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word文档整理分享本科生毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(2015届)题目海棠公寓现代空间设计学生姓名倪芸莎学 号201108320111专业班级室内与家具设计111系名称园林艺术系指导教师赵琳红2014年12月22日参考资料nword文档整理分享TransformingInteriorSpaces:EnrichingSubjectiveExperiencesThroughDesignResearchTiiuPoldmaSchoolofIndustrialDesign,UniversityofMontrealC.P.6128,succursaleCentre-ville,Montreal,QuebecH3T1B9,CANADAAbstractThisarticleexplorestacitknowledgeoflivedexperienceandhowthisformofknowledgerelatestodesignresearch.Itinvestigateshowinteriordesignersinterpretuserlivedexperienceswhencreatingdesignedenvironments.Thearticlearguesthatuserexperienceisthebasisofaformofknowledgethatisusefulfordesigners.Thetheoreticalframeworkproposedinthearticleexaminesthenatureofuserexperienceandhowitcanbeutilizedinthedesignprocess.Thestudyoflivedexperiencesiscontextualizedwithinaesthetic,subjective,andfunctionalaspectsoftheinteriordesignprocess,whichrequiresuserstoexpresstheirmeaningsandneeds.Acasestudyisdescribedtoillustratethevariousstagesofthisprocess.Keywords: designresearch;experientialknowledge;tacitknowledge;dynamicprocess;pragmaticphilosophy;interiorspaces1.IntroductionInoureverydaylives,weliveinspacesthatareactive,changing,anddynamic.Whendesignerscreateinteriorspatialdesignsforvarioustypesofusesandexperiences,theyconsiderboththeaestheticqualitiesofaspaceandhowpeopleexperienceinteractionsandsensationswithinthespaces.However,people’sexperiencesaresubjective.Theseareexperiencespeoplehaveinthemomentofliving,bothconsciouslyandunconsciously,ininteractionwiththespaceandothersinthespace.Thisinvolvesaformofknowingthatis“implicit,naturalistic,ecologicalcognitionofeverydayexistence”asopposedto“deliberate,formal,thinkingandknowledge”(Storkerson,2010,Section1,para.2).Thisarticleexploresthese参考资料nword文档整理分享implicitformsofknowingandconsiderswhatdesignpossibilitiesmayemergefromthem.Documentingtheseformsofknowingrequiresanunderstandingofhowdesignsreflectaestheticandfunctionalendswhiletakingintoaccountthedirectexperiencesusershave(Poldma&Thompson,2009).Thisrequiresanunderstandingofhoweverydayexperiencesoftheusers’life-worldimpacttheirsubjectivemeaning-making(Shusterman,1997;Vaikla-Poldma,2003;White,1998).Thetheoreticalframeworkproposedherelinksexperientialknowledgetothedirectinteractionofuserswithinanenvironmentandrecognizesthedynamicnatureofthatlink.Experiencesofthelife-worldaretakenasabasisfordesigningenvironmentsthatactuallyworkfortheirintendeduse.Theproposedtheoreticalframeworkbuildsonphilosophicalideasaboutthenatureoflivedexperiencesandsubjectivemeanings,andrelatesittotheprocessbywhichusersacceptorrejectaspace.Theseideasareexploredusingtheexampleofaresearchprojectdoneinaresidentiallong-termcareinstitution.Theresearchclarifieshowtheexchangesbetweenthedesignresearcherandtheparticipantscontributetochangesinthespace.2.DesigningInteriorSpace2.1.CurrentResearchCurrently,whenresearchersstudythedesignofinteriorspace,theytendtobeconcernedwitheitherthecausalrelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirenvironmentortheinteractionsbetweenmaterialpropertiesandthespacebeingdesigned.Often,environment-behaviortheoriesformthebasisofdesigninquiry.Suchinquiryseekstounderstandtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirenvironmentusingevidencethatcodifiestherelationship(Dickinson&Marsden,2009;Poldma&Thompson,2009;Zeisel,2006).Inthisformofdesigninquiry,designresearchersdemonstratehowappropriatelydesignedspacecanaddvaluetolivingwellinaninstitution,howsafetyandsecuritycanaddtoproductivityinworkingenvironments,orhowevidence-basedknowledgeofenvironment-behaviorrelationshipscaninformthedesignprocess.参考资料nword文档整理分享Examplesofthistypeofresearchincludetheuseofquestionnaire-basedstatisticaldatatogleanhowtheenvironmentaffectspeople’sactivities(Botti-Salitsky,2009;Dickenson&Marsden,2009).Thistypeofresearchisusuallyframedinapositivistmode,whichseeksobjectiveknowledge(Guba&Lincoln,1994).Studyinghumanbehaviorintermsofcausalrelationshipsinvolvesverificationorfalsificationofapriorihypotheses.Alimitationofthisapproachisthat,asGubaandLincolnhavestated,“[h]umanbehaviour,unlikethatofphysicalobjects,cannotbeunderstoodwithoutreferencetothemeaningsandpurposesattachedbyhumanactorstotheiractivities”(Guba&Lincoln,1994,p.106).Itisthesemeaningsandpurposesthattacitformsofknowledgecontain.Suchmeaningsandpurposesareusuallystudiedthroughnarrativesandconversationsbetweendesignersandusers(Creswell,1998;Merriam&Associates,2002;Vaikla-Poldma,2003).2.2.TheRoleofLivedExperiencePeopledevelopmeaningsattachedtoobjectsandenvironments,betheseartobjects,personalthings,orotherpeopleintheirlives(Bachelard,1969;Csikszentmihalyi&Rochberg-Halton,1981).Thesemeaningsarisethroughinteractionsthatoccurwithinspacessuchashomes,offices,orrecreationalplaces;themeaningsinturnaffectperceptionsandsubsequentinteractions(Poldma,1999,2008;Vaikla-Poldma,2003).Designofinteriorspacesneedstotaketheabovemeaning-makingprocessintoaccount.Whendesigninginteriorspace,thedesigner(orarchitect)worksdirectlywithclientsanduserstotakeanexisting(orimagined)interiorspaceandtransformit.Avarietyofknowledgescomeintoplayinthisprocess.Theroleofthetechnicalaspectsofthespace,suchasairqualityandmaterialproperties,iswellrecognizedindesign,buthowthetacitaspectsshapethedesignprocessislessunderstood.Inpractice,thetacitaspectsofexperiencewithinspacesandbetweenpeopleoftenshapehowthedesignevolves.Multipleexperiencesandcontextsacttogethertotransformemptyspacesinto参考资料nword文档整理分享aestheticallyfunctionalinteriorplaces(Vaikla-Poldma,2003).Theseexperiencesarebothinternalandexternaltotheuser,inthatthepersonswhousethespaceattachmeaningtothespacewheretheyliveandcontributesociallythroughtheinterrelationstheyhavewithothers(Malnar&Vodvarka,1992;Poldma,2009).2.3.ConversationandMeaningMakingDesignedspaces,whetherrealorvirtual,triggervariousexperiences.Whendesigninginteriorspaces,wearepreoccupiedwithbothtangibleandintangibleaspects.Wearepreoccupiedwithitsvolumeandphysicalcharacteristics;wearealsopreoccupiedwithhowthespaceformsabackdropforacomplexsetofinterrelationshipsamongpeople,objects,contexts,andlivedexperiences. Moreover,theseinterrelationshipsevolveovertime(Malnar&Vodvarka,1992;Mitchell,1993).Designinginteriorspacesalsorequiresanunderstandingofwhathappenswhenthespatialexperiencespeoplehavearegroundedintheirreal,livedexperiencesthatarebothsubjectiveandsocial.Theseexperienceshappensimultaneouslywithchangingphysicalconditions,suchaslighting,andchangingtime-spacerelations,suchaswhenweworkathome,liveandworkinmultiplecontexts,or“liveatwork.”Inthesecontemporarywaysoflivingandworking,thephysicalspaceisabackdropforchangingactivities,notboundedbyanyparticularstatesofbeingoranyparticularwaysofknowing(Ainley,1998;Ardener,1981).Spacesaredesignedafterinvestigatingmultipleissuesincludinguserneeds,buildingcontexts,spacerequirements,appropriatematerials,colourandlighting,furnishings,socialneeds,culturalsetting,andthencombiningitallaestheticallytocreatetheinteriorspace.Thespaceisexpectedtosupporttheactivitiesandhumanengagementsabouttotakeplacethere.Designersengageinconversationswithclientsandusersatvariousstagesofthedesignprocess,inparttomakesenseoftheinformationgatheredandthentomakedecisionsandgenerateideasforthedesignofthespace.Aestheticandfunctionaldesign参考资料nword文档整理分享decisionsaremadeonthespotbydesignersengagedwithstakeholdersastheydefinehowthespaceshouldbeoccupiedandforwhatpurposes(Poldma,2009;Vaikla-Poldma,2003).Thereisaservicerelationshipthatdevelopsbetweenthedesignersandusersastheyparticipatetogetherinbothdesignandproductionprocesses(Nelson&Stolterman,2003).2.4.StaticandDynamicSpacesInteriorspacehaslongbeendocumentedtheoreticallyintermsofphysicalattributessuchasobjects,walls,lighting,andcolor(Malnar&Vodvarka,1992).Studentslearnaboutinteriorspaceasanarchitecturalentitygroundedinphysicalattributesthatarestaticandexistasindependentfeatures(Poldma&Wesolkowska,2005). Consequentlyinteriorspacesareoftenreducedtotheirphysicalattributes,materialandsurfacedecoration,producingstaticspaceswhereanofficeisanoffice,arestaurantisarestaurant.Inpractice,however,spacesarerequiredtobeusedinaflexiblemannerwheremultipleactivitiescanoccurinthesameplace.Designersareoftencalledupontodesignspacesfordynamiclivedsituations,notstaticones.Thiscallsforamoredynamicconceptofspace.3.ProposedTheoreticalFramework3.1.BeyondCausalExplanationsHistorically,theoriesaboutinteriorspacehaveconsideredhuman-environmentrelationshipsincausalterms(Hall,1969;Lang,Burnette,Moleski,&Vachon,1974;Malnar&Vodvarka,1992).InfluencesincludeB.F.Skinner(1971),whoseideaofbehaviormodificationthroughpositivereinforcementisappliedtodesigninginteriorsoftenwhenspecificdesignelementssuchasformandmaterialarechosen.Whenhumanandenvironmentrelationshipsareseenascausalinnature,knowledgeclaimsareassembledfrommeasurementsofthoserelationships.Theknowledgeclaims,whenregardedastrue,guidesubsequentdesignthinking.Thisappearstobepartofadominant参考资料nword文档整理分享discourseofdesign,knownasevidence-baseddesign.However,alimitationofthisapproachisthatitisbasedentirelyonwhatiscalled aprioriknowledge (Amin&Cohendet,2004;O’Brien,2006),overlookingthesubjectiveexperiencesarisingwithintheinteriorspace.Environment-behaviortheoryexplainshuman-environmentrelationshipsascausalandtheserelationshipsaresituatedwithinessentiallystaticphysicalinteriorattributes.Itreckons,peoplefeelwellorpoorlyduetolighting,environmentsystems,color,orotherphysicalspaceattributes,suchasfloors,ceilings,theirfinishes,andrelatedobjectsinthespace.Theseinteriorattributes“actupontheuser”andtheirappropriation(orotherwise)ofthespace(Dickinson&Marsden,2009;Zeisel,2006).Therefore,accordingtothistheory,changingthesesurfacetreatmentsshould“improve”theinteriorsituation.Causalexplanationsdonotalwaystakeintoaccountsubjectiveexperiences.Interiorspacesarelocationsofbothaestheticvaluesandsocialconstructions.Subjectiveexperiences,affectedbyrole,status,gender,andsuchotherindividual-levelfactors,alsoguideinteractionsininteriorenvironments(Belenky,Clinchy,Goldberger,&Tarule,1997;Code,1991).Forexample,womennavigatespacesdifferentlyfrommen.Similarly,culturaldifferencesimposedifferentsocialrulesandhierarchiesthatinfluencesocialconstructionsofspaceandplace(Ainley,1998;Ardener,1981;Rose,2001;Rothschild,1999;Spain,1992).Peoplealsoattachmeaningstoobjectsandthespacestheylivein.Therefore,intheproposedtheoreticalframework,subjectiveexperiencesandmeaningsareconsideredsalientelements.Thesearenotcapturedusually(norauthentically)usingempiricalpositivistmodesofresearch.3.2.BeyondStaticAttributesUntilrecently,andinanefforttolegitimizetheprofession,interiordesignershavegenerallytendedtobemoreconcernedwithbuildingprofessionalpractices,ethicalconduct,andsolving参考资料nword文档整理分享problemsofapragmaticnature(Abercrombie,1990;Hildebrandt,2000;Malnar&Vodvarka,1992).Whenprofessionaldesignersaskclientsandtheusersofthespaceswhattheyneed,howtheylive,andobservetheirsituations,theytrytounderstandhowpeopleliveandwork,howtheyengageinsocialandpersonalactivitiestobeabletoprovidesupportiveandappropriatelydesignedspaces.Thespacestheydesignarebytheirverynaturedynamicinthattheyintegratepeoplewithinchangingcircumstances.Whilesomepeopleliveintheglobal24x7informationcommunities,otherscarveoutlivesonthefringesjusttosurvive.Differentpeoplecanexperiencethesamespaceashostileorfriendly,asvirtualorphysical,orasaplaceforpersonalorsocialneeds.Itisdifficulttoreducetheseexperiencestocodifiedstatisticalnumbers,asdifferentsubjectivevoicesaccountfordifferentwaysofliving,working,orplayingindifferentculturesandsocieties.Accordingly,intheproposedtheoreticalframework,spacesarenotcharacterizedentirelythroughstaticattributes.Spacesareseenasdynamiccontextsandproductsofsocialinteractions.3.3.BeyondCodifiedInformationTherehasbeenacriticismof“knowledge-reduced-to-information,”whichreferstoalimitedvisionofknowledge:1.thevisionofknowledgeasasimplestockresultingfromtheaccumulationofinformationinalinearprocess;2.thehypothesisthatanyformofknowledgecanbemadecodifiable;3.thevisionthatknowledgeislimitedtoindividuals;4.theideathatknowledgeislimitedtosomethingthatpeople“possess”(Amin&Cohendet,2004,p.17)Bycontrast,knowledgederivedthroughexperienceandtacitunderstandingwouldbebasedonwhatisexperiencedinrealtime.Thisformofknowledgesituatesdesignthinkingwithinthecontextofuse,suchasthewaysinwhichpeopleactuallyappropriatespaces.Formsoftacitknowledgesuchaslivedexperiencesrunupagainstevidence-basedpositivistresearchnorms(Storkerson,2010).参考资料nword文档整理分享Intheproposedtheoreticalframework,amoreextendednotionofknowledgeisadopted.Inthisextendednotion,knowledgerelevanttodesignisnotlimitedtocodifiableinformationalone,butalsoincludestheeffectofcomparingandcombiningsubjectiveexperiencesinrealtime.Thisnotionofknowledgewillallowthedesignertoconsiderawidervarietyofinputswhiledesigninginteriorspaces,suchasperceptions,experiences,andconversations.3.4.EmergingParadigmsofSpacePeoplearefindingthemselveslivingandworkingverydifferentlythaneven5-10yearsago.Inthistechnologicallyanddigitallyenhancedworld,objectsaretransitory,spacescanbevirtualorphysical,whilecommunicationandinteractionsarevariedandchangingconstantly,allaffectingsocialandpoliticalnorms(Abrahamson,Meehan,&Samuel,1998;Dent,1998;Dholakia&Zwick,2003;Margolin&Buchanan,2000).Spacesarenolongerdesignedforonespecificuse,norasthedeterminantofaparticularsetofactivities.AsPoldmaandWesolkowska(2005)stateintheircomparisonoftheoldandnewparadigmsofliving/working:[T]hesubjectperceivesplaceasaprimarymodeofidentificationagainst“others”suchastheenvironment,peopleorworkprocesses.Peopleworkedintheoffice,livedathomeandenjoyedleisuretimeinthemovietheatre.Inthenewparadigmsoflivingandworking,bothexperiencesandtasksoverlaponeanotherconstantly....livedexperiencesoverlapandintersecttheboundariesofspaceandplace/time.Realitiesaredefinedinpracticeandpracticeisdefinedinspace,onethatcanbelocalorglobal,imaginedoractual,andwhichoftencutsacrossboundariesphysical/virtual.(Poldma&Wesolkowska,2005,p.56)Inthistypeofparadigm,theprocessofdesigningspacesneedstoworkwithawidersetofinputs.Interiordesignapproachesneedto“considerallthesenses,andhowthesesimultaneouslyexperiencevisualspaceandrespondtosensorycueswhileengagedinsocialhumancontact”(Poldma&Wesolkowska,2005,p.57).Theuserbecomes参考资料nword文档整理分享akeyorganicpartofthedesignprocess.Theiractivitiesdefinethespace.Intheageofmobilecommunication,wehavethusmovedfrom spatializedtime,wherethenatureoftheactivitieswaspredominantlygovernedbythestructuringlogicoftheplace(onereadsinalibrary,onestudiesinaclassroom,oneeatsinarestaurant,etc.)totemporalizedspace,wherethenatureoftheactivitiesofitsinhabitantsdefinetheplace(arestaurantbecomesaplayground,acoffeehousebecomesanelectronicmall,atrainbecomesaworkstation,etc.).(Dholakia&Zwick,2003,pp.11-12)People’sactivitiesandexperiencesareincreasinglydefiningwhatspacesareandhowspacesevolveinresponsetochangingactivitiesandexperiences.Designresearchersneedanapproachthatallowsthemtoharnessusers’subjectiveexperiencestowardsthecreationofnewspatialforms.Theproposedtheoreticalframeworkrespondstothisrequirement.Itopensupthedesignprocesstothesubjectiveandexperientialinputsofthevarioususersandstakeholders,basedontheirperceptions.Thisprocessofsharingbecomespartandparceloftheprocessoftransformationofthespaceduringitsuse.Thistheoreticalframeworkcanbeillustratedusingacasestudyexampletoshowhowresearchinformsdesignandhowdesigninformsresearch,bothdrivenbyusers’experiences.4.CaseStudy:InteriorDesignforanElderCareInstitutionAneldercareinstitutionwasdesignedforaparticularagingpopulation.Thedesignwascreatedusingthebestpracticesandknowledgesourcesavailable,havingbeenrenovatedabout2yearspriortothisstudy.However,somethingwasnotworking,becausetheheadnurseofthedementiaunitcalledmeandtoldmeabouthowtheresidentswerebeingbroughttothespaceandweretryingtoleaveit,therebyrejectingthespaceinthatunitthathadbeendesignedforthem.Boththeheadnurseandthestaffwereperplexed.Whilethespacewasbeautiful,clean,andappearedtosuititsintendedpurpose,somethingwasnotworking.Whenthestafftriedtobringthe参考资料nword文档整理分享residentstothedesignatedroomforspecificactivities,theypromptlybegantoleave,eventhoughmanywerewheelchairbound.IwasaskedtoinvestigatethereasonswhyandIpromptlysetouttocreatearesearchprojecttoanswerwhytheuserswererejectingtheseeminglybeautifulandfunctionalspacedesignedforthem.Usingevidence-basedproceduresthatweretheoreticallysupportedbyaconstructivistparadigm(Guba&Lincoln,1994;Rose,2001),theteamofresearchersproceededwithathree-phasestudy.Inthefirstphase,existingphysicalconditionswererecordedandtheperceptionofstaffandvolunteerswerecollected.Particularattentionwaspaidtotheusers--elderlyresidentswithdementia.Theunitprograms,activities,andfamilysocialsituationswerealsoassessed.Dialogueswerearrangedwithallthestakeholdersandusers.Usingacombinationofobservationandvisualqualitativedata,theissueswererecorded,verified,andanalyzed.Thedataconsistedofthephysicalcharacteristicsandspatialelements,aswellastheobservationsandnarrativesfromtheconversationstheresearchershadwithvariousstakeholders,includingusers,volunteers,nursingstaff,andfamiliesoftheresidents.Thedataweredocumentedandanalyzedusinginterpretiveanalyticmethodsthatprovidetrustworthinessthroughtriangulation(Clandinin&Connelly,2000;Creswell,1998;Rose,2001).Thisincludedananalysisoftheobservationsofthephysicalspace,responsesfromstakeholders,andactivitieswithinthespaces.Epistemologicallyboththeresearchanddesignprocessesareconsideredtobeconstructivistinessence(Creswell,1998;Vaikla-Poldma,2003).Thedesignresearcherssoughttounderstanduserperceptions,dynamicsocialactivities,andthespatialcapacitytosupportthesedifferentactivities,andidentifiedthemultiplecontextsthatwererevealed(Poldma,2006).Theissuesraisedbytheusersincludedalackofsocialspaceforfamilymemberstomeet,poorventilationandlightingaffectingthevisibilityandcomfortwithinthespace,andaninabilitytosensethespaceduetopoorcolorchoicefortheolderresidents,whodid参考资料nword文档整理分享not“see”thespaceasaplacewheretheywouldwanttobe.Thecorridorsfeltlikean“abyss”andthespaceitselfwascoldandinstitutionalinfeel.Anotherinterestingissueemergingfromthestakeholderswastheirdiverseperceptionsbothoftheuseofthespaceandoftheactivitiesthatmightunfold.Theperspectivesvariedwidelydependingonwhetheronewasaresident,volunteer,doctor,nurse,orcaregiver.Inthesecondphaseofthestudy,andoncerecommendationshavebeenmadeandacceptedbythestakeholders,minordesignrevisionswereproposedandthensomerenovationswerecarriedout.Therecommendationsincludedadjustmentsinlightingandspatialzoningtorectifytheproblemsidentifiedasleadingtotherejectionofspacesbytheresidents.Newspaceswerecreatedtoincorporatesocialprogramactivities,basedontherecommendationsbybothresearchersandcare-giversworkingtogether.Thethirdphaseofthestudyconsistedofre-evaluatingthesuccessofthechangesandtheresponsesofallthestakeholdersweredocumented.Overall,thechangesimprovedresponsesandsocialactivitiesthatsatisfiedthenursingstaff,residents,andfamiliesalike(Poldma,2006).Familiesweredelightedthattheywereabletosocializewiththeirlovedones,whilethestaffnoticedimprovementsintheresidents’abilitytonavigatethespaceswithreduceddependenceonthestafffortheirdailyactivities.Inallthethreephasesofthestudy,conversationsanddialoguescontributedtothemovementofthestudyfromevaluationtoimplementationofchangesandagaintoevaluationoftheideastoimprovethespace.ReferencesAbercrombie,S.(1990). Aphilosophyofinteriordesign.NewYork:Harper&Row.Abrahamson,V.,Meehan,M.,&Samuel,L.(1998). Thefutureain'twhatitusedtobe.NewYork:Riverhead/Penguin.Ainley,R.(Ed.).(1998). Newfrontiersofspace,bodiesandgender.London:Routledge.参考资料nword文档整理分享Amin,A.,&Cohendet,P.(2004). Architecturesofknowledge:Firms,capabilitiesandcommunities.Oxford,UK:OxfordUniversityPress.Ardener,S.(Ed.).(1981). Womenandspace:Groundrulesandsocialmaps.NewYork:StMartin's.Bachelard,G.(1969). Thepoeticsofspace.Boston:Beacon.Belenky,M.F.,Clinchy,B.M.,Goldberger,N.R.,&Tarule,J.M.(1997). Women'swaysofknowing:Thedevelopmentofself,voiceandmind.NewYork:Basic.Botti-Salitsky,R.M.(2009). Programmingandresearchskillsandtechniquesforinteriordesigners.NewYork:Fairchild.Clandinin,D.J.,&Connelly,F.M.(2000). Narrativeinquiry:Experienceandstoryinqualitativeresearch.SanFrancisco:Jossey-Bass. 参考资料nword文档整理分享将内部空间:通过设计研究,丰富主观经验狄儿波德玛工业设计学院,蒙特利尔大学C 6128,succursale中心城,蒙特利尔,魁北克H3T 1B9,加拿大摘要本文探讨的生活经验的隐性知识和在这种形式的知识中涉及的设计研究。据调查,室内设计师在了解用户的生活经验之后,然后再创建设计环境。本文认为,用户体验是一种知识形式,也是设计师是有用的依据的理论框架,提出了用户体验的性质和如何用在设计的过程中。生活体验研究语境中审美在主观的室内设计过程的功能方面的作用,它要求用户来表达他们的意义与需求。案例研究来说明这一过程的各个阶段。关键词:设计研究;经验知识;隐性知识;动态过程;实用主义哲学;室内空间1.景区简介在我们的日常生活中,我们生活的空间,是积极的,变化的,动态的。当设计师设计出各种类型的用途及室内空间设计的经验,他们认为这两个空间的审美素质和人们的经验之间的相互作用,在空间的感觉。然而,人的经验是主观的。这些都是在生活的时刻的,都在有意无意地,在相互作用空间中的空间和其他人。这涉及到知道的一种形式是“隐式的,自然的,日常的存在”而不是“蓄意的,正式的生态认知,思维和知识”(斯托克森,2010,第1节,第。2)。本文探讨了这些隐式形式的认识,并认为设计的可能性将摆脱他们。记录这些形式的认识,需要了解如何设计反映了审美与功能端,同时考虑到直接经验的用户(波德玛&汤普森,2009)。这需要怎样的日常经验的用户的生活世界影响主观意义的理解(舒斯特曼,1997;vaikla波德玛,2003;白,1998)。这里提出的理论框架链接的经验知识的用户直接交互的环境内认识到链路的动态性质。生活世界的经验作为设计环境的实际工作,他们打算使用基础所提出的理论框架,在基础上的自然哲学思想的生活经验和主观意义,涉及到的用户接受或拒绝一个空间的过程。这些想法是通过使用一个研究项目,观察住宅中的长期生活经验。该研究阐明了如何设计研究员和参与者之间的交流有助于在空间上的变化。2.室内空间设计2.1目前的研究参考资料nword文档整理分享目前,研究人员研究了室内空间的设计,他们倾向于关注或因果关系的人民和他们的环境或相互作用的材料性能和设计之间的空间。通常,环境行为理论的形式设计调查的基础上。该调查旨在了解人们使用的证据,将关系与其环境之间关系的(狄金森&马斯登,2009;波德玛&汤普森,2009;Zeisel,2006)。在这种形式的设计研究,设计人员演示了如何设计适当的空间可以生活在一个机构增加价值,如何安全的工作环境能增加生产力,或是环境行为关系的证据为基础的知识可以通知设计过程。这种类型的研究的例子包括使用问卷调查的统计数据收集环境如何影响人们的活动(博蒂salitsky,2009;迪肯森&马斯登,2009)。这种类型的研究通常是基于以实证的方式,旨在客观知识(古巴和林肯,1994)。研究人类行为的因果关系是一个先验假设的证实或证伪。这种方法的一个限制是,作为古巴与林肯说过,“[ H ]人类行为,不同的物理对象,不能被理解,没有参考意义和目的的人重视他们的活动”(古巴和林肯,1994,p.106)。正是这些意义正是这些意义和目的,隐性知识的形式包含。这样的意义和目的,通常是通过设计师和用户之间的叙述和对话的研究(克雷斯韦尔,1998;韦氏&Associates,2002;vaikla波德玛,2003)。2.2生活经验的作用人们开发附加到对象和环境的意义,这些艺术品,个人的东西,或者其他人在他们的生活(巴什拉,1969;Csikszentmihalyi和罗奇伯格哈尔顿,1981)。这些意义是通过在空间如家庭,办公室发生的相互作用,或娱乐场所;反过来,意义影响的看法和随后的相互作用(波德玛,1999,2008;vaikla波德玛,2003)。室内空间的设计需要采取上述意义的决策过程中的考虑。当设计的室内空间,设计师(或建筑师)直接与客户和用户将现有的(或想象中的)内部空间的转换。各种各样的知识进入在此过程中发挥。空间的技术方面的作用,如空气质量和材料特性,在设计上是公认的,但如何隐性方面形状的设计过程不理解。在实践中,在人与人之间的空间和经验往往形状设计如何演变的隐性方面。多经验和背景一起行动,变换空间为审美功能室内场所(vaikla波德玛,2003)。这些经验是内部和外部的用户,在使用空间的人把他们居住的地方和空间的意义,有助于社会通过人与人的关系(malnar和沃德瓦尔卡,1992;波德玛,2009)。2.3会话和意义的设计空间,无论是真实的还是虚拟的,触发各种经验。当设计的室内空间,我们专注于有形和无形的方面。我们专注于它的体积和物理特性;我们也专注于如何的空间形成的背景下,一套复杂的相互关系的人,物,环境,和生活经验。此外,这些相互关系随着时间的推移(malnar和沃德瓦尔卡,1992;米切尔,1993)。设计室内空间,也需要理解时所发生的空间经验的人,都是立足于自己的实际生活经验,都是主观的和社会。这些经验同时发生变化的物理条件,如照明,和不断变化的时空关系,比如当我们在家里工作,生活和工作在多个上下文,或“活在工作。”在这些当代的生活和工作的方式,物理空间是一个改变活动的背景下,不受限于任何特定的在任何特定的认知方式的状态(安利,1998;阿德纳,1981)。参考资料nword文档整理分享空间是在调查多个问题,包括用户的需求,设计的建筑环境,空间要求,适当的材料,颜色和照明,家具,社会需求,文化背景,然后将它所有的审美创造室内空间。空间有望支持活动和人类活动对发生在那里的。设计师与客户和用户的对话在设计过程中的各个阶段,部分有意义的信息收集,然后作出决定并生成空间的设计理念。美学和功能设计作出决定当场被设计师从事与利益相关者为他们定义空间应该占领和目的是什么(波德玛,2009;vaikla波德玛,2003)。服务发展的关系,设计师和用户之间就共同参与设计和生产工艺有(2003纳尔逊与stolterman,)。2.4静态和动态的空间室内空间一直被记录在理论上的物理属性,如对象,墙壁,术语照明,和颜色(malnar和沃德瓦尔卡,1992)。学生学习的内部空间作为建筑实体根植于物理属性是静态的和独立的功能的存在(波德玛和wesolkowska,2005)。因此,室内空间经常减少他们的物理属性,材料和表面装饰,静态空间,办公室,办公室,餐厅是餐厅。然而在实践中,空间,需要用一种灵活的方式在多个活动可以发生在同一个地方。设计师们经常被要求的设计空间动态的生活情况,不是静态的。要求一个更加动态的空间概念。3.提出的理论框架3.1超越因果解释从历史上看,对室内空间的因果理论认为,人类与环境的关系(霍尔,1969;郎,伯内特,摩利斯基,与瓦尚,1974;malnar和沃德瓦尔卡,1992)。影响包括斯金纳(1971),其行为思想其思想行为修正通过正强化应用设计的内饰通常在特定的设计元素,如形状、材料的选择。当人类与环境的关系是因果关系的性质,知识的索赔是从这些关系,测量组装。知识要求,当被认为是真实的,指导后续的设计思考。这似乎是设计的一个主流话语的一部分,称为循证设计。然而,这种方法的一个限制是,它是完全基于所谓的先验知识(阿明&科汉德,奥勃良,2004;2006),俯瞰主观经验所产生的内部空间。环境行为理论解释了因果,这些关系是坐落在本质上是静态的室内物理属性,人类与环境的关系。它认为,人感觉好或不好的照明,色彩系统,环境,或其他物理空间属性,如地板,天花板,自己完成,并在空间上相关的对象。这些内部属性”的行为,在用户和他们的拨款(或其他)的空间(狄金森&马斯登,2009;Zeisel,2006)。因此,根据这一理论,改变这些表面处理应“提高”的内部情况。参考资料nword文档整理分享因果关系的解释并不总是考虑到主观经验。内部空间的位置的审美价值和社会建设。主观经验,角色,地位,性别的影响,和其他个人层面的指导作用,同时在室内环境(还会,克林奇,戈德伯格,与tarule,1997;代码,1991)。例如,女性与男性不同的导航空间。同样的,文化的差异,实行不同的社会规则和层次结构,影响空间和地方社会结构(安利,1998;阿德纳,1981;罗斯柴尔德,2001;玫瑰,1999;西班牙,1992)。人们也意义的对象和他们所居住的空间。因此,在所提出的理论框架,主观经验和意义被认为是显着的元素。这些都不是捕获通常(不真实)使用经验实证主义的模式研究。3.2除了静态属性直到最近,为了合法化的专业室内设计师,一般往往更关心的是建筑专业实践,道德,和解决问题的务实性(阿伯克龙比,1990;希,2000;malnar和沃德瓦尔卡,1992)。当专业的设计师向客户和他们所需要的空间的用户,他们如何生活,并观察他们的情况,他们试图理解人们如何生活和工作,他们如何从事社会和个人活动能够提供支持和适当设计的空间。他们的设计空间的整合,他们在不断变化的情况下,他们很自然的动态。有些人生活在全球全天候信息社区,其他创业上的条纹的生活只是为了生存。不同的人会经历相同的空间为敌意或友谊,为虚拟或物理,或作为个人或社会需要的地方。很难降低这些经验编纂的统计数字,因为不同的主观的声音解释不同的生活方式,工作,或在不同的文化和社会。因此,在所提出的理论框架,空间不具有完全通过静态属性。空间被认为是社会互动的动态环境和产品。3.3在编纂的信息有了“知识减少信息的批评,”指的是一个有限的视野的知识:1.知识视野为从一个线性过程信息的积累导致简单的股票;2.假设任何形式的知识可以汇编法律;3.知识是有限的个人愿景;4.认为知识是有限的一些人的“拥有”(阿明&科汉德,2004,p.17)相比之下,通过经验知识和默契的来源将是基于什么是实时的经历。这种形式的知识所思考的范围内使用的设计,比如如何在人适当的空格。隐性知识等形式的生活经验,碰到了循证实证研究规范(斯托克森,2010)。在所提出的理论框架,采用扩展的知识观。在这个扩展的概念,设计相关的知识是不局限于汇编法律信息本身,而且还包括比较并结合实时的主观经验的影响。这个概念的知识将允许设计者在设计室内空间考虑一个更广泛的输入,如认知,经验,和对话。4.案例研究:养老机构的室内设计参考资料nword文档整理分享养老机构是为一个特定的人口老龄化。设计使用最佳实践和创建的知识来源,2年前已经翻新了这项研究。然而,东西是不工作,因为痴呆的护士长单位打电话给我,告诉我如何的居民被带到太空,试图离开它,从而拒绝的空间单元,为他们设计的。护士长和员工感到困惑。空间很漂亮,干净,似乎适合它的目的,不是工作的东西。当工作人员试图将居民到指定的特定活动的空间,他们立即开始离开,尽管许多轮椅绑定。我被要求调查原因并立即着手创建一个研究项目来回答为什么用户拒绝看似漂亮,功能空间设计。使用循证过程,理论上支持建构主义范式(Guba&林肯,1994;玫瑰,1994),三相的研究团队进行的研究。在第一阶段,现有的物理条件记录和收集的员工和志愿者的看法。很受重视的用户——老人痴呆。单位项目、活动和家庭社交场合也被评估。与所有的涉众和用户对话被安排。结合使用的观察和视觉定性数据,记录问题,验证,和分析。的数据包括物理特性和空间元素,以及观察和叙事的对话研究人员与各利益相关者,包括用户、志愿者、护理人员和家庭的居民。使用解释分析方法对数据进行记录和分析,通过三角测量提供可信度(Clandinin&康纳利,2000;他们是2000;玫瑰,2001)。这包括物理空间的观测数据的分析,从利益相关者响应,活动空间内。就认识论而言研究和设计过程被认为是建构主义在本质上(他们1998;Vaikla-Poldma,1998)。设计研究人员试图理解用户感知,动态的社会活动,和空间能力支持这些不同的活动,并确定了多个上下文显示(Poldma,2006)。用户提出的问题包括缺乏社会空间,家庭成员见面,通风不良和照明影响空间内的可见性和舒适性,并无法感觉空间由于贫穷的颜色选择年长的居民,没有“看到”的空间作为他们想要的地方。走廊感觉就像一个“深渊”和空间本身是冷和机构的感觉。另一个有趣的问题从涉众是各自不同的认知空间的使用和活动的展开。的观点差异很大取决于一个是居民志愿者医生,护士或护理。研究的第二阶段,一旦推荐了涉众接受的,次要的设计提出了修改,然后进行一些改造。建议包括调整照明和空间分区来纠正问题确定为导致空间的居民的排斥。创造了新的空间将社会计划活动,根据研究人员和看护者一起工作的建议。第三阶段的研究包括重新评估成功的变化和所有的利益相关者都记录的反应。总的来说,改善反应变化和社会满意的护理人员的活动,居民感到高兴,他们能够与亲人交往,而工作人员注意到改善居民的导航能力的空间减少依赖员工的日常活动。在所有三个阶段的研究中,对话和对话导致的运动研究评价实施变化和再评价的想法改善空间。引用Abercrombie,S.(1990). 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