语言学名词解释

语言学名词解释

Duality:thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels;meaningfulunits(e.g.words)andmeaninglesssegments(e.g.sounds,letters).Creativity:Itreferstotheabilitytoconstructandunderstandanindefinitelylargenumberofsentencesinone’snativelanguage,includingthosethathasneverheardbefore,butthatareappropriatetothespeakingsituation.Consonant:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinvocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.Vowel:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.Distinctivefeatures:ameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds,firstsuggestedbyRomanJacobsoninthe1940sandthendevelopedbynumerousotherpeople.Minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforoneshouldsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Morphology:thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfrom.Compound:referstothewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorphemeorthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform,suchasclassroom,mailbox,fingerprint,sunburn.Intermsofthewordclassofcompounds,thereareNouncompounds(e.g.daybreak),Verbcompounds(e.g.brainwash),Adjectivecompounds(e.g.dutyfree)andPrepositioncompounds(e.g.throughout).Meanwhilecompoundscanbefurtherdividedintoendocentriccompoundandexocentriccompoundintermsofitsstructuralorganization.TheheadofanominaloradjectivalendocentriccompoundisderivedfromaVerb,anditisusuallythecasethatthefirstmemberisaparticipantoftheprocessverb.Considerthefollowingtwoexamples:self-controlandvirus-sensitive.TheexocentricnominalcompoundsareformedbyV+N,V+A,andV+P,whereastheexocentricadjectivescomefromV+NandV+A.Herearesomeexamples:NounsAdjectivesscarecrowtakehomeplayboylacklustercutthroatbreakneckICAnalysis:thetechniqueofbreakingupsentencesintosmallerunitsbymakingsuccessivebinarycuttingiscalledImmediateConstituent(IC)Analysis,bywhichasentenceisdividedintoitsconstituentelementswithoutevenknowingwhattheyreallyare.Whatremainofthefirstcutarecalled“immediateconstituents”andwhatareleftatthefinalcutarecalled“ultimateconstituents”.Endocentric:Endocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinableCentreorHead.Inthephrasetwoprettygirls,girlsistheCentreorHeadofthisphraseorwordgroup.Exocentric:Exocentricconstructionreferstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable"Centre"or"Head"insidethegroup.Exocentricconstructionusuallyincludesbasicsentence,prepositionalphrase,predicate(verb+object)construction,andconnective(be+complement)construction.InthesentenceTheboysmiled,neitherconstituentcansubstituteforthesentencestructureasawhole.Sense(系统意义)Asanaspectoflexicalmeaning,senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.Reference(外指意义)Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Theconceptualisttheory:RepresentativelyproposedbyBritishlinguistsOgdenandRichards.Thistheoryrelateswordsandtheminds,whichholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(thatisbetweenlanguageandtherealworld)ratherintheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.Contextualism:RepresentativelyproposedbyBritishlinguistJ.RFirth.Itholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context…elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.