试卷《科目：语言学导论》2

试卷《科目：语言学导论》2

XXXXXXXXXXXX堞XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX四川外语学院重庆南方翻译学院2010-2011学年第1学期2007级《语言学导论》期末考试试卷（B卷）考试方式：闭卷考试时间:100分钟二级学院：专业：班级：学号：姓名：LCarefullyreadeachofthefollowingstatements,decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesisbestandputtheletterA,B,C,orDintheAnswerSheet.(25points)1.“Wecandothingswithwords55isthemainideaofA•A.thespeechacttheoryB.thecooperativeprincipleC・pragmaticsD・languageacquisition2.IfastudyfocusesonShakespeareanlanguage,itis_Bstudy.A.diachronicB・synchronicC・systematicD.pragmatic3.Thewell-knownformula:Stt…s—Rwasputforwardby_A.A.BloomfieldB.FirthC.ChomskyD.Saussure4.Tom:Thanksforyourhelp・LiMing:No,don'tthank.LiMingusimproperresponseisattributedto_DfromChinese.A.ovcrgcncralizationB.fossilizationC.positivetransferD.negativetransfer5.Insemanticstudies,Breferstotheinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.A.referenceB・senseC.synonymD.homonymy6.AccordingtoKrashcn,_Dreferstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations・A.leaningB・competenceC・perfonnanceD.acquisition7.Whichofthefollowingwordcontainstwo-placepredicates?C\nA.dieB.elephantC・forgetD.cat&WhatisthefullnameofLAD?DA.LanguageAssociativeDistrictC・LanguageAssociativeDeviceB.LanguageAcquisitionDistrictD.LanguageAcquisitionDevice9.SpeechacttheorywasoriginallyproposedbyA・A.AustinB.SearleC.ChomskyD.Richard10.ZhangTao,anEnglishlearner,haslearnedthatadding"ecTtotheendofaverbistheruleforregularpasttenseformationandsohesays:“MywifegoedtoBeijing：ZhangTao'smistakeisattributedtoD・A・fossilizationB.negativetransferC.positivetransferD.overgeneralization11.WhichofthefollowingmeaningsisnotatermofGeoffreyLeech?CA.ConceptualmeaningB.SocialmeaningC・LexicalmeaningD.Thematicmeaning12.Whichofthefollowingisnotthefocusofpragmatics?CA.contextualmeaningB.utterancemeaningC.metaphoricalmeaningD.speakermeaning13・Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedby_BA.WilliamJamesB.NoamChomskyC.JohnSearleD.PaulGrice14."IcanrefertoConfuciuseventhoughhewasdead2,000yearsago?"Thisshowsthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureof_D.A.arbitrarinessB.creativityC.dualityD.displacement15.ThelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplaceiscommonlytermedtheD・A.phrasestructureB・surfacestructureC.syntacticstructureD・deepstructure16.TheutterancenWe*realreadyworking25hoursaday,eightdaysaweek；\nA・qualityB・quantityC・relationD.manner17・OnewaytoanalyzelexicalmeaningisC_.A.predicationanalysisB.stylisticanalysisC・componentialanalysisD.propositionanalysis1&Ofthethreespeechacts,linguistsaremostinterestedinthe_Bbecausethiskindofspeechactisidenticalwiththespeaker'sintention.A.locutionaryactB.illocutionaryactC.perlocutionaryactD.constativeact19.Abilingualspeakeroftenusestwolanguagesalternativelyduringaconversationwithanotherbilingualspeaker,aspeechsituationknownas_D.A.discourserolc-switchingC・socialrole-switchingB.activityrolc-switchingD・code-switching20.Chomskyusestheterm_Dtorefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.A.langueB.competenceC・paroleD.performance21・Transformational-GenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby_Cin1957・A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussurcC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday22.4€Sweetsnand"candy”areusedrespectivelyinBritaininandAmerica,butrefertothesamething.ThewordsareBsynonyms.A.collocativeB.dialectalC.completeD・stylistic23・“Howfastdidhedrivewhenherantheredlight?"_C“Herantheredlightn.A.entailsB.contradictsC.presupposesD.includes24.Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesmeaningoflanguageincontextiscalled_c.A・semanticsB.sociolinguisticsC・pragmaticsD・psycholinguistics25.Thesuperordinatetermofthegroupofwords"love,anger,happiness,sadness,fear^isDA.fearB・angerC・loveD.emotion\nII.Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(10points)(F)1.Languagecanbestudiedbothsynchronicallyanddiachronically・Thetwoapproachescanequallyfavoredbymodernlinguists・(F)2.Aregionalvarietyofalanguageisintrinsicallyinferiortothestandardvarietyofthatlanguage.(F)3.Itisgenerallybelievedthatfirstlanguageislearned,whileasecondlanguageisacquired・(F)4.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshavethesamesense・(T)5.Languagereflectssexisminsociety.Languageitselfisnotsexist,justasitisnotobscene;butitcanconnotesexistattitudesaswellasattitudesaboutsocialtaboosorracism・(F)6.Sincelanguageisarbitrary,learnersofaforeignlanguageshouldpaymoreattentiontothearbitrarinessinsteadoftheconventionalityofthetargetlanguage.(T)7.Sociolinguistsareinterestedin"tennsofaddress^becausetheyoffersomesocio-culturalinformationaboutthetypeofrelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehcarcr.(F)8.Inmodemlinguisticstudies,thewrittenfbrmoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthespokenformforanumberofreasons.(T)9.Creoleisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunities.(T)10.ThesignificanceofGrice\CooperativePrincipleliesinthatitexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconveymorethanisliterallysaid.III.Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(15points)1.NegativetransferNegativetransferiscommonlyknownasinterferencebecauseitwouldleadtodifficultiesorerrorsinsecondlanguagelearning・Forexample,Chinesestudents,duetotheinterferenceoftheirmothertongue,oftenmakemistakeslike"Although・・・but.・・'；uHecometomorrow.^and“Inotwantgo：2.LanguageacquisitionLanguageacquisitionreferstochildren'sdevelopmentoftheirfirstlanguage,thatis,thenativelanguageofthecommunityinwhichachildhasbeenbroughtup.Forexample,theacquisitionofChineseinChinaandtheacquisitionofBritishEnglishinEngland.3.Language\nLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication・1.TabooTaboo,orratherlinguistictaboo,referstoanobscene,profane,orswearwordorexpressionthatisprohibitedfromgeneralusebytheeducatedand“polite"society.Forexample,fuck,breast,shit,etc.2.ContextContextisregardedasconstitutedbyallkindsofknowledgeassumedtobesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,Forexample,theknowledgeofthelanguageusedandtheknowledgeoftheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.II.Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtowhatyou^velearnedinlinguistics.1.Statebrieflyyourunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenthetermacquisitionandthetermlearninginlanguageacquisitionstudy?ThedistinctionbetweenacquisitionandlearningwasproposedbytheAmericanSLAscholarStephenKrashenontheassumptionthattheyaredifferentprocesses.Acquisitionreferstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.Learning,however,isdefinedasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.Itisrecognizedthatchildrenacquiretheirnativelanguagewithoutexplicitlearning,whileasecondlanguageismorecommonlylearnedbuttosomedegreemayalsobeacquired,dependingontheenvironmentalsettingandtheinputreceivedbytheL2learner.Arulecanbelearnedbeforeitisinternalized(i.e・acquired),buthavinglearnedaruledoesnotnecessarilyprecludedhavingtoacquireitlate匚2.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple?Pleasegiveexamplestoshowhowthefloutingofthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicaturc(giveatleasttwoexamples,eachfloutingadifferentmaxim)Thefourmaximsofthecooperativeprinciplearemaximofquantity,maximofquality,maximofmannerandmaximofrelation.Example1A:Thehostessisanawfiilbore・Don'tyouthink?B:Therosesinthegardenarebeautiful,aren'tthey?ThisissaidwhenitisknowntobothAandBthatitisentirelypossibleforBtomakeacommentonthehostess.ThusBissayingsomethingirrelevanttowhatAhasjustsaid,andfloutingthemaximofrelation.TheimplicaturcproducedisTdorTtwishtotalkaboutthehostessinsuchamdemanner/5\nExample2A:Shallwegetsomethingforthekids”B:Yes.ButIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.ThisissaidwhenitisknowntobothAandBthatBhasnodifficultyinpronouncingtheword"icc・crcam"・ThusBhasfloutedthemaximofmanner.TheimplicaturcproducedisTdon'twantthekidstoknowwearetalkingaboutice-cream.M