英语计划总结之直接引语变为间接引语时的“变”与“不变”

英语计划总结之直接引语变为间接引语时的“变”与“不变”

英语计划总结之直接引语变为间接引语时的“变”与“不变” ‎ ‎　　引述别人的话一般有两种方式，一种是原封不动地引用他人的原话，把它放在引号内，这叫做直接引语；另一种是用自己的话转述他人的话，不用引号，叫做间接引语。直接引语变为间接引语时，句子中的人称代词、动词时态、主谓语序、时间状语和地点状语等往往要作相应的变化，而有时却不需要变化。现将这些“变”与“不变”的情况进行一下归纳。‎ ‎　　一、“变”的情况 ‎　　1. 人称的变化 ‎　　（1）直接引语中的主语是第一人称时，间接引语中的主语应变为第三人称。例如：‎ ‎　　He said,“I like reading newspapers.”‎ ‎　　→He said he liked reading newspapers.‎ ‎　　（2）直接引语中的主语是第二人称时，如果原话是针对转述人说的，则间接引语中的主语应转换为第一人称；但若原话是针对第三者说的，则间接引语的主语应为第三人称。例如：‎ ‎　　“You should do your homework carefully,”the teacher said to me.‎ ‎　　→The teacher said to me that I should do my homework carefully.‎ ‎　　“You mustn't play football in the street,”the policeman said to the boys.‎ ‎　　→The policeman said to the boys that they mustn't play football in the street.‎ ‎　　（3）人称的变化还包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的相应变化。例如：‎ ‎　　He said, “I have lost my pen.”‎ ‎　　→He said that he had lost his pen.‎ ‎　　She said,“The book on the desk is mine.”‎ ‎　　→ She said that the book on the desk was hers.‎ ‎　　2. 句子结构的变化 ‎　　（1）如果直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时应该转换成由连词that引导的宾语从句，在口语中that 常被省略。例如：‎ ‎　　She says,“I am going to visit my uncle.”‎ ‎　　→She said that she was going to see her uncle.‎ ‎　　（2）如果直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句，将它们变为间接引语时，应变成由连词if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句，宾语从句的语序应为陈述语序。例如：‎ ‎　　He asked, “Has she come?”‎ ‎　　→He asked if she had come.‎ ‎　　Her brother said, “Does the teacher know it or not?”‎ ‎　　→Her brother asked whether the teacher knew it or not.‎ ‎　　（3）如果直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的特殊疑问词引导宾语从句，从句中要用陈述语序。例如：‎ ‎　　He said,“When will we arrive in Shanghai?”‎ ‎　　→He asked when they would arrive in Shanghai.‎ ‎　　He said, “What grade are you in?”‎ ‎　　→He asked what grade I was in.‎ ‎　　（4）如果直接引语是祈使句，将其变为间接引语时，应根据意思上的需要，选用“ask/tell/order/advise/request+宾语+带to的不定式”结构。例如：‎ ‎　　He says to us, “Be quite.”‎ ‎　　→He asked us to be quiet.‎ ‎　　“Don't go out, ”she says to me.‎ ‎　　→She told me not to go out.‎ ‎　　3. 时态的变化 ‎　　主句中的谓语动词为一般过去时时，间接引语中的谓语动词时态需作以下变化：‎ ‎　　（1）将直接引语中的一般现在时变为一般过去时。例如：‎ ‎　　He said, “This book is yours.”‎ ‎　　→He said that book was mine.‎ ‎　　（2）将直接引语中的现在进行时变为过去进行时。例如：‎ ‎　　The teacher said,“The children are reading a text.”‎ ‎　　→The teacher said the children were reading a text.‎ ‎　　（3）将直接引语中的现在完成时变为过去完成时。例如：‎ ‎　　He said,“I have read the book.”‎ ‎　　→He said he had read the book.‎ ‎　　（4）将直接引语中的一般将来时变为过去将来时。例如：‎ ‎　　He said, “I'll wait for you outside the school gate.”‎ ‎　　→He said he would wait for me outside the school gate.‎ ‎　　（5）将直接引语中的一般过去时变为过去完成时。例如：‎ ‎　　She said, “I bought the book yesterday.”‎ ‎　　→She said she had bought the book the day before.‎ ‎　　4. 其它的变化 ‎　　直接引语变为间接引语时，其中的时间状语、地点状语以及某些对比性的指示代词和动词也要作相应的变化，如：yesterday变为the ‎ day before，here变为there, come变为go，this变为that, these变为those 等。例如：‎ ‎　　He said,“I will stay here.”‎ ‎　　→He said that he would stay there.‎ ‎　　“I bought these flowers for you,”she said.‎ ‎　　→She said she had bought those flowers for me.‎ ‎　　二、“不变”的情况 ‎　　1. 如果说话人引述自己的话，人称代词便不必变化。例如：‎ ‎　　I said,“I have been to Beijing.”‎ ‎　　→I said I had been to Beijing.‎ ‎　　2.主句中的谓语动词为一般现在时时，直接引语中谓语动词的时态在间接引语中不变。例如：‎ ‎　　He asks, “Where do you come from?”‎ ‎　　→He asks where I come from.‎ ‎　　3. 直接引语中比较具体的时间状语，在间接引语中可以不变，谓语动词的时态也不变。例如：‎ ‎　　“It happened in 2008,” he said.‎ ‎　　→He said it happened in 2008.‎ ‎　　4.‎ ‎ 如果直接引语叙述的是客观事实、自然现象、谚语、格言等，那么直接引语中的一般现在时在间接引语中不变。例如：‎ ‎　　The boy asked,“Does water boil at 100℃？”‎ ‎　　→The boy asked if water boils at 100℃。‎ ‎　　The teacher said,“The earth turns around the sun.”‎ ‎　　→The teacher said the earth turns around the sun.‎ ‎　　5. 如果是在当时或当地进行转述，那么，时间状语和地点状语以及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等也可不变。例如：‎ ‎　　He said, “I came here three days ago.”‎ ‎　　→He said he came here three days ago.‎