七年级英语语法归纳

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七年级英语语法归纳

七年级英语语法归纳 (一) be 动词。 1、be 动词概说。 (包括 am, are, is) be ①连系动词,本身有词义 “是 ”,在句子中和其后的表语一起构成谓语。 e.g. I am tall.(表语 ) ②助动词,无词义。 e.g. He is playing football. 2、be 动词的用法。 am → 主语是单数第一人称(即 I)。e.g. I am ⋯ are → 单数第二人称及所有复数。 e.g. You are ⋯ The coats are ⋯ is → 单数第三人称及不可数名词。 e.g. Your father is ⋯ The money is ⋯ 3、否定句式(即改否定句) :在 be 动词之后 +not, 句子其它部位不变。 e.g. He is not a teacher. 4、缩写形式。 ①主语 +be,缩写 be 第一个字母为 ’,再与主语合并。 e.g. you are → you ’re Jack is → Jack ’s ②be+not 否定形式的缩写,缩写 not 中 “o”为 ’, 再与 be 合并。 e.g. is not →isn ’t are not →aren ’t ③不能缩写的情况: this is, these are, those are, am not及缩略的肯定回答。 e.g. Yes, I am. (I ’m 误 ) 5、含 be 动词句子的疑问句型转换。 ①一般疑问句:将 be 动词提前,其它照抄不变,最后 +?,读升调。 (一般第一人称改为 第二人称) e.g. The man in the car is her father. → Is the man in the car her father? I ’m a middle school student. → Are you a middle school student? ②一般疑问句的肯否定回答。 肯定回答: Yes, 主语 +be. 否定回答: No, 主语 +be+not. e.g. Is he old? Are you a new student? Is your father at home? Yes, he is. Yes, I am. Yes, he is. No, he is not.(isn ’t) No, I ’m not. No, he is not.(isn ’t) 注意:① 主语必须用代词回答;② 肯定回答不能缩写;③ 回答第二人称,用第一人称回答。 ③特殊疑问句(就划线部分提问) 。 1) 方法:将句子被提问 (即被划线 )的部分改为相对应的疑问词,然后置于句首,接着再 将 be 动词或情态动词提前 (置于疑问词之后 ),其它部分照抄不变,最后 +?(即疑问词 +一般疑问句? ) e.g. The man in a red cap is her brother. → Who is the man in a red cap? I can sing English songs. → What can you do? 2) 注意:① 被提问部分不能再写。 ②提问动词 (即提问做某事 ),在改句子时注意还 “do”,表示做什么? 3) 相应的疑问词。 1. 事物 → what e.g. That is a cat. → What is that? 2. 地点 → where He is at home? → Where is he? 3. 人 → who The man is his father. → Who is the man? 4. 谁的 → whose The coat is his. → Whose is the coat? (提问名词性物主代词 whose 后不用带物) That is Jack ’s ball. → Whose ball is that? (提问形容词性物主代词 whose后要带物或人) 5. 怎样 (程度,方式 ) → how She ’s fine. → How is she? He can go to school by bus. →How can he go to school? 6. 职业 → what My father is a worker. → What is your father? 7. 年龄 → how old Our grandpa is 80. → How old is your grandpa? 8. 班级 → what class We are in Class 2, Grade 1. → What class are you in? 9. 数字 → what My phone number is 2212121 →What’s your phone number? 10. 哪一个 → which The boy in a blue shirt is Mike. → Which boy is Mike? (一般 which 用来提问定语,并且后要带物或人) 11. 颜色 → what colour His car is yellow. → What colour is his car? 12. 数量 → how many+可数复数名词 There are two books on the desk. → How many books are there on the desk? how much+不可数名词 There is only a little water in the glass. → How much water is there in the glass? 13. 时间 → what time I can get there at six. → What time can you get there? when I can go with you on Sunday. → When can you go with me? 14. 价钱 → how much The bag is twenty yuan. → How much is the bag? (二)代词: 1、代词的形式 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 主 格 I we you you he she it they 宾 格 me us you you him her it them (形 )物主代词 my our your your his her its their (名)物主代词 mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs 我 (的) 我们 (的) 你们 (的) 你们 (的) 他 (的) 她(的) 它 (的) 他们 (的) 2、代词的用法 ①动作的发出者,代词用主格, (一般在句首,动词前 )。 e.g. He often writes to me. ②动作的承受者,代词用宾格, (一般在句末,动词后、介词后 )。 e.g. Let ’s ask him. Let ’s play with them. ③物的主人,用物主代词。 (即代词所有格 ) 1)形容词性物主代词后一定要带物,不能单独使用,一般用在名词前。 e.g. This is their classroom. That is my bike. It is her red coat. 2)名词性物主代词,相当于形容词性物主代词 +物。 e.g. The books are hers. (her books) The bike is his. (his bike) 3)形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词之间的区别: 形容词性物主代词:后要带物(即名词) 。It ’s my pen. 名词性物主代词:后不带物。 It ’s mine. (因此填物主代词应注意判断后有无带物,有用形容词性物主代词,无即用名词性物主代 词。) 4)名词性物主代词作主语,要注意 be的形式。 e.g. These are not her pens. Hers are in the bag. (her pens) This is not our classroom. Ours is over there. (our classroom) 5)含形容词性物主代词与含名词性物主代词的句子可以转换。 (译法稍有不同) e.g. This is her pen → This pen is hers. Those black cats are his. → Those are his black cats. 这是她的笔。 这笔是她的。 那些黑猫是他的。 那些是他的黑猫。 6)提问物主代词用 whose. e.g. This is my pen. → Whose pen is this? These pens are mine. → Whose are these pens? 注意: 1. 提问形容词性物主代词,用 Whose+物。 2. 提问名词性物主代词,用 Whose. 3. Whose + be + 主语, be 根据主语判断。 7)whose 句型的转换。 e.g. Whose coat is this? → Whose is this coat? (三)所有格:表示物或人的 “所属 ”关系。 1、名词所有格的形式: ① 名词之后直接 +’s e.g. Mary ―Mary’s Kate ―Kate’s ② 以 s 结尾的名词只加 ’ e.g. students ―students ’ 2、以上形式一般只用于有生命的名词,但也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、地点等无生 命的名词。 e.g. today ’s newspaper; an hour ’s walk; China ’s city 3、注意: ①表示两者或多者共有,在最后一个名词 + ’s。 eg. Mike and Jim ’s room.(共用,用单数) Page 2 ②如果不是共有,指各有,则各词都应 +’s。 e.g. Mike ’s and Jim ’s rooms. (各有,用复数 ) 4、表示无生命的名词所有格用 of 短语表示,但注意词序与汉语习惯不同,形式为:名词 +of+名词(前者属于后者) 。 e.g. the door of the room. 那房间的门 the picture of my family. 我的家庭的照片 5、注意:有时 ’s 结构可以转化为 of 短语。(对等) e.g. his father ’s friends → the friends of his father. the girl ’s new bike → the new bike of the girl. the dog ’s name → the name of the dog 但不是所有 of 结构都有对等的 ’s结构。因为 ’s 只用于有生命的词。 (四)名词的数。 1、名词的概念:名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称的词,如: teacher, school, morning, thanks, duty. 名词 按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。 2、可数名词。 1)可数名词是指可以用数目计算是名词,有单复数两种形式。 可数名词包括个体名词: e.g. apple , student. 集体名词: e.g. class people 2)用法: ① 单数名词前可用 a, an修饰; ② 之前可以直接用数词; ③ 之前可用 a lot of, lots of ,many, some等修饰; ④ 提问其数量用 How many + 复数名 词; 3)可数名词的复数形式: 英语名词复数的构成有规则变化和不规则变化两种形式。 A 规则变化: ① 一般在单词的结尾直接 +s; e.g. book ― books ② 如果单词以 s, x, ch, sh等结尾, +es; bus ― buses ③ 若以辅音字母 +y 结尾,变 y 为 i+es; city ― cities story ― stories ④ 以 f 或 fe 结尾,变 f 或 fe 为 ves; wife ― wives knife ― knives ⑤ 以 o 结尾,有生命的 +es e.g. tomatoes; 没有生命的 +s e.g. zoos; ⑥ 两个名词用在一起构成合成名词变复数时,只把合成名词的主体名词变成复数。 e.g. banana trees ⑦ 但是以 woman, man等名词与其后面的名词构成合成名词变复数时, 里面所含的成分全 部要变成复数。 three women teachers B 不规则变化: ① 单复数同形 Chinese Japanese sheep fish (鱼) ② 只作复数 trousers clothes chips thanks people(人们 ) ③ 特殊变化: man―men woman―women foot ―feet child ―children policeman ―policemen businessman ―businessmen postman ―postmen Englishman ―Englishmen mouse → mice 3、不可数名词。 1)不可数名词是指不可以用数目计算是名词,它一般没有复数形式。 不可数名词包括物质名词: meat, milk. 抽象名词: work, housework. 2)用法:① 不用 a, an修饰; ② 不可直接用数词表达其数量,其量的表达必须用量词短语表示; 1. 数词 +容器 +of e.g. a cup of tea 量的三种表达 2. 数词+单位 +of e.g. two kilos of rice 3. 其它 +of e.g. some of bread 不可数名词用该形式表达其数量,这些形式中的容器和单位都是可数,有单复数形式, 但无论是单数还是复数, of 后的不可数名词绝不能 +s。 ③ 前面可用 a lot of, lots of, much, some, a little等修饰; ④ 作主语时,都视为单数; ⑤ 提问其数量时用 How much; e.g. How much money do you have? 3)表达不可数名词数量常用的量词短语。 a bowl of 一碗⋯ a glass of 一杯 ⋯ a bottle of 一瓶⋯ a cup of 一杯 ⋯ a bag of 一袋 ⋯ a basket of 一篮⋯ a piece of 一张⋯;一片 ⋯;一块 ⋯;一则 ⋯;一首 ⋯; a box of 一盒 ⋯ a kilo of 一公斤 ⋯;一千克 ⋯ a pound of 一磅⋯ Page 3 (五) There be结构,表示某地存在某物或某人。 There be +物 /人+地点。 e.g. There is an apple on the tree. 引导词 主语 引导词 主语 1、be (are, is)的判断。 根据主语,主语为单数或不可数用 is, 主语为复数用 are,但如果主语是多个,就用就近 原则判断。 e.g. There is a pen, some books, ⋯ There are some books, a pen ⋯ 2、注意: not any/not a =no e.g. There are not any cats here = There are no cats here. There is not a cat here = There is no cat here. 3、There be句型改特殊疑问句: ① 提问主语(物)用: What is/are +地点?(注意去掉 there) (人):Who is +地点? ② 问地点:用 Where is/are + the 主语?(应特指) e.g. There are some cats under the bed. → Where are the cats?(将 some→the,表特指 ) ③ 问可数物品的数量用 how many + 复数名词。 e.g. There is a cat under the bed. → How many cats are there under the bed? There are two glasses of water on the table. → How many glasses of water are there on the table? ④ 问不可数物品的数量用 how much + 不可数名词。 e.g. There is some water on the table on the table. → How much water is there on the table? 4、对于 “how many, how much ” there be 问句的回答: There are/is + 数量。 或: There is (only) one. e.g. How many glasses of water are there on the table? How much water is there on the table? There are four. / There is (only) one There is a little. 5、若是某人某物拥有,占有某物,应用 have/has表达。 e.g. He has a ruler. 他有一把尺子。 The park has two lakes. 那公园有两个湖。 (六)祈使句: 1、祈使句表示请求, 命令,建议等, 它没有主语 (其实是省略了主语 you),以动词开头, 动词要用原形,句末用 “!”或 “. ”,读降调。有时为了使语气比较委婉,常在句首或句末加上 please.在句末时要 用逗号隔开。 e.g. Sit down, please! Let ’s go to school. 2、祈使句的否定形式: ①一般在句首加 Don’t. e.g. Throw it like this. → Don’t throw it like this. ②以 Let 开头的祈使句的否定形式要视具体的否定部分来决定。 否定 let 就在句首加 Don’t, 否定后面的不定式,就在不定式前加 not. e.g. Don ’t let him go out. Let ’s not go there. (七)现在进行时 1. 意义:表示现在正在进行或发生的动作;也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正 在进行的动作。 2. 构成: be +现在分词( v. +ing) 3. be动词由主语决定。 4. 现在分词的构成: ①动词直接 +ing e.g. play — playing ②动词以重读闭音节而且末尾只有一个辅音,双写末一字母 +ing e.g. swim — swimming ③以不发音 e 结尾,去 e+ing e.g. come — coming (八)一般现在时。 1、一般现在时的用法: ①表示现在的状态或特征,谓语动词一般是 be。 e.g. They are at work. She is very old. ②表示经常性或习惯性动作,谓语动词一般是实义动词。 e.g. We go to school from Monday to Friday. ③表示主语具备的性格和能力。 e.g. I like swimming. Do you speak English? ④普遍真理。 e.g. Two plus four is six. The earth goes around the sun. 2、一般时态(一般现在时)的谓语形式。 ①动词 be 的人称变化: (略) ②实义动词的变化:主语为单数第三人称,实义动词应 +s 或 es。(其变化类同于名词的复 数形式 ) 主语为其他人称时,实义动词不变。 3、一般现在时的句型变化。 1)be 动词的句式: (略) 2)实义动词的句式:改否定句及疑问句都应借助助动词 do 或 does。 (当主语为单数第三人称时,用 does, 同时应将其后的谓语动词还原形 )。 ① 改否定句:在实义动词之前 +don’t或 doesn’t. e.g. We go to school on Sundays. → We don ’t go to school on Sundays. He does his homework after supper. →He doesn ’t do his homework after supper. ② 改一般疑问句:在句首添加 Do 或 Does,其他照抄,最后加问号。 e.g. They speak English. → Do they speak English? He goes home at five every day. → Does he go home at five every day? ③ 一般疑问句的肯否定回答。 Yes, 主语 do. No, 主语 don’t. Yes, 主语 does. No, 主语 doesn’t. e.g. Do they speak English? Does he go home at five every day? Yes, they do. Yes, he does. No, they don ’t. No, he doesn ’t. ④ 改特殊疑问句:疑问代词+一般疑问句? (do/does+其他? ) e.g. I like to eat apple. What do you like to eat? He goes to school every day. Where does he go every day? 4、often, five days a week, every day, on Sundays, sometimes等表示频度的状语通常位于 be 动词之后,实义动词之前, 若句子出现频度副词,通常用一般现在时。
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