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XX高一英语上学期必修1—2语法总结
XX高一英语上学期必修1—2语法总结 直接英语和间接英语 一、句型的变化 (一)如果直接引语是陈述句,间接引语一般是用that来引导。口语中that常可以省略。 ? “Iliketolistentorockmusic,”saidPeter. ? Petersaidthathelikedtolistentorockmusic. 【注意】如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并列时,第一个that可以省略,后面一个不能省略,以免引起歧义。如: ? Theteachersaid,“Thetextisveryimportant.youshouldlearnitbyheart.” ? Theteachersaidthetextisimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart. 如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时,间接引语常变为由whether/if引导,而且要用陈述句语序。如: ? Theboyaskedhismother,“canIgotoplayfootballwithmyfriendsonSaturday?” ? Theboyaskedhismotherwhether/ifhecouldgotoplayfootballwithhisfriendsonSaturday. 如果直接引语是特殊问句,间接引语用特殊疑问词引导,而且用陈述句语序。如: ? “Howmuchtimedoyouspendonthehomework?”heaskedme. ? HeaskedmehowmuchtimeIspentonthehomework. (四)如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义的问句,要借助其他句型结构来表达。如: ? “whydon’tyoucomeandplayfootballwithme?”Heasked. ? Headvisedmetoplayfootballwithhim. 【注意】表示请求、劝告时,通常用“ask/advise/want等+宾语+动词不定式”结构。 如果直接引语是祈使句,间接引语要用不定式的复合结构改,即改为:tellsb.todosth.如: ? “Listentomecarefully,please.”theteachersaidtous. ? Theteachertoldustolistentohimcarefully. 【注意】如果祈使句中出现了please,在间接引语中必须省略。 如果直接引语是感叹句,变间接引语时,用what,how或that来引述。如: ? “whatabeautifulhouseitis!”hesaidtome. ? Hetoldmewhatabeautifulhouseitwas. ? Hetoldmethatitwasabeautifulhouse. 二、时态的变化 (一)如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时,则间接引语中的时态不变。如; ? Hesays,“I’mtootired.” ? Hesaysheistootired. (二)如果主句的时态是一般过去时,则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态。具体变化如下: 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 一般过去时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 一般将来时 过去将来时 )Theoldmansaid,“Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinchina.” Theoldmansaidthatgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinchina. 2)“wangLiniswaitingforyououtsideoftheschoolgate.”LiFangsaidtome. LiFangtoldmethatwangLinwaswaitingformeoutsideoftheschoolgate. 【注意1】当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语;重复出现或现在习惯性的动作时,间接引语的时态不变化。如:. ? “Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”Theteachersaidtous. ? Theteachertoldusthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess. 【注意2】当直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词must,need,oughtto,hadbetter等,变间接引语时,间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变。如: ? Hesaid,“youhadbetteraskforhelpwhenyouareintrouble.” ? HesaidthatIhadbetteraskforhelpwhenIwasintrouble. 三、人称代词的变化 直接引语变为间接引语时,间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则: (一)直接引语的主语是第一人称,变为间接引语时,要和主句的主语保持一致。如: ? “canIuseyourbikeforamoment?”theboysaidtome. ? Theboyaskedmewhetherhecouldusemybikeformoment. 直接引语的主语是第二人称,变为间接引语时,要和主句的宾语保持一致。如: ? Theteacheraskedjoan,“whyareyoulateagain?” ? Theteacheraskedjoanwhyhewaslateagain. (三)直接引语的主语是第三人称,变为间接引语时,间接引语中的主语人称不变。如: ? Heaskedme,“HowlonghasTeddystayedinchina?” ? HeaskedmehowlongTeddyhasstayedinchina. 四、主句谓语动词的变化 直接引语是陈述句,谓语动词是say的不变,是saidtosb.常变为toldsb.如: ? Hesaidtohisfriend,“Iamgladtoseeyou.” ? Hetoldhisfriendthathewasgladtoseehim. 直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句,said变为asked;saidtosb.变为askedsb.如: ? “Howcanyoudothat?”marysaidtoBetty. ? maryaskedBettyhowshecoulddothat. 直接引语是祈使句,变间接引语时,谓语动词可根据语气强弱选则beg,advise,ask,tell,order,warn等。如果祈使句是否定句,还需在不定式符号to前加not.如: ? Isaidtoher,“Pleasepassmeaglassofwater.” ? Iaskedhertopassmeaglassofwater. 直接引语是感叹句,变间接引语时,引述动词常用tell,exclaim或say等。如: ? “Howwellhelooks!”Lucysaid. ? Lucyexclaimedhowwellhelooked. ? Lucysaidthathelookedwell. 五、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变化 (一)指示代词的变化 this that these those (二)时间状语的变化 now then ago before/earlier today thatday yesterday thedaybefore thismorning/afternoon,etc. thatmorning/afternoon,etc. tomorrow thefollowing/nextday thedayaftertomorrow intwodays’time thedaybeforeyesterday twodaysbefore/earlier nextweek/month,etc. thenextweek/month,etc. lastweek/month theweek/monthbefore 【注意】如果在当天转述,时间状语也可不变。如: ? mr.Blacksaid,“IvisitedtheGreatwalllastyear.” ? mr.BlacksaidthathehadvisitedtheGreatwalllastyear. (三)地点和方向性动词的变化 here there come go 【注意】如果在当地转述,地点状语也可不变。如: Hesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.” Hesaidthathewouldcomeherethisevening. 巩固练习:将下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语 .Hesaidtome,“Iwrotealettertomyparentslastweek.” He_________methat_________________aletterto________parents________________________. 2.“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,”mothersaidtoherdaughter. mother__________herdaughterthatthesun________uptheeastand_________inthewest. 3.“Don’tbelateagain,jim,”saidtheteacher.Theteacher______________________________ belateagain. 4.“HaveyouseenthefilmHarryPotter?”heasked. Heaskedme________________________________thefilmHarryPotter. 5.mrwangaskedthestudentshowtheycouldimprovetheirspokenEnglish. “________________________improve________spokenEnglish?”mrwangsaidtothestudents. .told hehadwritten his theweekbefore 2.told rises sets 3.toldjimnotto 4.ifIhadseen 5.Howcanyou your 定语从句 一.定语从句的定义 .定语从句在从句中起定语作用,修饰句中的某一名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后面. 2.引导从句的关联词叫关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,他们的作用: 引导作用 替代作用 在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用 关系代词:who,whom,whose,that,which,as等(在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分) 关系副词:where,when,why在从句中作状语 e.g.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom. who引导定语从句并代替先行词theboy在定语从句中充当broke的主语 a.关系代词(who,whom,which,that,whose)的指代关系及其选择 定语从句关系词的选择取决于先行词(被修饰词)在定语从句中的位置、成分。 指人 指物 在定语从句中的作用 who √ 主语 宾语 whom √ 宾语 which √ 主语 宾语 that √ √ 主语 宾语 whose √ √ 定语(whose和它所修饰的名词在从句中可以充当主语或宾语) b.关系副词 (1)why 先行词是表示原因的名词(reason),关系词在从句中做原因状语表示原因 (2)where 先行词是表示地点的名词,关系词在从句中做地点状语表示地点 (3)when 先行词是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中做时间状语表示时间 e.g.Thatisthereasonwhyhewaslate. ThisistheschoolwhereIhavestudiedforthreeyears. IwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenIsawyou. 3.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确,它对主句起到限制作用。 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它对主句起进行补充说明,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的事物,我们一般要用非限制定语从句。 e.g.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth. (限制性) Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.(非限制性) 二.注意事项: .只能用which不能用that的情况: ①引导非限制性定语从句 ②先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置,即当关系词紧跟在介词后面时, e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunlived. ==Thisisthehousewhich/thatLuXunlivedin. 2.只能用whom不能用who的情况: ①先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置,如 e.g.TomistheboywithwhomIhavetalkedwith. ==Tomistheboywho/whomIhavetalkedwith. 3.关系代词必须用that的情形: ①当先行词被形容词的最高级所修饰 e.g.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen. ②当先行词被序数词修饰 e.g.Thefirstcarthatarrivedatthedestinationwasdrivenbyjohn. ③当先行词被theonly,thevery等修饰 e.g.ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday. ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor. ④先行词被all,every,no,some, any,little, much等修饰时: e.g.I’vereadallthebooksyougaveme. ⑤当先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时,或者是在therebe句型中 . e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou? Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton. Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste. ⑥当先行词既指人又指物时 e.g.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited. ⑦当关系代词在从句中作表语时: e.g.maryisnolongerthegirlsheusedtobe. 4.定语从句中如果先行词是theway,关系词常用inwhich,that或省略 5.关系代词和关系副词及其容易混用的情况 .Thisisthefactory______Ionceworked. where 2.Thisisthefactory______I’vevisited. that/which 3.Theday__________Ialwaysrememberisoct.1. that/which 4.Theday______NanjingwasliberatedisSep.11. when 5.Thereason_____hehasn’tcomeisthathehasbeenill. why 6.Don’tbelievethereason_____hegiveyou. that 【注意】当表示时间,地点,原因的名词,day,time,place,factory,reason等作先行词,在定语从句中作状语时,用when,where,why;在从句中作主语或宾语时,就用that或which. 三.介词+关系代词的情况 当我们在用带有介词的定语从句时,我们有两种选择,介词放在关系代词前或者是放在定语从句中。如: )Thewomanwho/whomSpielbergismarriedtoisanactress. ThewomantowhomSpielbergismarriedisanactress. 2)ThepaintingatwhichIlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh. ThepaintingwhichIlookedatwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh. 那么如何选择介词呢: ).介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配. e.g.Thefarm_______Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook.onwhich 2).介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配. e.g.whoistheman________ourteacherisshakinghands?withwhom 3).介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配. e.g.oursisabeautifulcountry,_______wearegreatlyproud.ofwhich 4).表示“所有格”或“整体中的部分”时,用介词of. e.g.Thereareoveronethousandworkersinthefactory,80percent________arewomen.ofwhom 练习1:关系副词或者是介词+关系代词填空 )Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_______shecouldturnforhelp. 2)whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark________youhaveany questions. 3)Barcelonaisthecity_____the25thSummerolympicwereheld. .towhom(turntosb.forhelp向某人求助) 2.where 3.where/inwhich 练习2:用介词+关系代词填空 . Doyoulikethebook shespent$10? 2. Doyoulikethebook________shepaid$10? 3. Doyoulikethebook shelearnedalot? 4. Doyoulikethebook sheoftentalks? 5. Hebuiltatelescope hecouldstudytheskies. 6. Thereisatalltreeoutside,________ standsourteacher. 7. chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest____________istheyellowRiver. 8. Thetower__________peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill. 9. Theman________Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling. 0.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most________ hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear. .onwhich 2.forwhich 3.fromwhich 4.aboutwhich 5.throughwhich 6.underwhich 7.ofwhich 8.fromwhich 9.towhom 0.ofwhich 四.as引导的非限制性定语从句 比较并发现: Theearthisround._____isknowntoall. It Theearthisround,_____isknowntoall. which/as _____isknowntoall,theearthisround。 As ______isknowntoallthattheearthisround. It 【注意】as具有正如之意,与之搭配的动词一般是固定的,如:asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpected 比较并发现: ThisisthesamepenasIlost.这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。 ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.这本书就是我丢的那本。 【注意】thesame…as表示相似事物,thesame…that表示同一事物 比较并发现: Thisissuchaninterestingbook_______wealllike. as Thisissointerestingabook_________wealllike. as 这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。 Thisissuchaninterestingbook_______wealllikeit.that Thisisso interestingabook_________wealllikeit.that 这本书如此有趣,大家都喜欢。 【注意】such…as…引导定语从句,such…that…引导结果状语从句 被动语态与主动语态 一.语态概述 英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。 e.g.Heopenedthedoor. 他开了门。 Thedoorwasopened. 门被开了。 二.被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。 .一般将来时的被动语态will/shall/beto/begoingto+bedone 2.现在完成时的被动语态has/havebeendone 3.现在进行时的被动语态be+beingdone 歌诀是:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。 三、被动语态的用法 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 e.g.Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight. 强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。 e.g.Thewindowwasbrokenbymike.窗户是迈克打破的。 四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 把谓语变成被动结构 。 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。 e.g.Ihavefinishedthehomework.. Thehomeworkhasbeenfinishedbyme. 歌诀是:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。 一.单项选择: .Ifthework________,youcangoandplaygames. A.finished B.hasfinished c.willbefinished D.isfinished 2.Itwasrainingheavilyoutside,thechildrenweremade______intheclassroom. A.stay B.tostay c.staying D.stayed 3.kate_______theletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom. A.haswritten B.waswritten c.hadwritten D.iswriting 4.Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbish______intotheriver. A.needn’tbethrownB.mustn’tbethrownc.can’tthrowD.maynotthrow 5.Ilikemybike.It________verywell. A.rides B.isriding c.isridden D.hasridden 6.—Iwon’tcometothepartyunlessTom______,too. —youmeanifTomcomes,you’llcome. A.willinvite B.invites c.invited D.isinvited 7.Everyonewhoheardmr.Green’sstory_____________it. A.laughedat B.waslaughed c.laughed D.waslaughedat 8.Thechildrenmust_______. A.lookafter B.betakengoodcare c.lookthesame D.betakengoodcareof 9.Thewomanstilldoesn’tknowwhat_______inherhometown whileshewasaway. A.happens B.happened c.willhappen D.washappened 0.—Isawyouwereonfootthismorning. —yes.mybike___________. A.ismending B.isbeingmended c.ismended D.isbeingmending -5DBcBA 6-10DADBB 二.用正确的形式填空: .Allthestudents__________tobringakitewiththemlastSunday. 2.Aremanyways_______tostoppeoplefromcuttingdownsomanytrees? 3.—whatareonshowinthemuseum? —Somephotos_________byAmericanchildren. 4.Thiscoat_________well. 5.musttheoldpeople____________topolitely? 6.I’moften_________. 8.I’llhavemybike__________________tomorrow. 9.Haveyoufoundyournecklace________lastweek? 0.ThePRcwas_________onoctober1,1949. .wereasked 2.tried 3.taken 4.washes 5.bespoken 6.warned 7.disappeared 8.mended/repaired 9.stolen 0.founded 查看更多