英语语言学试题(9)

英语语言学试题(9)

英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案  I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)  1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof__________.  A.aparticularlanguage  B.theEnglishlanguage  C.humanlanguagesingeneral  D.thesystemofaparticularlanguage  2.Theconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:__________.  A.voiceless,bilabial,stop  B.voiceless,labiodental,fricative  C.voiced,bilabial,stop    D.voiced,labiodental,fricative  3.Therearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffix"ed"intheword"learned"isknownasa(n)__________.  A.derivationalmorpheme  B.freemorpheme  C.inflectionalmorpheme  D.freeform  4.Inthephrasestructurerule"S→NPVP",thearrowcanbereadas__________.  A.isequalto B.consistsof  C.has D.generates  5."Iboughtsomeroses"__________"Iboughtsomeflowers".  A.entailsB.presupposes  C.isinconsistentwith  D.issynonymouswith  6.Y'sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof__________.  X:Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?  Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?  A.quality  B.\nquantity  C.relation  D.manner  7.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakersofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,__________,wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered.  A.phrases   B.sentences  C.morphemesD.utterances  8.Inaspeechcommunitypeoplehavesomethingincommon__________alanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguageandrulesforusingit.  A.socially   B.linguistically  C.culturally D.pragmatically9.Whichofthemajormentalfunctionslistedbelowisnotunderthecontrolofthelefthemisphereinmostpeople?__________.  A.languageandspeech  B.visualandspatialskills  C.readingandwriting    D.analyticreasoning  10.Ingeneral,the__________stagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild'ssecondyear.  A.babbling  B.one-word  C.two-word  D.multiword  Ⅱ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)  11.Asthefirststepoftheirscientificinvestigationoflanguage,linguistshavetoobserveandcollectlinguisticf    beforetheycandoanythingelse.  12.Phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds      rules.  13.Anindependentunitofmeaningthatcanbeusedfreelybyitselfiscalledaf___________morpheme.  14.Ac      sentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas"and","but","or".  15.Thestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalleds    . 16.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheC     principleproposedbyJ.Grice.  17.Inadditiontosocialchanges,oneofthemostpervasivesourcesoflanguagechangeseemstobethecontinualprocessofculturalt      acrossgenerations.  18.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthes      attitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist.  19.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregard\nthoughtas"s    speech,"andspeechas"overtthought."Insuchacase,speakingandthinkingtakeplacesimultaneously.  20.I    isthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA.  Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%×10=20%)  21.(  )Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe"bestauthors"forlanguageusage.  22.(  )InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.  23.(  )Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.24.(  )Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperites.  25.(  )Theconceptualistviewofmeaningholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreference,i.e.betweenlanguageandthought.  26.(  )Oftheviewsconcerningthestudyofsemantics,thecontextualview,whichplacesthestudyofmeaninginthecontextinwhichlanguageisused,isoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.  27.(  )Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarmodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage.  28.(  )Thesentences"Hecrazy"and"Hebesickallthetime"arebothacceptableinBlackEnglishvernacularbecausecopuladeletionandhabitualbearetwofamousfeaturesofBlackEnglish.  29.(  )Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarecapableofdistinguishingandrecognizingexperiencesofthesameobjectiveworldaccordingtotheirrespectivedifferentlinguisticcodingsystem.  30.(  )Instructionandcorrectionarekeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.  Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%×10=30%)  31.synchroniclinguistics  32.displacement  33.aminimalpair  34.derivationalaffixes  35.syntax  36.languagetransfer  37.hyponymy  38.sentencemeaning  39.linguafranca  40.cerebral\ncortex  Ⅴ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%×2=20%)  41.ExplainsociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish.  42.Explainbrieflythefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sacquisitionofasecondlanguage.参考答案 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）  1、C2、B3、C4、B5、A6、C7、C8、B9、B10、C  二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、facts12、sequential13、free14、coordinate   15、semantics16、Cooperative17、transmission18、social19、subvocal20、Interlanguage  三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）  21、（T）  22、（F）Asthereisanessentialdifferencebetweentheconsonantsandthevowels,i.e.thereissomekindofobstructionofairintheproductionoftheformer,butthereisnotintheproductionofthelatter,itisimpossibletousethesamecriteriaintheirclassification. 23、（F）Wecannotalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningofitsparts.  24、（T）  25、（F）Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolanditsreferent,i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.  26、（T）  27、（F）Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarnevermodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage,becausechildrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammarsbythemselvesandgeneralizerulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.  28、（T）  29、（T）  30、（F）Instructionandcorrectionarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittle\nconsciousinstruction.Instructionandcorrectionjustplayaminorrole.  四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）  31、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare'stime.  32、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageisnotrestrictedbythe'here'and'now'asanimalcommunicationis;wecanvirtuallytalkaboutanythingwewant,includingwhathappenedinthepast,whatisgoingtohappeninthefuture,whatisnotexistentintheimmediatesurroundingsandevenwhatweimagine.  33、Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesound,e.g./pit/and/bit/.  34、Affixesaddedtoanexistingformtocreateanewword,e.g.in-,-er35、Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,anditconsistsofasetofrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.  36、LanguagetransferisaphenomenonthatL2learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeintheirlearningprocess.  37、Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamorespecificwordandamoregeneral,moreinclusiveword.Theformerisincludedinthelatter.Forexample,acatisahyponymofanimal.38、Sentencemeaningreferstotheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractanddecontextualized.Forexample,semanticanalysisofthesentencemeaningof"Thebagisheavy"resultsintheone-placepredicationBAG(BEINGHEAVY).  39、Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeopleofdiverselinguisticbackgrounds.Forthisreason,alinguafrancamustbeanagree-upon"commontongue"usedbypeoplethrownintosocialcontactforvariouspurposes,suchasforsocialorcommercialpurposes.  40、Cerebralcortexistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,thedecision-makingorganofthebody,receivingmessagesfromallsensoryorgansandinitiatingallvoluntaryactions.Manyofthecognitiveabilitiesthatdistinguishhumansfromothermammals,suchassophisticatedreasoning,linguisticskills,andmusicalability,arebelievedtoresideinthecortex.  五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）  41、Sociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangerefertosuchradicalsocio-politicalchangesaswars,invasions,occupation,colonialization,andlanguageplanningandstandardizationpolicies.AtypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglishistheNormanConquest,amilitaryeventthatmarkedthedawningoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.ThismeansthatMiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglishunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.AndforaboutacenturyandahalfaftertheNormanConquest,Frenchremainedasthelanguageoftherulingclass,asfarasliteratureandadministrationwereconcerned.SoMiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedbyNormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsas"army,""court,""defense,""faith,""prison"and"tax"camefromthelanguageoftheFrenchrulers.  评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。  42、Thefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sL2acquisitionare:1)age,2)motivation,3)acculturation,4)\npersonality.  TheoptimalageforL2acquisitionisearlyteenage.  Motivationreferstothelearner'soverallgoalororientation.Therearetwotypesofmotivation：instrumentalmotivationandintegrativemotivation.Theformeroccurswhenthelearner'sgoalisfunctionalandthelatteroccurswhenthelearner'sgoalissocial.  AcculturationistheprocessinwhichthelearneradaptstothenewcultureoftheL2community.  PersonalityisalsorelatedtoL2learning.Adultlearnerswhoareextrovertedlearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanintrovertedlearners.