语言学第5章练习

语言学第5章练习

Chapter5Semantics1.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?答：(1)ThenamingtheoryproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.(2)Theconceptualistviewhasbeenheldbysomephilosophersandlinguistsfromancienttimes.Thisviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.,betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.(3)Thecontextualistviewheldthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavioui\TherepresentativeofthisapproachwasJ.R.Firth,famousBritishlinguist.(4)Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe"situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer."Thistheory,somewhatclosetocontextualism,islinkedwithpsychologicalinterest.2.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?答：Themajortypesofsynonymsaredialectalsynonyms,stylisticsynonyms,emotiveorevaluativesynonyms,collocationalsynonyms,and\nsemanticallydifferentsynonyms.Examples(略)1.Explainwithexamples“homonymy”,“polysemy",and“hyponymy"・答：(1)Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones.Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs・Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms(2)Whiledifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Thisiswhatwecallpolysemy,andsuchawordiscalledapolysemicword.TherearemanypolysemicwordsinEnglish,Thefactisthemorecommonlyusedawordis,themorelikelyithasacquiredmorethanonemeaning.(3)Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms・Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponymstoeachothe匚Hyponymyisarelationofinclusion;intermsofmeaning,thesuperordinateincludesallitshyponyms・\nExamples(略)\n1.Howcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassified?Towhichcategorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong?north/southvacant/occupiedliterate/illiterateabove/belowdoctor/patientwide/narrowpoor/richfather/daughter答：Theycanbegradableantonyms,complementaryantonymsandrelationaloppositeGradableantonyms:wide/narrowpoor/richComplementaryantonyms:vacant/occupiedliterate/illiterateRelationalopposite:north/south,doctor/patient,father/daughter,above/below2.Identifytherelationsbetweenthefollowingpairsofsentences:Tom'swifeispregnant.Tomhasawife.Mysisterwillsoonbedivorced1Mysisterisamarriedwoman.Helikesseafood,Helikescrabs.答:“Tom'swifeispregnantTheyaregoingtohaveanotherbabyTheyhaveachild・presupposes“Tomhasawife.”“Mysisterwillsoonbedivorced^presupposes“Mysisterisamarriedwoman："Helikesseafood^isentailedby"Helikescrabs?9"Theyaregoingtohaveanotherbaby”presupposes“Theyhaveachild/'3.Inwhatwayiscomponentialanalysissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures?答:Theybothbaseonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbe\ndissectedintomeaningcomponents・1.Whatisgrammaticality?Whatmightmakeagrammaticallymeaningfulsentencesemanticallymeaningless?答:Grammaticalityreferstothegrammaticalwell-formednessofasentence・Theviolationoftheselectionalrestrictions,i.e.,constrainsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers,mightmakeagrammaticallymeaningless.2.Trytoanalyzethefollowingsentencesintermsofpredicationanalysis:Themansellsice-cream.Isthebabysleeping?Itissnowing・Thetreegrowswell.答：Themansellsice-cream.MAN,ICE-CREAM(SELL)Isthebabysleeping?BABY(SLEEP)Itissnowing.(SNOW)Thetreegrowswell.TREE(GROW)