XX高一英语上学期必修1—2语法总结

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XX高一英语上学期必修1—2语法总结

XX高一英语上学期必修1—2语法总结 ‎  直接英语和间接英语   一、句型的变化   (一)如果直接引语是陈述句,间接引语一般是用that来引导。口语中that常可以省略。   ?   “Iliketolistentorockmusic,”saidPeter.   ?   Petersaidthathelikedtolistentorockmusic.   【注意】如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并列时,第一个that可以省略,后面一个不能省略,以免引起歧义。如:   ?   Theteachersaid,“Thetextisveryimportant.youshouldlearnitbyheart.”   ?   Theteachersaidthetextisimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.   如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时,间接引语常变为由whether/if引导,而且要用陈述句语序。如:   ? ‎ ‎  Theboyaskedhismother,“canIgotoplayfootballwithmyfriendsonSaturday?”   ?   Theboyaskedhismotherwhether/ifhecouldgotoplayfootballwithhisfriendsonSaturday.   如果直接引语是特殊问句,间接引语用特殊疑问词引导,而且用陈述句语序。如:   ?   “Howmuchtimedoyouspendonthehomework?”heaskedme.   ?   HeaskedmehowmuchtimeIspentonthehomework.   (四)如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义的问句,要借助其他句型结构来表达。如:   ?   “whydon’tyoucomeandplayfootballwithme?”Heasked.   ?   Headvisedmetoplayfootballwithhim.   【注意】表示请求、劝告时,通常用“ask/advise/want等+宾语+动词不定式”结构。   如果直接引语是祈使句,间接引语要用不定式的复合结构改,即改为:tellsb.todosth.如: ‎ ‎  ?   “Listentomecarefully,please.”theteachersaidtous.   ?   Theteachertoldustolistentohimcarefully.   【注意】如果祈使句中出现了please,在间接引语中必须省略。   如果直接引语是感叹句,变间接引语时,用what,how或that来引述。如:   ?   “whatabeautifulhouseitis!”hesaidtome.   ?   Hetoldmewhatabeautifulhouseitwas.   ?   Hetoldmethatitwasabeautifulhouse.   二、时态的变化   (一)如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时,则间接引语中的时态不变。如;   ?   Hesays,“I’mtootired.”   ?   Hesaysheistootired. ‎ ‎  (二)如果主句的时态是一般过去时,则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态。具体变化如下:   一般现在时   一般过去时   现在进行时   过去进行时   现在完成时   过去完成时   一般过去时   过去完成时   过去完成时   过去完成时   一般将来时   过去将来时   )Theoldmansaid,“Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinchina.”   Theoldmansaidthatgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinchina.   2)“wangLiniswaitingforyououtsideoftheschoolgate.”LiFangsaidtome. ‎ ‎  LiFangtoldmethatwangLinwaswaitingformeoutsideoftheschoolgate.   【注意1】当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语;重复出现或现在习惯性的动作时,间接引语的时态不变化。如:.   ?   “Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”Theteachersaidtous.   ?   Theteachertoldusthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess.   【注意2】当直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词must,need,oughtto,hadbetter等,变间接引语时,间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变。如:   ?   Hesaid,“youhadbetteraskforhelpwhenyouareintrouble.”   ?   HesaidthatIhadbetteraskforhelpwhenIwasintrouble.   三、人称代词的变化   直接引语变为间接引语时,间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则: ‎ ‎  (一)直接引语的主语是第一人称,变为间接引语时,要和主句的主语保持一致。如:   ?   “canIuseyourbikeforamoment?”theboysaidtome.   ?   Theboyaskedmewhetherhecouldusemybikeformoment.   直接引语的主语是第二人称,变为间接引语时,要和主句的宾语保持一致。如:   ?   Theteacheraskedjoan,“whyareyoulateagain?”   ?   Theteacheraskedjoanwhyhewaslateagain.   (三)直接引语的主语是第三人称,变为间接引语时,间接引语中的主语人称不变。如:   ?   Heaskedme,“HowlonghasTeddystayedinchina?”   ?   HeaskedmehowlongTeddyhasstayedinchina.   四、主句谓语动词的变化   直接引语是陈述句,谓语动词是say的不变,是saidtosb.常变为toldsb.如:   ? ‎ ‎  Hesaidtohisfriend,“Iamgladtoseeyou.”   ?   Hetoldhisfriendthathewasgladtoseehim.   直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句,said变为asked;saidtosb.变为askedsb.如:   ?   “Howcanyoudothat?”marysaidtoBetty.   ?   maryaskedBettyhowshecoulddothat.   直接引语是祈使句,变间接引语时,谓语动词可根据语气强弱选则beg,advise,ask,tell,order,warn等。如果祈使句是否定句,还需在不定式符号to前加not.如:   ?   Isaidtoher,“Pleasepassmeaglassofwater.”   ?   Iaskedhertopassmeaglassofwater.   直接引语是感叹句,变间接引语时,引述动词常用tell,exclaim或say等。如:   ?   “Howwellhelooks!”Lucysaid.   ?   Lucyexclaimedhowwellhelooked. ‎ ‎  ?   Lucysaidthathelookedwell.   五、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变化   (一)指示代词的变化   this   that   these   those   (二)时间状语的变化   now   then   ago   before/earlier   today   thatday   yesterday   thedaybefore   thismorning/afternoon,etc.   thatmorning/afternoon,etc.   tomorrow   thefollowing/nextday ‎ ‎  thedayaftertomorrow   intwodays’time   thedaybeforeyesterday   twodaysbefore/earlier   nextweek/month,etc.   thenextweek/month,etc.   lastweek/month   theweek/monthbefore   【注意】如果在当天转述,时间状语也可不变。如:   ?   mr.Blacksaid,“IvisitedtheGreatwalllastyear.”   ?   mr.BlacksaidthathehadvisitedtheGreatwalllastyear.   (三)地点和方向性动词的变化   here   there   come   go   【注意】如果在当地转述,地点状语也可不变。如:   Hesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.”   Hesaidthathewouldcomeherethisevening. ‎ ‎  巩固练习:将下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语   .Hesaidtome,“Iwrotealettertomyparentslastweek.”   He_________methat_________________aletterto________parents________________________.   2.“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,”mothersaidtoherdaughter.   mother__________herdaughterthatthesun________uptheeastand_________inthewest.   3.“Don’tbelateagain,jim,”saidtheteacher.Theteacher______________________________   belateagain.   4.“HaveyouseenthefilmHarryPotter?”heasked.   Heaskedme________________________________thefilmHarryPotter.       ‎ ‎  5.mrwangaskedthestudentshowtheycouldimprovetheirspokenEnglish.   “________________________improve________spokenEnglish?”mrwangsaidtothestudents.   .told   hehadwritten   his   theweekbefore   2.told   rises   sets   3.toldjimnotto   4.ifIhadseen   5.Howcanyou   your   定语从句   一.定语从句的定义   .定语从句在从句中起定语作用,修饰句中的某一名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后面.   2.引导从句的关联词叫关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,他们的作用: ‎ ‎  引导作用   替代作用   在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用   关系代词:who,whom,whose,that,which,as等(在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分)   关系副词:where,when,why在从句中作状语   e.g.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.   who引导定语从句并代替先行词theboy在定语从句中充当broke的主语   a.关系代词(who,whom,which,that,whose)的指代关系及其选择   定语从句关系词的选择取决于先行词(被修饰词)在定语从句中的位置、成分。   指人   指物   在定语从句中的作用   who   √   主语   宾语   whom   √ ‎ ‎  宾语   which   √   主语   宾语   that   √   √   主语   宾语   whose   √   √   定语(whose和它所修饰的名词在从句中可以充当主语或宾语)   b.关系副词   (1)why    先行词是表示原因的名词(reason),关系词在从句中做原因状语表示原因   (2)where   先行词是表示地点的名词,关系词在从句中做地点状语表示地点 ‎ ‎  (3)when    先行词是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中做时间状语表示时间   e.g.Thatisthereasonwhyhewaslate.   ThisistheschoolwhereIhavestudiedforthreeyears.   IwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenIsawyou.   3.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。   限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确,它对主句起到限制作用。   非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它对主句起进行补充说明,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的事物,我们一般要用非限制定语从句。      e.g.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth. (限制性)   Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.(非限制性)   二.注意事项:   .只能用which不能用that的情况:   ①引导非限制性定语从句   ②先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置,即当关系词紧跟在介词后面时, ‎ ‎  e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunlived.   ==Thisisthehousewhich/thatLuXunlivedin.   2.只能用whom不能用who的情况:   ①先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置,如   e.g.TomistheboywithwhomIhavetalkedwith.   ==Tomistheboywho/whomIhavetalkedwith.   3.关系代词必须用that的情形:   ①当先行词被形容词的最高级所修饰   e.g.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.   ②当先行词被序数词修饰   e.g.Thefirstcarthatarrivedatthedestinationwasdrivenbyjohn.   ③当先行词被theonly,thevery等修饰   e.g.ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday.   ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.   ④先行词被all,every,no,some,   any,little,   much等修饰时:   e.g.I’vereadallthebooksyougaveme. ‎ ‎  ⑤当先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时,或者是在therebe句型中   .   e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?   Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.   Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.   ⑥当先行词既指人又指物时   e.g.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.   ⑦当关系代词在从句中作表语时:   e.g.maryisnolongerthegirlsheusedtobe.   4.定语从句中如果先行词是theway,关系词常用inwhich,that或省略   5.关系代词和关系副词及其容易混用的情况   .Thisisthefactory______Ionceworked.   where   2.Thisisthefactory______I’vevisited.   that/which   3.Theday__________Ialwaysrememberisoct.1.   that/which   4.Theday______NanjingwasliberatedisSep.11.   when ‎ ‎  5.Thereason_____hehasn’tcomeisthathehasbeenill.   why   6.Don’tbelievethereason_____hegiveyou.   that   【注意】当表示时间,地点,原因的名词,day,time,place,factory,reason等作先行词,在定语从句中作状语时,用when,where,why;在从句中作主语或宾语时,就用that或which.   三.介词+关系代词的情况   当我们在用带有介词的定语从句时,我们有两种选择,介词放在关系代词前或者是放在定语从句中。如:   )Thewomanwho/whomSpielbergismarriedtoisanactress.   ThewomantowhomSpielbergismarriedisanactress.   2)ThepaintingatwhichIlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.   ThepaintingwhichIlookedatwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.   那么如何选择介词呢:   ).介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配. ‎ ‎  e.g.Thefarm_______Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook.onwhich   2).介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配.   e.g.whoistheman________ourteacherisshakinghands?withwhom   3).介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配.   e.g.oursisabeautifulcountry,_______wearegreatlyproud.ofwhich   4).表示“所有格”或“整体中的部分”时,用介词of.   e.g.Thereareoveronethousandworkersinthefactory,80percent________arewomen.ofwhom   练习1:关系副词或者是介词+关系代词填空   )Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_______shecouldturnforhelp.   2)whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark________youhaveany   questions.   3)Barcelonaisthecity_____the25thSummerolympicwereheld.   .towhom(turntosb.forhelp向某人求助) ‎ ‎  2.where   3.where/inwhich   练习2:用介词+关系代词填空   .   Doyoulikethebook   shespent$10?   2.   Doyoulikethebook________shepaid$10?   3.   Doyoulikethebook   shelearnedalot?   4.   Doyoulikethebook   sheoftentalks?   5.   Hebuiltatelescope      hecouldstudytheskies.   6.   Thereisatalltreeoutside,________   standsourteacher.   7. ‎ ‎  chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest____________istheyellowRiver.   8.   Thetower__________peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.   9.   Theman________Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.   0.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most________   hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.   .onwhich   2.forwhich   3.fromwhich   4.aboutwhich   5.throughwhich   6.underwhich   7.ofwhich   8.fromwhich   9.towhom ‎ ‎  0.ofwhich   四.as引导的非限制性定语从句   比较并发现:   Theearthisround._____isknowntoall.   It   Theearthisround,_____isknowntoall.   which/as   _____isknowntoall,theearthisround。   As   ______isknowntoallthattheearthisround.   It   【注意】as具有正如之意,与之搭配的动词一般是固定的,如:asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpected   比较并发现:   ThisisthesamepenasIlost.这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。   ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.这本书就是我丢的那本。   【注意】thesame…as表示相似事物,thesame…that表示同一事物   比较并发现:   Thisissuchaninterestingbook_______wealllike.   as ‎ ‎  Thisissointerestingabook_________wealllike.   as   这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。   Thisissuchaninterestingbook_______wealllikeit.that   Thisisso   interestingabook_________wealllikeit.that   这本书如此有趣,大家都喜欢。   【注意】such…as…引导定语从句,such…that…引导结果状语从句   被动语态与主动语态   一.语态概述   英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。   主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。   被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。   e.g.Heopenedthedoor.   他开了门。   Thedoorwasopened.   门被开了。   二.被动语态的构成   被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。 ‎ ‎  .一般将来时的被动语态will/shall/beto/begoingto+bedone   2.现在完成时的被动语态has/havebeendone   3.现在进行时的被动语态be+beingdone   歌诀是:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。   三、被动语态的用法   不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。    e.g.Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.   强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。   e.g.Thewindowwasbrokenbymike.窗户是迈克打破的。   四、主动语态变被动语态的方法   把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。   把谓语变成被动结构    。   把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。   e.g.Ihavefinishedthehomework..   Thehomeworkhasbeenfinishedbyme.   歌诀是:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。   一.单项选择:   .Ifthework________,youcangoandplaygames.   A.finished ‎ ‎  B.hasfinished   c.willbefinished   D.isfinished   2.Itwasrainingheavilyoutside,thechildrenweremade______intheclassroom.   A.stay   B.tostay   c.staying   D.stayed   3.kate_______theletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom.   A.haswritten   B.waswritten   c.hadwritten   D.iswriting   4.Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbish______intotheriver.   A.needn’tbethrownB.mustn’tbethrownc.can’tthrowD.maynotthrow ‎ ‎  5.Ilikemybike.It________verywell.   A.rides   B.isriding   c.isridden   D.hasridden   6.—Iwon’tcometothepartyunlessTom______,too.   —youmeanifTomcomes,you’llcome.   A.willinvite   B.invites   c.invited   D.isinvited   7.Everyonewhoheardmr.Green’sstory_____________it.   A.laughedat   B.waslaughed   c.laughed   D.waslaughedat   8.Thechildrenmust_______.   A.lookafter   B.betakengoodcare   c.lookthesame   D.betakengoodcareof ‎ ‎  9.Thewomanstilldoesn’tknowwhat_______inherhometown   whileshewasaway.   A.happens   B.happened   c.willhappen   D.washappened   0.—Isawyouwereonfootthismorning.   —yes.mybike___________.   A.ismending   B.isbeingmended   c.ismended   D.isbeingmending   -5DBcBA   6-10DADBB   二.用正确的形式填空:   .Allthestudents__________tobringakitewiththemlastSunday.   2.Aremanyways_______tostoppeoplefromcuttingdownsomanytrees?   3.—whatareonshowinthemuseum? ‎ ‎  —Somephotos_________byAmericanchildren.   4.Thiscoat_________well.   5.musttheoldpeople____________topolitely?   6.I’moften_________.   8.I’llhavemybike__________________tomorrow.   9.Haveyoufoundyournecklace________lastweek?   0.ThePRcwas_________onoctober1,1949.   .wereasked   2.tried   3.taken   4.washes   5.bespoken   6.warned   7.disappeared   8.mended/repaired   9.stolen   0.founded   ‎
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