语言学第6章习题

语言学第6章习题

SupplementaryExercisesI. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1. Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication2. Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.3. Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.4. Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.5. Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.6. Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.7. Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.8. Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences9. SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.10.  Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.11.  Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.12.  Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention. II.   Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:13. P_________isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.14.  Whatessentiallydistinguishess_______andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.15.  Thenotionofc_________isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.16.  Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanu___________.17.  Themeaningofasentenceisa_______,anddecontexualized.18.  C________werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.19.  P________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.20.  Al_________actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.21.  Ani__________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.22.  Ac_________iscommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.23.  Ane________istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.8\n24.  Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximofq_______,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner. III. Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:25._________doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext. A.Pragmatics        B.Semantics C.Senserelation       D.Concept26.Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething_______intraditionalsemantics. A.contextual         B.behaviouristic C.intrinsic          D.logical27.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________ isconsidered. A.reference          B.speechact C.practicalusage        D.context28.Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.  A.pragmatic          B.grammatical  C.mental           D.conceptual29.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________. A.constative          B.directive C.utterance          D.expressive30. Whichofthefollowingistrue?  A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.  B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.  C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.  D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.31.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.  A.inthelate50’softhe20thecentury  B.intheearly1950’s  C.inthelate1960’s  D.intheearly21stcentury.32.__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance. A.Alocutionaryact       B.Anillocutionaryact C.Aperlocutionaryact      D.Aperformativeact8\n33.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.  A.togetthehearertodosomething  B.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecase  C.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction  D.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs.34.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.  A.intheirillocutionaryacts.  B.intheirintentionsexpressed  C.intheirstrengthorforce  D.intheireffectbroughtabout35.__________isadvancedbyPaulGrice A.CooperativePrinciple B.PolitenessPrinciple C.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammar D.AdjacencyPrinciple36.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise. A.impoliteness         B.contradictions C.mutualunderstanding      D.conversationalimplicaturesI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse: l.F 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.T 12.F  II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven: 13. Pragmatics  14.semantics  15.context  16.utterance  17.abstract18.Constatives  19.Performatives 20.locutionary 21.illocutionary 22.commissive 23.expressive 24.quantityIII.      Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:8\n25.A  26.C  27.D  28.B   29.C   30.B31.A  32.C  33.B  34.C   35.A   36.DIV.Definethetermsbelow:37.pragmatics    38.context     39.utterancemeaning40.sentencemeaning 41.constative   42.performative 43.locutionaryact  44.illocutionaryact  45.perlocutionaryact46..CooperativePrincipleV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:47.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother? 48.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance? 49.Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning? 50.Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact. 51.Searleclassifiedillocutionaryactintofivecategories.Discusseachofthemin detailwithexamples. 52.Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple? 53.Howdoesthefloutingofthemaximsgiverisetoconversationalimplicatures?  Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises:IV.Definethetermsbelow:37. pragmatics:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.  38. Context:Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Thesharedknowledgeisoftwotypes:theknowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse,andtheknowledgeabouttheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.    39. utterancemeaning:themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.40. sentencemeaning:Themeaningofasentenceisoftenconsideredastheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.  41. Constative:Constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwereverifiable;   42. Performative:performatives,ontheotherhand,weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,and8\nwerenotverifiable.Theirfunctionistoperformaparticularspeechact. 43.locutionaryact:Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.  44.illocutionaryact:Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething. 45.perlocutionaryact:Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.46.CooperativePrinciple:ItisprincipleadvancedbyPaulGrice.Itisaprinciplethatguidesourconversationalbehaviours.Thecontentis:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeorthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:47. Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?  Traditionalsemanticsstudiedmeaning,butthemeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic,andinherent,i.e.apropertyattachedtolanguageitself.Therefore,meaningsofwords,meaningsofsentenceswereallstudiedinanisolatedmanner,detachedfromthecontextinwhichtheywereused.Pragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.Theessentialdistinctionbetweensemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherthecontextofuseisconsideredinthestudyofmeaning.Ifitisnotconsidered,thestudyisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics;ifitisconsidered,thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics.48. Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance?  Asentenceisagrammaticalconcept.Itusuallyconsistsofasubjectandpredicate.Anutteranceistheunitofcommunication.Itisthesmallestlinguisticunitthathasacommunicativevalue.Ifweregardasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanutterance.Whether“Maryisbeautiful.”isasentenceoranutterancedependsonhowwelookatit.Ifweregarditasagrammaticalunitoraself-containedunitinisolation,thenitisasentence.Ifwelookatitassomethingutteredinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,thenitisanutterance.Mostutterancestaketheformofcompletesentences,butsomeutterancesarenot,andsomecannotevenberestoredtocompletesentences.49. Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning? Asentencemeaningisoftenconsideredastheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractandindependentofcontext.Themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Theutterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.Forexample,“Thereisadogatthedoor”.Thespeakercouldutteritasamatter-of-factstatement,tellingthehearerthatthedogisatthedoor.Thespeakercoulduseitasawarning,askingthehearernottoapproachthedoor.Thereareotherpossibilities,too.So,theunderstandingofthe8\nutterancemeaningof“Thereisadogatthedoor”dependsonthecontextinwhichitisutteredandthepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersit.50. Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.  Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething. Forexample:Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.Thelocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhathehasutteredallthewords"you,'"have,""door,""left,""open,"etc.andexpressedwhatthewordliterallymean.Theillocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhatbymakingsuchanutterance,hehasexpressedhisintentionofaskingthehearertoclosethedoor.Theperlocutionaryactreferstotheeffectoftheutterance.Ifthehearerunderstandsthatthespeakerintendshimtoclosethedoorandclosesthedoor,thespeakerhassuccessfullybroughtaboutthechangeintherealworldhehasintendedto;thentheperlocutioharyactissuccessfullyperformed.51.Searleclassifiedillocutionaryactintofivecategories.Discusseachofthemindetailwithexamples.1)   representatives:representativesareusedtostate,todescribe,toreport,etc..Theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthespeakertosomething'sbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid.Forexample:    (Iswear)Ihaveneverseenthemanbefore.    (Istate)theearthisaglobe.2) directives:Directivesareattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.Inviting,suggesting,requesting,advising,warning,threatening,orderingareallspecificinstancesofthisclass.    Forexample:  Openthewindow!3)commissives:Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.Whenthespeakerisspeaking,heputshimselfunderobligation.Forexample:      Ipromisetocome.    Iwillbringyouthebooktomorrowwithoutfail.4) expressives:Theillocutionarypointofexpressivesistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.Thespeakerisexpressinghisfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs,e.g.apologizing,thanking,congratulating.Forexample:      I'msorryforthemessIhavemade.8\n5)declarations:Declarationshavethecharacteristicthatthesuccessfulperformanceofsuchanactbringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenwhatissaidandreality.Forexample:Inowdeclarethemeetingopen.52. Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple?Themaximofquantity1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Themaximofquality1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.Themaximofmanner1.Avoidobscurityofexpression.2.Avoidambiguity.3.Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).4.Beorderly. 53. Howdoesthefloutingofthemaximsgiverisetoconversationalimplicatures?    A:DoyouknowwhereMr.Smithlives?    B:Somewhereinthesouthernsuburbsofthecity.  ThisissaidwhenbothAandBknowthatBdoesknowMr.Smith'saddress.ThusBdoesnotgiveenoughinformationthatisrequired,andhehasfloutedthemaximofquantity.Therefore,suchconversationalimplicatureas"IdonotwishtotellyouwhereMr.Smithlives"isproduced.   A:Wouldyouliketocometoourpartytonight?   B:I'mafraidI'mnotfeelingsowelltoday.  ThisissaidwhenbothAandBknowthatBisnothavinganyhealthproblemthatwillpreventhimfromgoingtoaparty.ThusBissayingsomethingthathehimselfknowstobefalseandheisviolatingthemaximofquality.Theconversationalimplicature"Idonotwanttogotoyourpartytonight"isthenproduced.     A:Thehostessisanawfulbore.Don'tyouthink?     B:Therosesinthegardenarebeautiful,aren'tthey?8\n  ThisissaidwhenbothAandBknowthatitisentirelypossibleforBtomakeacommentonthehostess.ThusBissayingsomethingirrelevanttowhatAhasjustsaid,andhehasfloutedthemaximofrelation.Theconversationalimplicature"Idon'twishtotalkaboutthehostessinsucharudemanner"isproduced.       A:Shallwegetsomethingforthekids?       B:Yes.ButIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M. ThisissaidwhenbothAandBknowthatBhasnodifficultyinpronouncingtheword"ice-cream."ThusBhasfloutedthemaximofmanner.Theconversationalimplicature"Idon’twantthekidstoknowwearetalkingaboutice-cream"isthenproduced.8