句句末， 表示“已经”。 He had already left when I called. 2.very，much 和 very much 的区别 very 用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much 用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；修饰动词 要用 very much。 John is very honest. 3.so 与 such 的区别 ⑴so 修饰形容词或副词；such 修饰名词，My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. ⑵so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数 such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数 such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词 He is so clever a boy.=He is such a clever boy. It is such cold weather. They are such good students. ⑶名词前有 many, much, few, little 用 so 不用 such. 但 little 表示 “小的” 用 such. There are such little sheep on the hill . 4.also，too，as well 与 either 的区别 also，as well，too 用于肯定句，also 常用于 be 动词、情态动词、助动词之后，行为动 词之前；as well，too 用于句末；either 用于否定句中，置于句末。 例如，My father is a teacher. My mother is also a teacher. =My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher too. =My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher, as well. I can’t speak French, Jenny can’t speak French, either. 5.sometime，sometimes，some time 与 some times 的区别 sometime：表示将来的或过去的某一个不确定的时间。 sometimes：有时，不时的= at times some time：一段时间 some times：几次，几倍 We’ll have a test sometime next month. Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not. He stayed in Beijing for some time last year. I have been to Beijing some times. 6.ago 与 before 的区别 ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。before 指过 去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。 I saw him ten minutes ago. He told me that he had seen the film before. 7.now，just 与 just now 的区别 now：与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用，意为“现在”。 just：与现在完成时连用，表示“刚……”。 just now：和过去时连用，表示“刚才”。 8.lonely / alone 的区别 1)alone 独自一人/没有同伴, 既可作 adj，也可作 adv。 2)lonely 表示孤独,寂寞, 也可修饰地点,表示荒凉,偏僻的，常与 feel 连用。 3)alone 只作表语 而 lonely 既可作表语,也可作定语。 9.fast /quickly /soon 的区别 fast 表示速度之快，quickly 表示动作之快，soon 表示时间之快。 三、形容词，副词等级的用法 （一）原级的用法 1.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，too He is too tired to walk on. My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. 2.原级常用的句型结构 （1）A+ as +adj / adv 的原级+ as +B 表示 “A 和 B 一样” Tom is as old as Kate. Tom runs as fast as Mike. （2）A +not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B 表示 “A 不如 B” This room is not as/so big as that one. He doesn’t walk as slowly as you. （二）比较级的用法 1.可以修饰比较级的词. much，a lot，far…的多；a little，a bit，一点儿；even 甚至，still 仍然。 Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two. Tom looks even younger than before. 2.比较级常用的句型结构 “甲+形容词/副词的比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙……” Tom is taller than Kate. I got up earlier than my mother this morning. （三）最高级的用法 1)结构: the +最高级+ of +人或物 He is the tallest of all the boys. He works hardest in his class. 注:副词的最高级前 the 可省掉。 2)the +序数词+形容词的最高级+单数名词 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 3)one of +the +形容词的最高级+复数名词 He is one of the cleverest students in our class. 4) “特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or 丙？”用于三者以上的比较。 Which season do you like （the） best，spring，summer or autumn？ （四）级别的转换 1.原级与比较级的转换 1)倍数+ as …as → +比较级+than This room is five times as big as that one =This room is five times bigger than that one . 2)not as…as 与比较级的转换 2.比较级与最高级的转换 1) the +最高级+ of / in … 2) 比较级+than+any other +单数名词 +the other +复数名词 +anyone else +any of the other+复名 3) Nobody else + 比较级 + than … Tom is the tallest boy in our class . Tom is taller than any other boy in our class. （五）级别的惯用法 1.“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越…”。 He is getting taller and taller. 2.“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越……，越……”。 The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you’ll make. 3.“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+…”表示“甲是两者中较……的”。 Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two. 4.当 adj 的最高级前有物主代词,名词所有格,指示代词时,不用 the。 This is my best book of all. 5.相比较的前后两部分必须是同类比较。 My pencil is longer than hers. 6.比较时不能与自身相比 注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用 any other +单数名 词。若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用 other ,直接用 any + 单数名词。 He is taller than any other boy in his class. He is taller than any boy in our class . 7.有些含有比较级的句子里，常用 that,those 代替前面提到的词，以避免重复。 The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter. The boys in our class are more than those in your class. 练 习 1. They young man is _______ carry that heavy bag. A. strong enough to B. enough strong to C. not strong enough D. strong enough 2. Yang won the women’s 500 meters in the sports meeting. She did ____ of all. A. best B. better C. well D. good 3. —It’s so cold today. —Yes, it’s _______ colder than it was yesterday. A. some B. more C. very D. much 4. —_____ did it _____ the conductor to check the tickets this morning. —Half an hour. A. How soon; take B. How long; cost C. How often; spent D. How long; take 5. —Excuse me, _______ is the nearest bookshop? —Go down the street and turn left at the second corner. A. how B. what C. where D. who 6. —_______ is it from our school to Lupu Bridge? —About half an hour’s bus ride. Shall we go and visit it? A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much 7. Tom does his homework _______ Lucy. A. as carefully as B. so careful as C. as careful as D. so carefully as 8. Pass my glasses to me, Jack. I can _______ read the words in the newspapers. A. hardly B. really C. rather D. clearly 9. —Please write to me when you have time. —Sure. But _______ is your e-mail address? A. when B. where C. what D. which 10. —How far is it from your home to your school? —It’s a quarter’s walk, _______. A. here and there B. now and then C. up and down D. more or less 11. —It’s a nice car. _______ have you been in it? —Just to Shanghai. A. How much B. How long C. How soon D. How far 12. —_______ were you away from school last year? —About two weeks. A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When 13. —George looks strong. Has he ever been sick? —He’s a superman! He _______ goes to the doctor. A. already B. even C. often D. seldom 14. —Does Liu Hua ever guess the meanings of English words? —He guesses the meanings of new words. He uses his dictionary all the time. A. usually B. always C. never D. sometimes 15. You must drive _______ next time, or there may be another accident. A. more carefully B. carefully C. careful D. more careful 16. —_______ do you go to the library? — Four times a month. A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. How much 17. I can’t say _______ I want to see you again. It’s a year since I last saw you. A. how long B. how often C. how much D. how soon 18. Don’t worry, sir. I’m sure I can run _______ to catch up with them. A. slowly enough B. enough slowly C. fast enough D. enough fast 19. This question is _______ more difficult than that one. A. rather B. quite C. very D. a little 20. It’s twelve o’clock at night, but he is _______ working. A. already B. ever C. still D. yet 21. A noise was coming from _______, and after a while a man in black came downstairs and disappeared in the street. A. the bedroom over B. the bedroom below C. the above bedroom D. the bedroom above 22. —What a nice motorbike! ________ have you been on it? — Just to Beijing. A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often 23. All the black people refused to take the city buses. ________. A. Neither did some whites B. So some whites did C. Neither some whites did D. So did some whites 24. —What about having a picnic here, John? —Good idea! I’m feeling ____ hungry, too. A. much B. a bit C. not a bit D. a bit of 25. It’s a pity that I didn’t think of ringing you _______. A. soon B. sooner C. early D. earlier 第八节 冠词及冠词专项练习 一、冠词的定义 冠词是置于名词之前说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，不能独立使用。冠词有定 冠词、不定冠词和零冠词。 二、冠词的用法 （一）a 和 an 的区别 不定冠词有 a 和 an 两种形式，a 用于辅音开头的词前，an 用于元音开头的词前。 例如：a boy, a university, a European country; an hour, an honor, an island, an elephant, an umbrella, an honest man ,a useful book。 不看字母看读音,不见原因别施恩。 (二)不定冠词的用法 1.泛指某一类人、事或物；相当于 any，这是不定冠词 a/an 的基本用法。 A horse is an animal. 2.泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。 A girl is waiting for you. 3.表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有 one 强烈。 I have a computer. 4.表示“每一”，相当于 every. I go to school five days a week.我一周上五天课。 5.用在序数词前，表示“又一”“再一”。 I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one. 6.用在某些固定词组中。 a lot, after a while ,a few ,a little ,at a time ,have a swim ,have a cold ,in a hurry ,for a long time, have a good time, have a look. (三)定冠词的用法 1.特指某人或某物，这是定冠词的基本用法 The book on the desk is mine. 2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物 Open the window, please. 3.指上文已经提到的人或事物 I have a car. The car is red. 4.指世界上独一无二的事物 Which is bigger, the sun or the earth? 5.用在序数词、形容词最高级前 The first lesson is the easiest one in this book. 6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。 the Great Wall 长城，the United States 美国。 7.用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人 the poor 穷人, the blind 盲人。 8.用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩” the Greens 格林一家或格林夫妻俩。 9.用在方位词前 on the left 在左边，in the middle of 在中间。 10.用在乐器名称前 She plays the piano every day. 11.用在表示海洋，河流，山脉，群岛及国家和党派等名词前 the Black Sea 黑海，the Yangzi River 长江。 12.用在某些固定词组中 all the same 仍然；all the time 一直；at the moment 此刻；at the same time 同时；by the way 顺便说；do the shopping/washing 买东西/洗衣服；in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/ 下午/晚上；in the open air 在户外，在野外。 (四)零冠词的用法 1.棋类,球类,一日三餐名词前不用任何冠词 Play chess play football have supper 特例：当 football，basketball 指具体的某个球时，其前可以用冠词：I can see a football. 我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？ 2.季节,月份,星期,节假日名词前不用任何冠词 In July in summer on Monday on Teachers’ Day 3.人名,地名,国家名前不加冠词 Beijing is the capital of China. 4.学科,语言,称呼,职务名词前不用冠词 Math is hard to learn. 5.复数名词表示类别时不加冠词 They are workers. I like eating apples. 6.名词前已有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词及所有格限制时,不用冠词 my book, their classroom, that man 7.在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前 No.25 Middle School . (五)用与不用冠词的差异 in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院里 in front of 在……前面 in the front of 在……前面 at table 进餐 at the table 在桌子旁 by sea 乘船 by the sea 在海边 go to school 上学 go to the school 到学校去 two of us 我们当中的两人 the two of us 我们两人 next year 明年 the next year 第二年 a teacher and writer 一位教师兼作家 a teacher and a writer 一位教师和一位作家 练 习 1. I read ______story. It is ______interesting story. A. a, an B. a, a C. the, the D. /, an 2. Britain is _____ European country and China is ______Asian country. A. an, an B. a, a C. a, an D. an, a 3. ______China is _____ old country with _____ long history. A. The, an, a B. The, a, a C. /, an, the D. /, an, a 4. _____elephant is bigger than ______ horse. A. /, / B. A, a C. An, a D. /, the 5. We always have ______rice for ______lunch. A. /, / B. the, / C. /, a D. the, the 6. It took me ______ hour and _____ half to finish ______ work. A. a, a, a B. an, a, a C. an, a, the D. an, a, / 7. ____ doctor told me to take ____ medicine three times____day, stay in ____bed, then I would be better soon. A. /, a, a, the B. A, the, the, / C. The, the, a, / D. A, /, a, / 8. There is ____ picture on ____ wall. I like ____ picture very much. A. a, the, the B. a, the, a C. the, a, a D. a, an, the 9. January is ______first month of the year. A. a B. / C. an D. the 10. Shut _____door, please. A. a B. an C. the D./ 11. Einstein won _____ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. A. a B. an C. the D. / 12. What ____ fine day it is today! Let's go to the Summer Palace. A. a B. an C. the D. / 13. I like music, but I don't like ____ music of that TV play. A. a B. an C. the D. / 14. ____ girl over there is ____ English teacher. A. The, an B. A, / C. The, / D. A, a 15. It's ____ exciting way to shop on the Net. A. a B. an C. the D. / 16. She was ___ founder of ___ order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity. A. a, an B. a, / C. the, / D. the, an 17. Xi'an is ___ old city with ___ long history, isn't it? A. a, an B. an, a C. the, the D. the, a 18. Nancy's sister is ____ English teacher, isn't she? A. a B. an C. the D. / 19. Chaffs is______ boy, but he can play the guitar very well. A. an eight-years old B. a eight-year-old C. a eight-years-old D. an eight-year-old 20. We often have sports after class, and I like to play _____ basketball. A. a B. an C. the D. / 21. More college graduates would like to work in _______ west part of our country ______ next year. A. the, the B. /, / C. /, the D. the, / 22. We work five days ______ week. A. a B. an C. the D. / 23. —In which class is ______ boy in white? —He's in class 4. A. the B. a C. an D. / 24. —Where do you usually have ______ lunch? —At home. A. a B. an C. the D. / 25.He hit his sister in ______ face. A. the B. her C. / D. his 第九节 动词及动词专项练习 一、及物动词与不及物动词 根据后面是否带宾语，行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词，及物动词后面要跟宾 语，不及物动词不跟宾语。如： They study hard. 他们勤奋学习。 I know them well. 我很了解他们。 注：有的动词既可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。如： She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing 是不及物动词） She sang an English song just now. 她刚才唱了一首英文歌。 二、延续性动词和非延续性动词 根据动作是否延续，行为动词又分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。如 rain, live, work, learn 等是延续性动词，go, come, leave, start, arrive, join, finish, end 等是非延续性动词。 注：非延续性动词在肯定句中通常不与表示时间段连用的 for 短语连用。如： [译]他离开这里三天了。 [误]He has left here for three days. [正]He has been away from here for three days. [正]He left here three days ago. [正]It’s three days since he left. 用延续性动词代替终止性动词。 1.用 have 代替 buy My brother has had this bike for almost four years. 2.用 keep 或 have 代替 borrow/lend I have kept the book for quite a few days. 3.用 be 代替 become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4.用 have a cold 代替 catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5.用 wear 代替 put on 6.用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词 1）be＋married 代 marry 2）be＋ill 代 fall ill 3）be＋dead 代 die 4）be＋asleep 代 fall asleep 5）be＋awake 代 wake/wake up 6）be＋gone 代 lose,die,sell,leave 7）be＋open 代 open 8）be closed 代 close/shut 9）be＋missing 代 lose 7.用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 1）“be＋on”代 start, begin 2）“be＋up”代 get up 3）“be＋back”代 return to, come back to, go back to 4）“be here ”代 come here 或 go there 等等 8.用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词 1）“be in/at +地点”代替 go to /come to 2）用 be in the army 代替 join the army 3）“be in/at +地点”代替 move to 练 习 1. — How long may I ______ your book? —For a week. But you mustn’t ______ it to others. A. borrow; lend B. keep; lend C. lend; borrow D. keep; borrow 2. It won’t ______ them much time to fly to Beijing from Shanghai. A. spend B. use C. take D. pay 3. Mr. Wang ______ be in Nanjing now, he went to Beijing only this morning. A. mustn’t be B. may not C. can’t D. needn’t 4. —Do you like the music the Moonlight Sonata? —Yes, it ______ really beautiful. A. feels B. sounds C. listens D. hears 5. Lily finished _______ the book yesterday. A. read B. reading C. to read D. reads 6. Mrs. Brown isn’t here. She has to ______ her baby at home. A. look at B. look for C. look like D. look after 7. I have to go now. Please remember to _______ the lights when you leave. A. turn off B. turn down C. turn up D. turn on 8. Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _______ be very expensive. A. must B. can C. mustn’t D. can’t 9. —It’s too hot. Would you mind ____ the door? — ______. Please do it now. A. to open; OK B. opening; Certainly not C. opening; Of course D. to open; Good idea 10. I want to _______ this book for a month. A. borrow B. keep C. lend D. get 11. —How many times ______ you ______ to Beijing this year? —Three times. A. have; been B. had; been C. have; gone D. had; gone 12. What a nice bag! But she_______only thirty dollars for it. A. cost B. took C. spend D. paid 13. Cotton _______ nice and soft. A. is felt B. is feeling C. feel D. feels 14. I think this is the best way to solve the problem. Do you _______ me? A. play with B. hear of C. agree with D. get on well with 15. —Guess who is coming to supper. — I don’t know. _______ me. A. Speak B. Say C. Tell D. To tell 16. Please _______ your phones here with you tomorrow. A. take B. bring C. carry D. lift 17. Don’t _______ your lessons. We’ll help you. A. worry B. worried about C. be worried about D. be afraid 18. The window is broken. Try to _______ who broke it. A. find out B. find C. look D. look for 19. He could _______ neither French nor German. So I _____ with him in English. A. speak; talked B. talk; told C. say; spoke D. tell; talked 20. The ticket is on the floor. Would you please _______ for me? A. pick it up B. pick up it C. pick up them D. pick them up 21. If you don’t know a word, you must _______ the word in a dictionary. A. look up B. look down C. look over D. look out 22. It’s time for class. We’d better _______. A. stop to talk B. to stop to talk C. stop talking D. to stop talking 23. There was a strange sound outside. Mary went out and_____around, but she____nothing. A. looked; saw B. saw; saw C. watched; looked D. looked; find 24. The woman _______ the child quickly and took him to hospital. A. put on B. dressed C. had on D. was wearing 25. —Oh, you painted the walls yourself? —Yes. It was not hard. The whole work didn’t _______ much. A. want B. cost C. spend D. pay 第十节 时态和语态及其专项练习 一、时态的定义 作谓语的动词用来表示发生的时间或经历方式的各种形式称为时态。 二、时态的种类及用法 （一）一般现在时的用法 1．经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。 时间状语：every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2．客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3．表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例如：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4．现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don’t want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the ball in the glass. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。 再如：Now watch me, I turn on the machine and stand back. 第二句中的 now 是进行时的标志， 表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后一句用现在进行时。 （二）一般过去时的用法 1.在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。 Where did you go just now? 2.表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3.It is time for sb. to do sth. 到某人做某事的时间了 It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了；早 该……了。 It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事。I’d rather you came tomorrow. 4．wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较： 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was a good English learner. Christine has been a good English learner. Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. 注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 （1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. （2）情态动词 could, would. Could you lend me your bike? （三）一般将来时 1.shall 用于第一人称，常被 will 所代替。 will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2.be going to +v.，表示将来。 （1）主语的意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? （2）计划、安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month. （3）有迹象要发生的事。 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3.be +to+v.表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4.be about to +v.，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：（1）be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week，几点钟等表示明确的时间状语连用。 例：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law tomorrow. 该句就是错误的。但我们可以这么 讲：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law when his wife comes back. （2）be going to / will 的区别：用于条件句时，be going to 表将来，will 表意愿。 If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. （3）be to 和 be going to 的区别 be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. （4）一般现在时表将来 ①下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时表将来。这主要用 来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes. ②倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. ③在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes , ask him to wait for me. I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. ④在动词 hope, take care that, make sure that 等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. （5）用现在进行时表示将来 常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay 等。 I’m leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week? （四）现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作 或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。简单地讲 现在完成时就是表示：“结果、影响和持续”。其构成：have +过去分词。 一般过去时与现在完成时的比较: 1．过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为 过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2．过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无 时间状语。 一般过去时常用的时间状语： yesterday, last week, …ago, in1980, in October, just now。 现在完成时的时间状语或副词： for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently， lately。 3．现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。 例：I saw this film yesterday. I have seen this film. Why did you get up so early? Who hasn’t handed in his paper? She has returned from Paris. He has been in the League for three years. He joined the League three years ago. I have finished my homework now. —Will somebody go and get Dr. White? —He’s already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时间的名词或副词时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (错误) Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. （正确） 用于现在完成时的句型： （1）It is the first / second time… that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. （2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。 This is the best film that I’ve seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time I’ve heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 4．非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是 可以持续的。 I have received his letter for a month.（错误） I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.（正确） 5．比较 since 和 for since 用来说明动作起始时间，for 用来说明动作延续时间长度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. 注意：并非有 for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. I have worked here for many years. 小窍门：现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排 除非延续动词在完成时中的误用。 （1）Tom has studied Russian for three years. （正确） =Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. （2）Harry has got married for six years.（错误） =Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 3．since 的四种用法 （1）since+过去一个时间点。 I have been here since 1989. （2）since+一段时间+ago I have been here since five months ago. （3）since+从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. （4）It is +一段时间+since 从句 It is two years since I became a college student. （五）过去完成时 1.概念：表示过去的过去，其构成是“had +过去分词”。 2.用法 （1）在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。 She said she had never been to Paris. （2）状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去 时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. （3）表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完 成时表示“原本……，未能……”。 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t. （4）过去完成时的时间状语 before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. 注意：在下面结构中：had hardly … when/ scarcely…when , had no sooner… than 我们在主句中使用过去完成时，从句中使用一般过去时： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 3.用一般过去时代替完成时的情况 （1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用 then，and，but 等连词时，多用一 般过去时。 When she saw the mouse, she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. （2）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去 完成时。 When I heard the news, I was very excited. （3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. （六）现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法： 1.表示现在正在发生的事情。 We are waiting for you. 2.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel. She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. 3.表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin 等。 It’s getting warmer and warmer. 4.与 always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往 往带有说话人的主观色彩，并不表示正在进行，要注意。 You are always changing your mind. 5.下列动词不能用于进行时态。 a.事实状态的动词：have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue。 This house belongs to my sister. b.心理状态的动词：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate。 I need your help. He loves her very much. c.瞬间动词：accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. d.系动词：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn. You seem a little tired. （七）过去进行时 1.概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2.过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景或一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短 动作发生。 3.常用的时间状语：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while。 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. （八）将来进行时 1.概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。 She’ll be coming soon. I’ll be meeting him sometime in the future. 2.常用的时间状语：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach. 3.一般现在时代替将来时的情况： 1）时间状语从句、条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时 when, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case , unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 2）表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天 10 点开门。 4.现在进行时代替一般将来时的情况： 1）表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。 Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗? We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。 2）渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin 及 die。 He is dying. 时态与常用的时间状语归纳如下： 时态 时间状语 一般现在时 every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday 一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in＋时间 现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, already, recently, 过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while 将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening 三、动词的语态 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。 1．若宾语补足语是不带 to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动 词为感官动词：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch, etc. The teacher made me go out of the classroom. →I was made to go out of the classroom. 2．情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。 Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 3．let 的用法 （1）当 let 后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带 to 的不定式。 They let the strange go. →The strange was let go. （2）若 let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用 allow 或 permit 代替。 The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. →I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital. 4．短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。 This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown. My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such a thing has never been heard of before. 5．表示“据说”或“相信”的词组 believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand It is said that…据说…… It is reported that… 据报道…… It is believed that… 大家相信…… It is hoped that… 大家希望…… It is well known that… 众所周知…… It is thought that… 大家认为…… It is suggested that… 据建议…… It is taken granted that… 被视为当然…… It has been decided that… 大家决定…… It must be remember that… 务必记住的是…… 6．不用被动语态的情况 （1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态 appear, die disappear, end , fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place After the fire, very little remained of my house. 比较：rise, fall, happen 是不及物动词；raise, seat 是及物动词。 The price has risen. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就必须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一 词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 （2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to. This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. （3）系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste。 It sounds good. （4）带同源宾语的及物动词、反身代词、相互代词，不能用于被动语态：die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night. （5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 To swim is liked by her. 7．主动形式表示被动意义 （1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive… The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 （2）blame, let, remain, keep, rent, build I was to blame for the accident. （3）在 need, require, want, worth , deserve 后的动名词必须用主动形式。 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 （4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood ，have sth. done。 8．被动形式表示主动意义 be determined, be pleased, be graduated , be finished, be prepared , be occupied , get married He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意：表示同某人结婚，用 marry sb.或 get married to sb.都可。 He married a rich girl. He got married to a rich girl. 练 习 1. Don’t make so much noise. We _______ to the music. A. listened B. listen C. are listening D. have listened 2. I must return the camera to Li Lei. I _______ it for two weeks. A. keep B. borrowed C. have kept D. have lent 3. —When will you tell him the good news? —I will tell him about it as soon as he ___ back. A. comes B. came C. will come D. is coming 4. —Dad, please open the door, it _______. —OK, dear. I’m coming. A. locks B. locked C. is locked D. was locked 5. —Did you go to Jim’s birthday party? —No, I _______. A. am not invited B. wasn’t invited C. haven’t invited D. didn’t invite 6. A talk on Chinese history _______ in the school hall next week. A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give 7. You may go fishing if your work _______. A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done 8. —What do you think of the football match yesterday? —Well. It’s surprising. The strongest team of our school _______. A. was beaten B. won C. scored D. was failed 9. —Would your younger brother go for a picnic this Sunday? —If I don’t go, _______. A. so does he B. so he will C. neither will he D. neither does he 10. The trees must _______ three times a week. A. water B. is watering C. be watered D. waters 11. —Did you see Tom at the party? — No, he _______ by the time I got there. A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left 12. —Why not go to see the dolphin show with me? —Because I ______ it. A. saw B. will see C. see D. have seen 13. —Do you like watching cooking programs on TV? —No, I don’t, but my twin brother _______. He’s very fond of cooking. A. does B. do C. is D. are 14. Catherine _______ the letter before her mother came into her bedroom. A. has written B. was written C. had written D. is writing 15. The old man is quite weak after the accident, so he _______. A. must take care of B. must be take care of C. must look after D. must be looked after 16. The ticket is on the floor. Would you please _______ for me? A. pick it up B. pick up it C. pick up them D. pick them up 17. He _______ living in the country to the city. A. likes B. prefers C. enjoys D. loves 18. How long have you _______ the book? A. bought B. lent C. had D. borrowed 19. —Do you know him well ? —Sure. We _______ friends since ten years ago. A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made 20. _______ me carefully, boys and girls. Can you _______ me? A. Listen to; hear B. Hear; listen to C. Hear; hear D. Listen to; hear from 21. —These farmers have been to the United States. —Really? When ______ there? A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone 22. I’m sorry I haven’t got any money. I _______ my handbag at home. A. have missed B. have left C. have put D. have forgotten 23. —Where is Miss Gao, Lily? —She _______ to the teachers’. A. has been B. has gone C. went D. would go 24. When her father came back home, Joan _______ with her friend. A. talked B. talks C. is talking D. was talking 25. —What’s that thing with three legs? —It’s a cup. It ______ for drinking in the old days. A. uses B. used C. is used D. was used 答案 第六节 形容词及形容词专项练习题 1-5 DCBDD 6-10DBBAA 11-15CBCBA 16-20BADCB 21-25CADAD 第七节 副词及副词专项练习题 1-5 AADDC 6-10 CAACD 11-15DCDCA 16-20ACCDC 21-25DCDBD 第八节 冠词及冠词专项练习题 1-5 ACDCA 6-10 CCADC 11-15CACAB 16-20DBBDD 21- 25DAADA 第九节 动词及动词专项练习题 1-5 BCCBB 6-10 CAABB 11-15ADDCC 16-20BCAAA 21-25ACABB 第十节 时态和语态及其练习题 1-5 CCACB 6-10 CAACC 11-15CDACD 16-20ABCBA 21-25BBBDD