语言学必考名词解释

语言学必考名词解释

1.Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityLangue:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.2.Designfeature:arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.3.Synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind4.Arbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.5.Duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.Levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.6.Displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.7.Competence:languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.8.Prescriptive:thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.Prescriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.9.Phoneme:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.10.Assimilation:thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.11.Connotation:aterminacontrastwithdenotation,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.12.Reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressaproposition,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.Reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressaproposition,i.e.totalkaboutthingsincontext.13.Sense:theliteralmeaningofawordoranexpression,independentofsituationalcontext.14.Linguisticdeterminism:oneofthetwopointsinSapir-Whorfhypothesis,i.e.languagedeterminesthought.15.Parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).\n1.Interlinguage:thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguage,i.e.thelanguagesystembetweenthetargetlanguageandthelearner’snativelanguage.2.Transfer:theinfluenceofmothertongueuponthesecondlanguage.Whenstructuresofthetwolanguagesaresimilar,wecangetpositivetransferoffacilitation;whenthetwolanguagesaredifferentinstructures,negativetransferofinferenceoccursandresultsinerrors.3.Perlocutionaryact:theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething,it’stheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.4.Hyponymy:arelationbetweentowwords,inwhichthemeaningofoneword(thesuperordinate)isincludedinthemeaningofanotherword(thehyponym)5.Allophone:anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated.Bothandareallophonesofthephoneme/t/.6.Erroranalysis:istheprocessofdeterminingtheincidence,nature,causeandconsequenceofunsuccessfullanguage7.Utterance:1.Aspokenword,statement,orvocalsound2.Theactionofsayingorexpressingsomethingaloudthesimpleutteranceofafewplatitudes3.Anuninterruptedchainofspokenorwrittenlanguage8.Interference:aprocessmorecommonlyknownasnegativetransfer,whichoccurswhenanL1patterisdifferentfromthecounterpartpatternofthetargetlanguage.9.Predicationanalysis:isawaytoanalyzethemeaningofsentences.Asentence,composedofasubjectandpredicate,isabasicunitformeaninganalysisiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence10.Cohesion:referstothewayinwhichtext“hangtogether”;totheresourceswithinlanguagethathelprelateideasandinformationandmakelinksbetweendifferentpartsofatext11.Polysemy:wordshavetwoormorethantwosenses12.Speechact:referstoanactionperformedbytheuseofanutterance.13.Linguistics:generally,itisdefinedasthescientificstudyofthelanguage14.Phonetics:isthestudyofproductionofspeechsounds15.Semantics:isgenerallydefinedasthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits.tobemorespecific,themeaningwithwhichlinguististsareconcernedisdefinedaslinguisticsemantics\n语言学考试范围1.Doesthetrafficlighthaveduality?Explainthereasons.2.ICanalyzesthesentencestructurewithbracketsoratreediagram.LovelyJaneranaway.3.WhatareLeech’sseventypesofmeaning?Conceptualmeaning.Connotativemeaning.Socialmeaning.Affectivemeaning.Reflectedmeaning.Collocativemeaning.Thematicmeaning4.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmodernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar?5.Explainsurfacestructureanddeepstructure.6.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?7.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?8.Analyzethestructureofasyllable.Giveoneexampletoillustrate.9.Explainthetwoterms“sense”and“reference”andwhatistheirrelationship?10.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenerrorsandmistakes?WhatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningWhatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?(1)Thenamingtheory命名论----Oneoftheoldestnotionsconverningmeanings,andalsoaveryprimitiveone,wasthenamingtheoryproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,\nthewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Sowordsarejustnamesorlabelforthings.命名论是最原始的语义理论，该理论是把词看作所指事物的名称。Thelimitationsofthenamingtheory:Firstofall,thenamingtheoryseemsapplicabletonounsonly.Nounscanbeconsideredasnamesorlabels,butverbs,adjectives,andadverbs,suchas“think”“hard”“slowly”aredefinitelynotlabelsofobjects.b.Besides,withinthecategoryofnouns,therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworldatallsuchas“ghost”“dragon”“unicorn”andalsonounsthatdonotdenoteconcretethings,butabstractnotionssuchas“joy”“impulse”.命名论只能适用于名词，对于动词、形容词、副词就无法解释了。即使是在爱名词范围内也无法解释世界上本不存在的东西，例如“ghost”“dragon”“unicorn”之类和一些抽象的概念，例如“高兴joy”“冲动impulse”等。(2)theconceptualistview意念论------Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.,betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.意念论认为词汇与该词汇所指的事物之间的关系不是直接的，而是间接的，是靠人脑中的意念来连接的。词汇是通过意念来指称事物，意念便是词汇的意义。\nTheconceptualistviewisbestillustratedbytheclassicsemantictriangleortriangleofsignificancesuggestedbyOdgenandRichards.意念论可由著名的语义三角形来表述。语义三角形是论述和解释语义现象的一种经典理论。SemantictriangleProposedbyOgden&Richardsintheir“TheMeaningofMeaning”.Theysawtherelationshipbetweenthewordandthethingitreferstoisnotdirect.It’smediatedbyconcept.thoughtorreferencesymbolreferentInthisdiagram,thesymbolorformreferstolinguisticelements(words,phrases),thereferentreferstothethingsintherealworld,andthoughtorreferencerefersto“concept”.e.g.Thedogovertherelooksunfriendly.Theword“dog”isdirectlyassociatedwithacertainconceptinourmind,i.e.whata“dog”islike,butitisnotdirectlylinkedtothereferent(theparticulardog)inthisparticularcase.Thus,thesymbolofawordsignifiesthingbyvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindofthespeakerofalanguage,andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword.OgdenandRichardspresentedtheclassic“SemanticTriangle”asmanifestedinthefollowingdiagram,inwhichthe“symbol”or“form”referstothelinguisticelements(word,sentence,etc.),the“referent”referstotheobjectintheworldofexperience,and“thought”or\n“reference”referstoconceptornotion.Thus,thesymbolawordsignifies“things”byvirtueofthe“concept”,associatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindofthespeakerofthelanguage.The“concept”thusconsideredismeaningoftheword.语义三角形最大的问题在于词语与所指事物没有必然的联系。同一个事物可能或者可以用不同的词来表示。(3)contextualism语境论Whatiscontextualism?“Contextualism”isbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfrom,orreduceitto,observablecontext:the“situationalcontext”andthe“linguisticcontext”.语境论认为语言的意义离不开使用语言的语境，语义存在与语境之中。语义不是抽象的，它是由语境所决定的。Everyutteranceoccursinaparticularspatial-temporalsituation,asthefollowingfactorsarerelatedtothesituationalcontext:它的前提是假设人们可以从语境中推知词义的意义，四个核心因素：(1)thespeakerandthehearer;讲话人和听话人(2)theactionstheyareperformingatthetime;当时双方在做的事情(3)variousexternalobjectsandevents;其他外在的事件或事物(4)Deicticfeatures.指示成分（语境中的代词）The“linguisticcontext”isanotheraspectofcontextualism.Itconsiderstheprobabilityofoneword’sco-occurrenceorcollocationwithanother,whichformspartofthemeaning,andanimportantfactorincommunication.Foxexample:themeaningoftheword“black”differin\nthetwocollocationsof“blackhair”and“blackcoffee”(4)Behaviorism行为主义论ThebehaviorismviewisillustratedbyBloomfield.Behaviorismreferstotheattempttodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.Behaviorismsomewhatclosetocontextualismemphasizesonthepsychologicalresponse.行为主义论和语境论的相似之处，行为主义论也把语义放到语境中去研究，但它更注重人的心理活动，认为语言的意义存在于语言使用者在交际过程中对所接受的话语的反应。