英语语言学复习资料

英语语言学复习资料

英语语言学复习资料注:1.试题类型为选择题,填空题,语料分析题和问答题.2.未标习题的章节为一般了解.Chapter1LanguageandLinguistics:AnOverview1.1Whatislanguage?1.2Featuresofhumanlanguages　(i)Creativity(orproductivity)Productivityisthefirstandforemoststrikingfeatureofhumanlanguage._________isthefirstandforemoststrikingfeatureofhumanlanguage.A.DualityB.ArbitrarinessC.CreativityD.Displacement　(ii)Duality()Languagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofspeakingandtheotherofwriting.　(iii)Arbitrariness()TheSwisslinguistdeSaussureregardedthelinguisticsignascomposedofsoundimageandreferent.　(iv)Displacement()Modernlinguisticsisprescriptiveratherthandescriptive.()Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.　(v)Culturaltransmission　(vi)Interchangeability　(vii)Reflexivity1.3Functionsoflanguage　(i)Theideationalfunction　(ii)Theinterpersonalfunction　(iii)ThetextualfunctionWhichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtothelanguagemetafunctionsillustratedby9\nM.A.K.Halliday?A.IdeationalfunctionB.InterpersonalfunctionC．Textualfunction.D.Logicalfunction1.4Typesoflanguage()Chineseisanagglutinatinglanguage.1.5Themythoflanguage:languageorigin1.6Linguistics:thescientificstudyoflanguage　1.6.1Linguisticsasascience　1.6.2Branchesoflinguistics　　(i)Intra-disciplinarydivisions　　(ii)Inter-disciplinarydivisions　1.6.3FeaturesofmodernlinguisticsChapter2Phonetics:TheStudyofSpeechSounds2.1ThestudyofspeechsoundsThestudyofspeechsoundsiscalled________.A.PhoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.PhonologyD.AcousticPhonetics2.2Thesound-producingmechanism2.3Phonetictranscriptionofspeechsounds2.3.1Unitofrepresentation2.3.2Phoneticsymbols2.4DescriptionofEnglishconsonants2.5DescriptionofEnglishvowels()Notallvowelsarevoiced.2.6PhoneticfeaturesandnaturalclassesI.Writethephoneticsymbolthatcorrespondstothearticulatorydescription.(10%)Example:vowelfronthigh[i:]1．bilabialnasal9\n2．voicedlabiovelarglide3．literalliquid4．voicedbilabialstop5．fronthighlaxII.Transcribethesoundrepresentedbytheunderlinedletter(s)inthewordsandthendescribeit.(10%)Example:heat[i:]vowelfronthigh1．write2．actor3．city4．worry1．yesChapter3Phonology:TheStudyofSoundSystemsandPatterns3.1Thestudyofsoundsystemsandpatterns()ThestudyofspeechsoundsiscalledPhonology.3.2Phonemesandallophones3.3Discoveringphonemes　　3.3.1ContrastivedistributionSipandzip,tipanddip,mapandnap,etc,areall______.A.minimalpairsB.minimalsetsC.allophonesD.phomes　　3.3.2Complimentarydistribution()Thevoicelessbilabialstopinpinandtheoneinspinareincomplementarydistribution.Pronouncethewordskeyandcore,skiandscore,payingattentiontothephoneme/k/.Whatdifferencedoyounoticebetweenthefirstpairandthesecondpairintermsofthephoneticfeaturesofthevoicelessvelarstop?(10%)　　3.3.3FreeVariation()Ifsegmentsappearinthesamepositionbutthemutualsubstitutiondoesnotresultinchangeofmeaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.　　3.3.4Thediscoveryprocedure9\n3.4Distinctivefeaturesandnon-distinctivefeatures3.5Phonologicalrules3.6SyllablestructureEverysyllablehasa(n)_______,whichisusuallyavowel.A.onsetB.nucleusC.codaD.rhyme3.7Sequenceofphonemes3.8Featuresabovesegments　　3.8.1Stress　　3.8.2Intonation　　3.8.3Tone()Toneisthevariationofpitchtodistinguishutterancemeaning.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtosuprasegmentalfeatures?A.StressB.IntonationC.ToneD.Syllable　　3.8.4ThefunctioningofstressandintonationinEnglishI.Howwouldyoureadthephrasesinthetwocolumns?Whatdoeseachofthemmean?(10%)ColumnIColumnIIa.abluebirdabluebirdb.alighthousekeeperalighthousekeeperII.Explaintheambiguityofthefollowingsentences.(10%)1.Thosewhowenttherequicklymadeafortune.2.AwomanmurdererChapter4Morphology:TheStudyofWordStructure4.1Wordsandwordstructure1.________isdefinedasthestudyoftheinternalstructureandtheformationofwords.A.MorphologyB.SyntaxC.LexiconD.Morpheme4.2Morpheme:theminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage4.3Classificationofmorphemes4.3.1Freeandboundmorphemes9\n()Inthephrasesaherdofcattle,aflockofsheep,bothcattleandsheepcontainonlyonemorpheme.Inthephrasesaherdofcattle,aflockofsheep,bothcattleandsheepcontain_____morphemes.A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four4.3.2.Inflectionalandderivationalmorphemes4.4FormationofEnglishwords4.4.1Derivation4.4.2Compounding()Themeaningofcompoundsisalwaysthesumofmeaningofthecompounds.()Agreenbottleisatypeofbottle.()Compounding,thecombinationoffreemorphemes,isacommonwaytoformwords.4.4.3OthertypesofEnglishwordformationTelltheprocessofwordformationillustratedbytheexampleandfindasmanywordsasyoucanthatareformedinthesameway.(10%)a)flub)OPECc)Nobeld)televisee)better(v.)_____isaprocessthatputsanexistingwordofoneclassintoanotherclass.A.ClippingB.BlendingC.EponymD.ConversionChapter5Syntax:theAnalysisofSentenceStructure5.1Grammaticality5.2Knowledgeofsentencestructure5.3Differentapproachestosyntax5.4Transformational-generativegrammar　　5.4.1ThegoalofaTGgrammar9\n　　5.4.2Syntacticcategories　　5.4.3Phrasestructurerules　　5.4.4TreediagramsDrawtwotreediagramsofthefollowingambiguoussentence.(10%)PatfoundabookonWallStreet.　　5.4.5Recursionandtheinfinitudeoflanguage　　5.4.6Subcategorizationofthelexicon　　5.4.7Transformationalrules5.5Systemic-functionalgrammar　　5.5.1Twoperspectivesofsyntacticanalysis:chainandchoice　　5.5.2Thethreemetafunctions　　5.5.3Transitivity:syntacticstructureasrepresentationofexperience　　　　　Materialprocesses　　　　　Relationalprocesses　　　　　Mentalprocesses　　　　　Verbalprocesses　　　　　Behavioralprocesses　　　　　ExistentialprocessesIdentifythetypeoftransitivityprocessineachofthefollowingsentences.(10%)1.Johnwashedthecar.2.Johnlikesthecar.　　5.5.4Moodandmodality:syntacticstructureasrepresentationofinteraction　　5.5.5Themeandrheme:syntacticstructureasorganizationofmessageChapter6Semantics:theAnalysisofMeaning6.1Thestudyofmeaning6.2Referenceandsense　　6.2.1Reference　　6.2.2Sense9\n6.3ClassificationoflexicalmeaningsBothprettyandhandsomemeangood-lookingbuttheydifferin________meaning.A.collocativeB.socialC.affectiveD.reflected　　6.3.1Referentialmeaningandassociativemeaning　　6.3.2Typesofassociativemeaning6.4Lexicalsenserelations　　6.4.1Synonymy　　6.4.2Antonymy　　6.4.3Homonymy　　6.4.4Polysemy　　6.4.5HyponymyExplaintherelationbetweenbank1(thesideofariver)andbank2(thefinancialinstitute).(5%)6.5.Describinglexicalmeaning:componentialanalysis6.6Wordsandconcepts　　6.6.1Categorization　　6.6.2Prototypes　　6.6.3Hierarchies6.7SemanticrelationsofsentencesTellthesemanticrelationwithinthegivensentenceandthatbetweenthetwosentences.(15%)a)Myuncleismale.b)Thespinsterismarried.c)Jimisanorphan.Jimliveswithhisparents.d)SamisthehusbandofSally.SallyisthewifeofSam.e)HehasgonetoLondon.HehasgonetoEngland.6.8Metaphors9\n　　6.8.1Fromrhetoricaldevicetocognitivedevice　　6.8.2Thecomponentsofmetaphors　　6.8.3FeaturesofmetaphorsChapter7Pragmatics:AnalysisofMeaninginContext7.1Thepragmaticanalysisofmeaning7.2Deixisandreference7.3SpeechActsWhatarethethreedimensionsthataspeechactconsistsof?7.4CooperationandimplicatureWhatarethefourmaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple?7.5Thepolitenessprinciple7.6Theprincipleofrelevance7.7Conversationalstructure______referstohavingtherighttospeakbyturns.A．AdjacencypairsB.Turn-talkingC．PreferredsecondpartsD.InsertionsequencesChapter8LanguageinSocialContexts8.1SociolinguisticstudyoflanguageHowdosociolinguistsclassifythevarietiesofEnglish?8.2Varietiesofalanguage1.______isatermwidelyusedinsociolinguisticstoreferto“varietiesaccordingtouse.”A.RegisterB.FieldC.ModeD.Tenor2.BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishare______varietiesoftheEnglishlanguage.A.functionalB.socialC.regionalD.standard8.3Gradesofformality8.4Languagesincontact9\nHowdoyoudistinguishpidginfromCreole?8.5Taboosandeuphemisms8.6Languageandculture8.7.CommunicativecompetenceChapter9SecondLanguageAcquisition　9.1Whatissecondlanguageacquisition?In_____stage,childrenusesinglewordstorepresentvariousmeanings.A.telegraphicB.two-wordC.holophrasticD.babbling9.2FactorsaffectingSLA9.3Analyzinglearners'language_____istheapproximatelanguagesystemthatthelearnerconstructsforuseincommunicationthroughthetargetlanguage.A.MetalanguageB.InterlanguageC.SignD.Esperanto9.4ExplainingsecondlanguageacquisitionChapter10LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeaching10.1Foreignlanguageteachingasasystem10.2Contributionoflinguistics:applicationsandimplications10.3Linguisticunderpinningofsyllabusdesign10.4Methodasintegrationoftheoryandpractice10.5Linguisticsintheprofessionaldevelopmentoflanguageteachers9