语言学第2章习题

语言学第2章习题

Chapter2：Phonology          I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.    VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish. 2.    Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution. 3.    Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning. 4.    EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot. 5.    Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting. 6.    Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed. 7.    Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph. 8.    Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest. 9.    Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing. 10. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest. 11. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar. 12. Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels. 13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels. 14. Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme. 15. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning. 16. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories. 17. Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning. 18. Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast. 19. Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific. 20. Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemic7\nsegments.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21．     A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds. 22．     A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer. 23． Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds. 24．Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother. 25．     Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation. 26．     Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________. 27．     S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc. 28．     Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds ____rules. 29．     Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription. 30．     Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________. 31．     P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication. 32．     Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity. 33．     T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes. 34．     Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands_________stress.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:7\n35．Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.A.mouth B.lips C.tongue D.vocalcords 36．Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.   A.voiceless          B.voiced   C.vowel            D.consonantal37．__________isavoicedalveolarstop.       A./z/             B./d/     C./k/             D./b/ 38．     Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.     A.identical              B.same       C.exactlyalike           D.similar 39．     Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.    A.inphonemiccontrast     B.incomplementarydistribution      C.theallophones          D.minimalpair 40．     Thesound/f/is_________________. A.voicedpalatalaffricate      B.voicedalveolarstop C.voicelessvelarfricative      D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative 41. A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.     A.back            B.centralC.front            D.middle 42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________. A.phoneticcomponents       B.immediateconstituents      C.suprasegmentalfeatures      D.semanticfeatures 7\n43.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue. Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.    A.phone            B.sound      C.allophone           D.phoneme 44．Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.  A.phones          B.sounds  C.phonemes         D.allophones SuggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercisesI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:l.T  2.F  3.F  4.F  5.T  6.T  7.F 8.F  9.T  10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 20.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24.tongue 25.place26.stop  27.Suprasegmental 28.sequential29.narrow30.intonation31.Phonology 32.oral 33.Tone 34.sentenceIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:35.C  36.A  37.B  38.D  39.A  40.D  41.C  42.C  43.D44.DIV.Definethetermsbelow:45.phonology        46.phoneme     47.allophone 48.internationalphoneticalphabet   49.intonation        50.phonetics     51.auditoryphonetics52.acousticphonetics    53.phone       54.phonemiccontrast     55.tone          56.minimalpairV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:57. Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?7\n59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?60. Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.61. Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot?SuggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercisesIV.Definethetermsbelow:45.phonology:Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.46.phoneme:Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.47.allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.48.internationalphoneticalphabet:Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription. 49.intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.50.phonetics:Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages51.auditoryphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.52.acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.53.phone:Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.54.phonemiccontrast:Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.55.tone:Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.56.minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:57. Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?1) Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.7\n2) Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.3) Speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlateratschool.58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?1)   Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,centralandbackintermsofthepositionofthetongueinthemouth.2)   Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,andopenvowels.3)   Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.4)   TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowelsaccordingtothelengthofthesound.59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?  Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.60. Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.1)   ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchas`importandim`port.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompounds,isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementandthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,forexample:`blackbirdisaparticularkindofbird,whichisnotnecessarilyblack,butablack`birdisabirdthatisblack.2)   Themoreimportantwordssuchasnouns,verbsadjectives,adverbs,etcarepronouncedwithgreaterforceandmademoreprominent.Buttogivespecialemphasistoacertainnotion,awordinsentencethatisusuallyunstressedcanbestressedtoachievedifferenteffect.Takethesentence“Heisdrivingmycar.” forexample.Toemphasizethefactthatthecarheisdrivingisnothis,oryours,butmine,thespeakercanstressthepossessivepronounmy,whichundernormalcircumstancesisnotstressed.3)   Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation,knownasthefourtones:Whenspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.Generallyspeaking,thefallingtoneindicatesthatwhatissaidisastraight-forward,matter-of-factstatement,therisingtoneoftenmakesaquestionofwhatissaid,andthefall-risetoneoftenindicatesthatthereisanimpliedmessageinwhatissaid.61. Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot?Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsina7\nchangeofmeaning.Ifitdoes,thetwosoundsthenrepresentdifferentphonemes.7