语言学Morphology课间自学演讲

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语言学Morphology课间自学演讲

Morphology\n1ThedefinitionofmorphologyMorphologyisthebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andoftherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphologyisgenerallydividedintotwofields:thestudyofInflectionsandofWord-formation.\n2InflectionInflectionisthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.Ex.number:table/tablesapple/applescar/cars\n2Inflection(b)person,finitenessandaspect:talk/talks/talking/talkedopen/opens/opening/openedshout/shouts/shouting/shouted(c)case:boy/boy’sJohn/John’suniversity/university’sEachsetintheaboveexamplesconstitutesasingleparadigm,thatis,asetofgrammaticallyconditionedformsallderivedfromasinglerootorstem.\n3Word-formationWord-formation,initsrestrictedsense,referstotheprocessesofwordvariationssignallinglexicalrelationships.Itcanbefurthersubclassifiedintothecompositionaltype(compound)andthederivational(derivation).3.1CompoundThetermCompoundcoversawiderangeofdifferentrelationsbetweenlexicalwords.Forinstance,\n3Word-formationEx.Nouncompoundsday+breakdaybreak(N+V)play+boyplayboy(V+N)hair+cuthaircut(N+V)call+girlcallgirl(V+N)wind+millwindmill(N+N)\n3Word-formation(b)Verbcompoundsbrain+washbrainwash(N+V)lip+readlipread(N+V)baby+sitbabysit(N+V)(c)Adjectivecompoundsman+eatingmaneating(N+Ving)heart+feltheartfelt(N+Ved)duty+freedutyfree(N+Adj)\n3Word-formation(d)Prepositioncompoundsin+tointothrough+outthroughout\nSomefeaturesoftheEnglishcompoundsOrthographically,acompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.Syntactically,thepartofspeechofacompoundisdeterminedbythelastelement.Semantically,themeaningofacompoundisidiomatic,notcalculablefromthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Phonetically,thewordstressofacompoundusuallyfallsonthefirstelement.\n3Word-formation3.2DerivationDifferentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenstemsandaffixes.Forinstance,un+consciousunconsciousnation+alnationalnational+izenationalizenationalize+ationnationalizationIncontrastwithinflections,derivationscanmakethewordclassoftheoriginalwordeitherchangedorunchanged.Forinstance,\n3Word-formationWordclasschanged:NV:length+enlengthenhospital+izehospitalizeun+horseunhorsedis+carddiscardNAdj:fool+ishfoolishbeast+lybeastlydelight+fuldelightfulspeech+lessspeechlessvirtue+ousvirtuous\n3Word-formationNAdj/Adv:clock+wiseclockwiseVN:work+erworkerpay+eepayeeinhabit+antinhabitantVAdj:accept+ableacceptableadore+ableadorableAdjN:mean+nessmeannessrapid+ityrapidityAdjV:deaf+endeafensweet+ensweeten\n3Word-formationAdjAdv:exact+lyexactlyquick+lyquickly(b)Wordclassunchanged:NN:non+smokernonsmokerex+presidentexpresidentprofit+eerprofiteerbook+letbookletVV:dis+obeydisobeyun+doundo\n3Word-formationAdjAdj:tall+ishtallishil+logicalillogical\n4Wordandmorpheme44.1MorphemeThemorphemeisthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Forinstance,thewordbarksinThedogbarksconsistsoftwomorphemesinorthographicforms:barkand–s,neitherofwhichcanbefurtherdividedintoothersmallermeaningfulunits.Therefore,amorphemeistheminimalunitofmeaning.Itisnotlikethesoundpatternsorsyllableswhichcanbefurtherdividedintosegments.\n4WordandmorphemeWordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormorethanonemorphemes.Herearesomeexample:1---morpheme:boy,desire2---morphemes:boy+ish,desir(e)+able3---morphemes:boy+ish+ness,desir(e)+abl(e)+ity4---morphemes:gentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+able+ity5---morpheme:un+gentle+man+li+ness\n4Wordandmorpheme4.2MorphemeandphonemeAsinglephonememayrepresentasinglemorpheme,buttheyareidentical.Thephoneme/z/in/gouz/(goes)representsthethird-personsingularpresenttensemorpheme,but/z/occursveryoftenwhenithasnothingtodowiththisspecificmorpheme.Seethefollowingexamples:\n4Wordandmorpheme(a)bees/bi:z/(b)bee’s/bi:z/(c)raise/reiz/In(a),thephoneme/z/representsthepluralmorpheme,whereasin(b),itrepresentsthemorphemewhichmeanspossessivecase.However,in(c),itmeansnothingatall.\n5Typeofmorphemes5.1FreemorphemeandboundmorphemeAfreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance.Aboundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,suchas–sindogs,-alinnational,dis-indisclose,andsoon.\nThus,theworddistemperedhasthreemorphemes,namely,dis-,temper,and–ed,ofwhichtemperisafreemorpheme,dis-and–edaretwoboundmorphemes.Inotherwords,allmonomorphemicwordsareconstitutedbyfreemorphemes.Thosepolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemesarecalledcompounds,suchaspaymaster,moonwalk,babysit,godfather,sunflower.\n5.2RootsPolymorphemicwordsotherthancompoundsmaydivideintoRootsandAffixes.Arootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.Thatistosay,itisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.Inthewordinternationalism,aftertheremovalofinter-,aland–ism,whatisleftistherootnation.\nFreerootmorphemesarethosethatcanstandbythemselvessuchasblackinblack,blackboard,blackbird.Morphemesofthistypearepotentiallyunlimitedinnumberinalanguage.However,therearerelativelyfewboundrootmorphemesinEnglish,suchas–ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive;-mitinremit,permit,commit,submit;-taininretain,contain,maintain;curinincur,recur,occur,etc.\n5.3AffixAffixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).Naturally,affixesbelongtothetypeofboundmorphemes.\nAffixesarelimitedinnumberinalanguage,andaregenerallyclassifiedintothreesubtypes,namely,prefix,suffixandinfix,dependingontheirpositionwithreferencetotherootorstemoftheword.Forinstance,Prefix:para-,mini-,un-Suffix:-ise,-tionInfix:foot/feet,goose/geese\n5.4RootandstemAstemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded.Friend-infriendsandfriendship-infriendshipsarebothstems.Theformershowsthatastemcanbeequivalenttoaroot,whereasthelattershowsthatastemmaycontaintwoormoreroots,i.e.,compound,suchasblackbird,girlfriend,fighter-bomber,paper-clip,landlord.\nSummary1.Whatismorphology?2.Twofieldsofmorphology:inflectionandword-formation3.Differencebetweenwordandmorpheme4.Typesofmorphemes\n1)Definitionofmorphome2)TwotypesofmorphemesFreemorphemes:Theyaretheindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves,forexample,“book-”intheword“bookish”.\nBoundmorphemes:Theyarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformawordsuchas“-ish”in“bookish”.Boundmorphemescanbesubdividedintorootsandaffixes.Arootisseenaspartofaword;somerootscannotstandbythemselvesalthoughtheyhaveclearanddefinitemeanings,suchas“gene-”intheword“generate”,and“-ceive”in“receive”.\nAffixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchas“-s”intheword“books”toindicatepluralityofnouns.Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateawordsuchas“mis-”intheword“misinform”.Derivationalaffixescanalsobedividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofawordsuchas“dis-”intheword“dislike”,whilesuffixesoccurattheendofawordsuchas“-less”intheword“friendless”.\nExercisesDefinethefollowingterms:morphemeinflectionderivationaffixcompoundrootstem\nExercises2.Completethewordswithsuitablenegativeprefixes:____removableg.____human____formalh.____relevant____practicableI.____evitable____sensiblej.____mobile____tangiblek.____legal____logicall.____discreet\nirremovable(挥之不去的)g.inhuman(不人道的)informalh.irrelevantimpracticable(不切实际的)I.inevitableinsensible(没有知觉的)j.immobile(静止的)intangible(无形的)k.illegalillogicall.indiscreet(轻率的)\nin-;ig-,il-,im-,ir-(in-在辅音n,l,m,p,r前的变体。[l]加在形容词、名词、副词上,有:“无,不,非,未”之意,例如:incapable(不能的)incomparable(无比的)insensitive(不灵敏的)inability(不能)inconsistently(不一致的)inelastic(非弹性的)ignoble(不名誉的)ignore(装不知)impossible(不可能的)immeasurable(不可测量的)impatient `in-`patient out-paitientimpurity(杂质)immoral(不道德的)illegal(非法的)illimitable(无限的)illogical(不合逻辑的)irregular(不规则)irreversible(不可逆的)irrotational(非旋转的)\nun-与in-的含义和用法相近似un-一般是和本族语词干或本族语里已采纳的外来语词干相结合,而in-一般是和拉丁语词干相结合。比较:unable(不可能的)---- inability(无能)unjust(不公的)----injustice(不公正)unlucky ----ill-luck in an unlucky hour,偏偏,偏巧unceasing----incessant(不断的)unexplained(不能解释的)---- inexplicable(不可解释的)ungrateful(忘恩负义的)---- ingratitude(忘因负义)有时,为了区别词义,往往分别用un-和in-。例如:unexpressive (=inexpressive) (辞不达意),inexpressible (不可言传);unpractical (=impractical) (不切实际), impracticable (行不通)。\n另外un-和in-在构词上有以下区别: (1)in-或im-开头的单词,不再加in-,而用un-,如unimaginable(不可想象的)unimproved(未改进的)但inimitable(不可摹仿的)例外。(2)词尾是拉丁语后缀-ate,-ent,-ant,-ite,-ible的单词,多半用-in. inadequate(不充分的)insubordinate(不服从的)irrelevant(不相干的)incessant(不停的)independent(不依赖的)inconsistent(不一致的)indefinite(不确定的)impolite(不礼貌)indefensible(无法防御的)infusible(难熔的)\n(3)词尾是本族语后缀-able,-ed,-ful,-ing,-like,-ory,-some的单词,多半用un-。unable(不可能的)unconquerable(不可征服的) undecided(未决定的)unlimited(无限的)unceasing(不断的)unbending(不弯曲的)unsuccessful(不成功的)unfruitful(无结果的)unsportsmanlike(不公正的)unsatisfactory(不令人满意的)unhandsome(不美好的)unwholesome(不适合满意的) 另外在同根词中un-和其他表示“否定”意义的前缀在词类或词义上也有区别。比较:inhuman(不近人情)unhuman(不属于人类的)nonhumna(不属于人类的)\nExercises3.Describethemorphologicalrulesconcernedinexercise2,therelevantconditioningprocess,andthemorphemewhichcarriesthecommonnegativemeaning.
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