英语语言学习题与答案

英语语言学习题与答案

-  Chapter1  IntroductionstoLinguisticsI.      Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.  Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman        __________A.contact    B.communication    C.relation      D.community2.  Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?      A.tree    B.typewriter      C.crash        D.bang3.  Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is  __________.    A.interrogative    B.directive    C.informative    D.performative4.    InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?    A.Interpersonal  B.Emotive    C.Performative    D.Recreational5.  Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?  A.Transferability  B.Duality    C.Displacement      D.Arbitrariness6.  Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?      —Aniceday,isn’tit?      —Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.    A.Emotive      B.Phatic    C.Performative    D.Interpersonal7.  __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’s  knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.      A.Performance  B.Competence    C.Langue      D.Parole8.      Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.  A.culturaltransmission  B.productivity  C.displacement    D.duality9.  __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.  A.Psycholinguistics  B.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics    D.Appliedlinguistics10.  __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.  A.Linguistictheory            B.Practicallinguistics  C.Appliedlinguistics            D.ComparativelinguisticsII.      Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.      Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12.      Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.13.      Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14.      Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15.      Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofany---\n-languagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16.      Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17.      F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18.      AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.19.      Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.20.      Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III.      Fillintheblanks.(10%)21.  Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.22.      Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.23.      Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.24.      Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.25.      Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.26.      Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27.      Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.28.      Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.29.      Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30.      LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.IV.      Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.      Designfeature32.      Displacement33.      Competence34.      SynchroniclinguisticsV.      Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.      Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南开大学，2004）36.      Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI.      Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.      Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青岛海洋大学，1999）---\n-Key:[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon’tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.–icywarmtea]I.1~5BACCC                          6~10BACACII.11~15FFTFF                          16~20FFFFFIII.21.verbal                                22.productivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction                24.yo-he-ho25.scientific                          26.descriptive27.speech                          28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue                          30.competenceIV.31.      Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32.      Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33.      Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34.      Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.35.      Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.      Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.---\n-37.      Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.Chapter2  SpeechSoundsI.      Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.      Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.      A.intonation  B.tone    C.pronunciation          D.voice2.      Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).      A.allophone      B.phone      C.phoneme      D.morpheme3.      Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.      A.analogues    B.tagmemes    C.morphemes    D.allophones4.      Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas    __________.      A.glottis      B.vocalcavity      C.pharynx          D.uvula5.      Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.      A.wide    B.closing  C.narrow        D.centering6.      Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.      A.minimalpairs      B.allomorphs  C.phones    D.allophones7.      Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?      A.Acousticphonetics        B.Articulatoryphonetics      C.Auditoryphonetics        D.Noneoftheabove8.      Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?      A.[n]      B.[m]        C.[b]          D.[p]9.      Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?      A.[i:]        B.[u]          C.[e]        D.[i]10.      Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?      A.Voiceless      B.Voiced    C.Glottalstop      D.ConsonantII.      Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.      Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12.      Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.13.      Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14.      [p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15.      Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16.      Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.---\n-17.      Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18.      Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19.      ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20.      Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III.      Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.      Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.22.      Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.23.      Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.24.      Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.25.      Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.26.      Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.27.      InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.28.      __________referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.29.      __________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.30.      Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.IV.      Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.      Soundassimilation32.      Suprasegmentalfeature33.      Complementarydistribution34.      DistinctivefeaturesV.      Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.      Whatisacousticphonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36.      Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南开大学，2004）VI.      Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.      Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.---\n-（青岛海洋大学，1999）      (1)      voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop      (2)      lowfrontvowel      (3)      lateralliquid      (4)      velarnasal      (5)      voicedinterdentalfricative答案I.1~5      ACDAA                          6~10DBABBII.11~15TTTFF                          16~20TTTFFIII.21.voiced,voiceless,voiced          22.friction23.tongue                          24.height25.obstruction                          26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs                          28.Co-articulation29.Phonemes                          30.airstreamIV.31.      Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32.      Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33.      Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34.      Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35.Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.      Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.VI.---\n-37.Omit.Chapter3LexiconI.      Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.      Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.      A.lexicalwords      B.grammaticalwords    C.functionwords        D.formwords2.      Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.      A.inflectional    B.free      C.bound        D.derivational3.      Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.      A.three      B.four        C.five        D.six4.      InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.      A.prefixes    B.suffixes    C.infixes          D.stems5.      Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.    A.derivationalaffix  B.inflectionalaffix    C.infix    D.back-formation6.      __________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.      A.affixation  B.back-formation      C.insertion      D.addition7.      ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.      A.acronymy      B.clipping    C.initialism      D.blending8.      Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.      A.blending    B.clipping    C.back-formation      D.acronymy9.      Thestemofdisagreementsis__________.      A.agreement    B.agree      C.disagree    D.disagreement10.      Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.      A.lexeme    B.phoneme    C.morpheme      D.allomorphII.      Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.      Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12.      Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13.      Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14.      Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15.      Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16.      Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17.      Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18.      Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19.      Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.---\n-20.      Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III.      Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.      An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean__________ispronouncedasaword.22.      Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.23.      Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:__________,__________and__________.24.      Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot__________.25.      Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.26.      __________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.27.      __________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.28.      Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.29.      Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.30.      Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.IV.      Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.      Blending32.      Allomorph33.      Closed-classword34.      MorphologicalruleV.      Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.      HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（厦门大学，2003）36.      WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?VI.      Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.      MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武汉大学，2004）          I                                II(1)      acronym                          a.      foe(2)      freemorpheme                b.      subconscious(3)      derivationalmorpheme          c.      UNESCO(4)      inflectionalmorpheme          d.      overwhelmed(5)      prefix                          e.      calculation---\n-Key:I.1~5      AACBB                          6~10BCADBII.11~15FTFTT                          16~20FTFFFIII.21.initialism,acronym                22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open          24.morpheme25.close,open                          26.back-formation27.conversion                          28.morpheme29.derivative,compound          30.affix,boundrootIV.31.      Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)32.      Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33.      Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34.      Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1)c          (2)a          (3)e          (4)d          (5)bChapter4  SyntaxI.    Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.  Thesentencestructureis________.    A.onlylinear                  B.onlyhierarchical    C.complex                    D.bothlinearandhierarchical2.  Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.    A.large    B.small      C.finite          D.infinite3.  The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.    A.lexical    B.morphological    C.linguistic  D.combinational4.  Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati¬calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.    A.right    B.wrong      C.grammatical          D.ungrammatical5.  A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.    A.coordinator  B.particle      C.preposition      D.subordinator6.  Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.---\n-    A.recursive    B.grammatical      C.social      D.functional7.  Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.    A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.    B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords    C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences    D.alloftheabove.8.  Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________.    A.thecity      B.Rome    C.city          D.thecityRome9.  Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction.    A.endocentric  B.exocentric  C.subordinate      D.coordinate10.  Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.”isa__________sentence.    A.simple    B.coordinate    C.compound      D.complexII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.12.  Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.13.  Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14.  Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.15.  Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.16.  InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.17.  InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.18.  Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.19.  Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.20.  Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.III.  Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.  A__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.22.  A__________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.23.  A__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.24.  Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsays---\n-somethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled__________.25.  A__________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.26.  Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledan__________clause.27.  Majorlexicalcategoriesare__________categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.28.  __________conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.29.  __________aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinoneway  oranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnatural      languages.30.  Thetheoryof__________conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.IV.  Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  Syntax32.  ICanalysis33.  Hierarchicalstructure34.  TracetheoryV.  Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.  Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?（武汉大学，2004）36.  Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.  DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:    Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.Key:I.1~5DCDDD                    6~10ADDBAII.11~15TTTTF                        16~20FTFTTIII.21.simple                        22.sentence23.subject                      24.predicate25.complex                        26.embedded  27.open                        28.Adjacency29.Parameters                  30.Case---\n-IV.31.  Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.32.  ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.33.  Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.34.  Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure.E.g.ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.V.35.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.36.    (1)more|beautifulflowers    (2)morebeautiful|flowersChapter5Meaning[Mainlytakenfromlxm1000w’sexercises.–icywarmtea]I.    Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.  Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.  A.Plato    B.Bloomfield      C.GeoffreyLeech      D.Firth2.  “Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.  A.theconceptualistview                      B.contexutalism  C.thenamingtheory                          D.behaviorism3.  WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?  A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.  B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.  C.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.  D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.  ---\n-4.  “CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”  A.issynonymouswith              B.isinconsistentwith    C.entails                          D.presupposes5.  ___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.  A.Predicationanalysis        B.Componentialanalysis    C.Phonemicanalysis        D.Grammaticalanalysis6.  “Alive”and“dead”are______________.  A.gradableantonyms                    B.relationalantonyms  C.complementaryantonyms                D.Noneoftheabove7.  _________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.  A.Reference      B.Concept      C.Semantics    D.Sense8.  ___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.  A.Polysemy    B.Synonymy  C.Homonymy      D.Hyponymy9.  Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.  A.homonyms    B.polysemies    C.hyponyms    D.synonyms10.  Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.  A.grammaticalrules      B.selectionalrestrictions  C.semanticrules        D.semanticfeaturesII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.  12.  Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.13.  Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.14.  Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.15.  Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.  16.  Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.  17.  Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.  18.  Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.19.  “Itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.  20.  Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.III.  Fillintheblanks.(20%)---\n-21.  __________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.22.  Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisno__________linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.23.  __________meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.24.  Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled__________.25.  Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalled__________.26.  __________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.27.  __________analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.28.  Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalled__________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.29.  A(n)__________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.30.  Accordingtothe__________theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalan¬guagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.IV.  Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  Entailment32.  Proposition33.  Componentialanalysis34.  ReferenceV.  Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.  Whatarethesenserelationsbetweenthefollowinggroupsofwords?      Dogs,cats,pets,parrots;trunk,branches,tree,roots（青岛海洋大学，1999）36.  Whatarethethreekindsofantonymy?（武汉大学，2004）VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.  Foreachgroupofwordsgivenbelow,statewhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesaresharedbythe(a)wordsandthe(b)words,andwhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesdistinguishbetweentheclassesof(a)wordsand(b)words.    (1)  a.    bachelor,man,son,paperboy,pope,chief          b.  bull,rooster,drake,ram    (2)  a.    table,stone,pencil,cup,house,ship,car          b.  milk,alcohol,rice,soup    (3)  a.    book,temple,mountain,road,tractor          b.  idea,love,charity,sincerity,bravery,fear（青岛海洋大学，1999）---\n-Key:I.1~5ABDDB                      6~10CACDAII.11~15FFTFT                    16~20TFTTTIII.21.Semantics                    22.direct23.Reference                    24.synonyms25.homophones                  26.Relational27.Componential                28.selectional29.argument                    30.namingIV.31.  Entailment:Itisbasicallyasemanticrelation(orlogicalimplication),anditcanbeclarifiedwiththefollowingsentences:    a.    TomdivorcedJane.    b.  JanewasTom’swife.    Intermsoftruthvalue,thefollowingrelationshipsexistbetweenthesetwosentences:whenAistrue,Bmustbealsotrue;whenBisfalse,Amustalsobefalse.WhenBistrue,Amaybetrueorfalse.ThereforewecansayAentailsB.32.  Proposition:Itistheresultoftheabstractionofsentences,whicharedescriptionsofstatesofaffairsandwhichsomewritersseeasabasicelementofsentencemeaning.Forexample,thetwosentences“CaesarinvadedGaul”and“GaulwasinvadedbyCaesar”holdthesameproposition.33.  Compositionalanalysis:Itdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents,orsemanticfeatures.Forexample,themeaningofthewordboymaybeanalyzedintothreecomponents:HUMAN,YOUNGandMALE.SimilarlygirlmaybeanalyzedintoHUMAN,YOUNGandFEMALE.34.  Reference:Itiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.V.35.    Hyponymy,metonymyorpart-wholerelationship36.    (Omit.)VI.37.    (1)  The(a)wordsand(b)wordsaremale.          The(a)wordsarehuman,whilethe(b)wordsarenon-human.    (2)  The(a)wordsand(b)wordsareinanimate.          The(a)wordsareinstrumental,whilethe(b)wordsareedible.    (3)  The(a)wordsand(b)wordsareworldlyorconceptual.          The(a)wordsarematerial,whilethe(b)wordsarespiritual.Chapter7Language,CultureandSociety---\n-[注：第六章无测试题]I.    Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.  _______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.  A.Psycholinguistics                  B.Sociolinguistics  C.Appliedlinguistics                  D.Generallinguistics2.  Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits__________.  A.useofwords                      B.useofstructures  C.accent                            D.morphemes3.  __________isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.  A.Regionalvariation              B.Languagevariation  C.Socialvariation                D.Registervariation4.  _______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.  A.Geographicalbarriers  B.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeech  C.Physicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochange  D.Socialbarriers5.  _________meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.  A.Languageinterference            B.Languagechanges  C.Languageplanning              D.Languagetransfer6.  _________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.  A.Regionalvariation            B.Changesinemotions  C.Variationinconnotations      D.Stylisticvariation7.  A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.  A.linguafranca                  B.register  C.Creole                      D.nationallanguage8.  Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.  A.vernacularlanguages    B.creoles              C.pidgins              D.sociolects9.  Innormalsituations,____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.  A.female;male        B.male;female    C.old;young          D.young;old10.  Alinguistic_______referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.  A.slang    B.euphemism      C.jargon      D.tabooII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)---\n-11.  Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.12.  Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.13.  Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm“speechvariety”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin.14.  Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.15.  Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.16.  Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.17.  Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.18.  Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.19.  Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.20.  Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.III.  Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeech__________.22.Speech__________referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.23.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethana__________varietyofalanguage.24.Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguage__________.25.Socialvariationgivesriseto__________whicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.26.__________variationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.27.Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationalor__________languageofacountry.28.Thestandardlanguageisa__________,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.29.Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,or__________languages.30.Apidgintypicallylacksin__________morphemes.IV.  Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  Linguafranca32.  Regionaldialect33.  Register34.  Sociolinguistics---\n-V.  Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.  IsAmericanEnglishsuperiortoAfricanEnglish?Whyorwhynot?（中国人民大学，2003）36.Ifwetakeitasrulethatlanguageisintimatelyrelatedtoculture,thenhowdothekinshipwords,suchasuncleandaunt,reflecttheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese?（东北师范大学，2004）VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Explainthedifferencesbetweenregistersandregional/socialdialects.Giveexamplesifnecessary.（东北师范大学，2005）答案I.1~5BCAAC                      6~10DACADII.11~15FTFFF                    16~20TFTFFIII.21.community                  22.variety23.dialectal                    24.planning25.sociolects                    26.Stylistic27.official                      28.superposed29.vernacular                  30.inflectionalIV.31.  Linguafranca:Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasacommonspeechforsocialcontactamonggroupsofpeoplewhospeaksdifferentnativelanguagesordialects.32.  Regionaldialect:Regionaldialect,alsosocialorclassdialect,isaspeechvarietyspokenbythemembersofaparticulargrouporstratumofaspeechcommunity.33.  Register:Register,alsosituationaldialect,referstothelanguagevarietyappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituationsonwhichdegreesofformalitydepends.34.  Sociolinguistics:Definedinitsbroadestway,sociolinguistics,asubdisciplineoflinguistics,isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.Itisconcernedwithlanguagevariation,languageuse,theimpactofextra-linguisticfactorsonlanguageuse,etc.V.35.AmericanEnglishisnotsuperiortoAfricanEnglish.AsdifferentbranchesofEnglish,AfricanEnglishandAmericanEnglishareequal.Similarastheyare,theyareinfluencedbytheirrespectiveculturalcontextandthusformrespectivesystemsofpronunciation,wordsandevengrammar.36.      InChina,Chinesehasamorestrictandcomplexrelationshipsystem.SoinChinesetherearealotmorekinshipwordsthaninEnglish.VI.37.    (Omit.)---\n-Chapter8LanguageinUseI.    Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.  Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.  A.reference      B.speechact    C.practicalusage      D.context2.  Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.  A.pragmatic    B.grammatical      C.mental    D.conceptual3.  Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________.  A.constative    B.directive    C.utterance      D.expressive4.  Whichofthefollowingistrue?  A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.  B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.  C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.  D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.5.  Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.  A.inthelate50’softhe20thecentury      B.intheearly1950’s    C.inthelate1960’s                    D.intheearly21stcentury6.  __________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.  A.Alocutionaryact                        B.Anillocutionaryact  C.Aperlocutionaryact                    D.Aperformativeact7.  AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.  A.togetthehearertodosomething  B.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecase  C.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction  D.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs8.  Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.  A.intheirillocutionaryacts      B.intheirintentionsexpressed  C.intheirstrengthorforce      D.intheireffectbroughtabout9.  __________isadvancedbyPaulGrice  A.CooperativePrinciple                    B.PolitenessPrinciple  C.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammar    D.AdjacencyPrinciple10.  Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.    A.impoliteness              B.contradictions    C.mutualunderstanding      D.conversationalimplicaturesII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.---\n-12.  Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.13.  Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.14.  Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.15.  Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.16.  Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.17.  Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences18.  SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.19.  Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.20.  Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.III.  Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.  Thenotionof__________isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.22.  Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesan__________.23.  Themeaningofasentenceis__________,anddecontexualized.24.  __________werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.25.  __________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.26.  A(n)__________actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.27.  A(n)__________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.28.  A(n)_________iscommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.29.  A(n)________istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.30.  Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximof__________,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.  IV.  Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  Conversationalimplicature32.  Performative33.  Locutionaryact34.  Q-principle(Horn)V.  Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.  Explainthefollowingremarkswithexamplesormakesomecomments.“Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsareconcernedwithmeaning,butthedifferencebetweenthemcanbetracedtotwodifferentusesoftheverbmean:(a)WhatdoesXmean?(b)WhatdidyoumeanbyX?”（东北师范大学，2006）---\n-36.  DoyouthinkBiscooperativeinthefollowingdialogue?SupportyourargumentwithCooperativePrinciple.（南开大学，2004）    A:Whenisthebuscoming?    B:Therehasbeenanaccidentfurtheruptheroad.VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.  Whatisthefunctionofcontextincommunication?Trytoexplainthefollowingutterancesratherthanjuststatefacts.    (1)  Theroomismessy.    (2)  Itwouldbegoodifshehadagreenskirton.Key:I.1~5  DBCBA                    6~10CBCADII.11~15FTTFF                    16~20FFFTTIII.21.context                    22.utterance  23.abstract                      24.Constatives25.Performatives              26.locutionary  27.illocutionary                28.commissive  29.expressive                  30.quantityIV.31.  Conversationalimplicature:Inourdailylife,speakersandlistenersinvolvedinconversationaregenerallycooperatingwitheachother.Inotherwords,whenpeoplearetalkingwitheachother,theymusttrytoconversesmoothlyandsuccessfully.Inacceptingspeakers’presuppositions,listenershavetoassumethataspeakerisnottryingtomisleadthem.Thissenseofcooperationissimplyoneinwhichpeoplehavingaconversationarenotnormallyassumedtobetryingtoconfuse,trick,orwithholdrelevantinformationfromoneanother.However,inrealcommunication,theintentionofthespeakerisoftennottheliteralmeaningofwhatheorshesays.Therealintentionimpliedinthewordsiscalledconversationalimplicature.32.  Performative:Inspeechacttheoryanutterancewhichperformsanact,suchasWatchout(=awarning).33.  Locutionaryact:Alocutionaryactisthesayingofsomethingwhichismeaningfulandcanbeunderstood.34.  Horn’sQ-principle:(1)Makeyourcontributionsufficient(cf.quantity);(2)Sayasmuchasyoucan(givenR).V.35.  Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication,particularlytherelationshipsbetweensentencesandthecontextsandsituationsinwhichtheyareused.Pragmaticsincludesthestudyof    (1)  Howtheinterpretationanduseofutterancesdependsonknowledgeoftherealworld;---\n-    (2)  Howspeakersuseandunderstandspeechacts;(3)  Howthestructureofsentencesisinfluencedbytherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.    Pragmaticsissometimescontrastedwithsemantics,whichdealswithmeaningwithoutreferencetotheusersandcommunicativefunctionsofsentences.36.  Yes,Biscooperative.Onthefaceofit,B’sstatementisnotananswertoA’squestion.Bdoesn’tsay“when.”However,Awillimmediatelyinterpretthestatementasmeaning“Idon’tknow”or“Iamnotsure.”JustassumethatBisbeing“relevant”and“informative.”GiventhatB’sanswercontainsrelevantinformation,Acanworkoutthat“anaccidentfurtheruptheroad”conventionallyinvolves“trafficjam,”and“trafficjam”preludes“buscoming.”Thus,B’sanswerisnotsimplyastatementof“whenthebuscomes”;itcontainsanimplicatureconcerning“whenthebuscomes.”VI.37.    Itoccursbeforeand/orafteraword,aphraseorevenalongerutteranceoratext.Thecontextoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.    Thecontextmayalsobethebroadersocialsituationinwhichalinguisticitemisused.    (1)  a.    Amildcriticismofsomeonewhoshouldhavecleanedtheroom.          b.  Inalanguageclasswhereastudentmadeamistake,forheintendedtosay“tidy.”          c.  Theroomwaswantedforameeting.(2)  a.    Amildwaytoexpressdisagreementwithsomeonewhohascomplimentedonalady’sappearance.b.  Aregretthatthecustomerhadnottakenthedress.c.  Thatsheworearedshirtwasnotinagreementwiththecustomontheoccasion.Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics【注：第九、十、十一章无测试题】I.    Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.  Thepersonwhoisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”is__________..    A.Firth    B.Saussure      C.Halliday        D.Chomsky2.  ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof__________.    A.function    B.meaning      C.signs        D.system3.  TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsis__________.    A.Boas      B.Sapir      C.Bloomfield      D.Harris4.  Generallyspeaking,the__________specifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure.    A.Slot      B.Class    C.Role        D.Cohesion5.  __________Grammaristhemostwidespreadandthebestunderstoodmethodofdiscussing---\n-Indo-Europeanlanguages.    A.Traditional    B.Structural    C.Functional    D.Generative6.  __________GrammarstartedfromtheAmericanlinguistSydneyM.Lambinthelate1950sandtheearly1960s.    A.Stratificational    B.Case    C.Relational    D.Montague7.  InHalliday’sview,the__________functionisthefunctionthatthechildusestoknowabouthissurroundings.    A.personal    B.heuristic      C.imaginative  D.informative8.  Therhemeinthesentence“OnitstoodJane”is__________.    A.Onit    B.stood    C.Onitstood      D.Jane9.  Chomskyfollows__________inphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.    A.empiricism    B.behaviorism    C.relationalism    D.mentalism10.  TGgrammarhasseen__________stagesofdevelopment.    A.three      B.four        C.five            D.sixII.  Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.  FollowingSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,Trubetzkoyarguedthatphoneticsbelongedtolanguewhereasphonologybelongedtoparole.12.  Thesubject-predicatedistinctionisthesameasthethemeandrhemecontrast.13.  LondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.14.  AccordingtoFirth,asystemisasetofmutuallyexclusiveoptionsthatcomeintoplayatsomepointinalinguisticstructure.15.  AmericanStructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.16.  TheStandardTheoryfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar.17.  Americandescriptivelinguisticsisempiricistandfocusesondiversitiesoflanguages.18.  Chomsky’sconceptoflinguisticperformanceissimilartoSaussure’sconceptofparole,whilehisuseoflinguisticcompetenceissomewhatdifferentfromSaussure’slangue.19.  Glossematicsemphasizesthenatureandstatusoflinguistictheoryanditsrelationtodescription.20.  Iftwosentenceshaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theywouldbethesameintermsoftextualcoherence.III.  Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.  ThePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleof__________Linguistics.22.  ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetween__________andphonology.23.  ThemanwhoturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwas__________.24.  Halliday’sSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent,andthetheorybehindhisFunctionalGrammaris__________.25.  Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisa(n)__________orientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.---\n-26.  Structuralismisbasedontheassumptionthatgrammaticalcategoriesshouldbedefinednotintermsofmeaningbutintermsof__________.27.  InthehistoryofAmericanlinguistics,theperiodbetween1933and1950isalsoknownas__________Age.28.  __________inlanguagetheoriesischaracteristicofAmerica.29.  ThestartingpointofChomsky’sTGgrammarishis__________hypothesis.30.  ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements,thatisa__________,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.IV.  Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.  FSP32.  Cohesion33.  LAD34.  CaseGrammarV.  Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.  WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?36.  Whatisbehaviorism?Whatisbehaviorisminlinguistics?WhatistherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandbehaviorismaccordingtoBloomfield?Doesbehaviorismhaveanylimitations?Ifyes,whatarethey?VI.  Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.  Canyoumakeabriefintroductiontosomeimportantschoolsandtheirinfluentialrepresentativesinmodernlinguistics?Key:I.1~5BACAA                      6~10ABDCCII.11~15FFTTF                    16~20FTTTFIII.21.synchronic                        22.phonetics23.J.R.Firth                    24.systemic25.sociologically                26.distribution27.Bloomfieldian                28.Descriptivism29.innateness                    30.hypothesis-makerIV.31.  FSP:ItstandsforFunctionalSentencePerspective.Itisatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhich---\n-referstoananalysisofutterances(ortexts)intermsoftheinformationtheycontain.32.  Cohesion:TheCohesionshowswhetheracertaintagmemeisdominatingothertagmemesorisdominatedbyothers.33.  LAD:LAD,thatisLanguageAcquisitionDevice,ispositedbyChomskyinthe1960sasadeviceeffectivelypresentinthemindsofchildrenbywhichagrammaroftheirnativelanguageisconstructed.34.  CaseGrammar:Itisanapproachthatstressestherelationshipofelementsinasentence.ItisatypeofgenerativegrammardevelopedbyC.J.Fillmoreinthelate1960s.V.VI.Ommit---