应用语言学简介

应用语言学简介

Appliedlinguistics应用语言学（乐眉云）第一讲王燕芳\nUnit1WhatisAppliedLinguistics?AbriefhistoryDefinitionandscopeTheroleofappliedlinguisticsTheoreticalbasesThenatureofappliedlinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsandthelanguageteacherDiscussionquestions\nAbriefhistory(abroad)In1870PolishlinguistJ.BaudouindeCourtenay（博杜恩德库尔特内）——“appliedlinguistics”,thedistinctionbetweenpurelinguisticsandappliedlinguisticsandthepurposeofappliedlinguistics.\ninthe1940sIn1946,theUniversityofMichiganfoundedtheEnglishLanguageInstitute.UndertheguidanceofCharlesC.FriesandRobertLado,peopletherestudiedproblemsofteachingEnglishtoforeigners.TheypublishedthefamousjournalLanguageLearning,subtitledJournalofAppliedLinguistics（1949）.Itwasthefirstjournalintheworldtohavetheterm―appliedlinguisticsinitstitle.\ninthe1950sInthe1950s,alongwiththerevolutionbroughtaboutbyChomsky,linguisticsshookoffthefettersofstructuralism.Thispavedthewayforthedevelopmentofthehybriddisciplinessuchassociolinguisticsandpsycholinguistics.\ninthe1960sGenerallyspeaking,peoplethoughtthemid-1960swasthedevelopingperiodofappliedlinguistics.In1964,thefirstworldconferenceofAppliedLinguisticswasheldinNancy,France,andtheInternationalAssociationofAppliedLinguisticswassetup.Thismarkedtherecognitionofthestatusofappliedlinguisticsasanindependentdiscipline.\nWhydidappliedlinguisticsdevelopsoquickinthe1960s?Thereare4reasons(Gui,1988:11):Theneedsofpractice.Thedevelopingoflinguisticsitself.Thedevelopingofeducation.Thematurityofappliedlinguistics.\ndevelopmentofappliedlinguisticsinChinaWhenappliedlinguisticsdevelopedquicklyabroad,ChinahappenedtoundergotheCulturalRevolution.Notuntilthe10-yearCulturalRevolutionwasoverdidforeignlanguageteachershavechancetostudyappliedlinguistics.However,appliedlinguisticsdevelopsquickly.\nIn1980,withthejointinitiation,theConferenceofAppliedLinguisticsandEnglishTeachingwasheld.In1985,theInternationalConferenceoftheTeachingofEnglishinChinawasheldinGuangzhouwhichwasjointlyinitiatedbytheResearchAssociationofTheTeachingofEnglishinChinaandGuangzhouForeignLanguageInstitute.Since1978,GuangzhouForeignLanguageInstitutehasbeguntoenrollgraduatesoflinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.\nDefinitionandscopeRoughlyspeaking,appliedlinguisticsisusingwhatweknowabout(a)language,(b)howitislearnedand(c)howitisused,inordertoachievesomepurposesorsolvesomeproblemsintherealworld.Thosepurposesaremanyandvaried.\nAsappliedlinguisticsisacomparativelynewdiscipline,thereisyetnoconsensusofopinionsastowhatitsdefinitionisandhowwideitsscopeshouldbe.However,thedifferentviewsonitsdefinitionandscopefallintothreegeneralcategories:\n1)Thenarrowview:ThisisrepresentedbyR.L.Politzer,whodiscussesappliedlinguisticswithparticularreferencetoforeignlanguageteaching.Henotesthatappliedlinguisticsinforeignlanguageteachingrequirestheuseoflinguisticstoformulateassumptions.“Appliedlinguistics”hesays,“…isultimatelyahabit,awayofusinglinguisticconceptualizationtodefineandsolvepedagogicalproblems”\nThebroadview:ThisisrepresentedbyDavidCrystal(1981)andL.Pap(1972)saysthatappliedlinguistics“mayineffectbeconsideredasacrossroad,aninterdisciplinaryarea,acombinationoflinguisticswithpsychology,pedagogy,mathematics,electronics,politicalscience,andsoforth.”Inthebroadview,therefore,“anydefinableareaofhumanendeavor”towhich“theinvestigationofthetheories,methodsandempiricalfindingsoflinguisticscouldbeapplied”fallsintothescopeofappliedlinguistics.\nThemoderateview:ThisisrepresentedbyJ.Richardetal(1985),whocompiledLongmanDictionaryofAppliedLinguistics.Accordingtothem,appliedlinguisticsrefersto“appliedlinguisticsoflanguageteaching”,ratherthantothebroaderapplicationsoflanguagestudyinsuchareaasmedicine,law,stylistics,languageplanningordictionarycompilation.\nTheysay,“…ingeneralusage,thetermreferstothestudyoflanguageteachingandlearning”.Intheirview,thecontentandsubjectmatteroftheappliedlinguisticsoflanguageteachingandlearninggenerallyincludethefollowingareasofstudy:\n1.introductorylinguistics,includingphonology,phonetics,syntax,morphologyandsemantics2.Englishgrammar(orthegrammarofthelanguagethestudentisspecializingin)3.discourseanalysis4.sociolinguistics,includingthesociologyoflanguageandcommunicativecompetence5.psycholinguistics,includingfirstandsecondlanguageacquisitionSLA,contrastiveanalysis,erroranalysisandlearningtheories\n6.theteachingoflistening,speaking,readingandwriting7.themethodologyoflanguageteaching,includingmethods,courseandsyllabusdesign8.languagetestingandbasicstatistics\nTheroleofappliedlinguisticsLinguistics,etcAppliedlinguisticsLanguageteaching,etc\nTheoreticalbasesGenerallyspeaking,applieddisciplineisjustthecounterpartoftheoreticaldiscipline.Theapplieddisciplinereferstotheonewhichappliesthetheory,rules,principles,methodandfindingsofthetheoreticaldisciplineintothefieldotherthanthistheoreticalfieldofitsown.Forexample,theappliedmathematics,appliedphysicsbelongtothiscategory.But,appliedlinguisticsisnotso.\nIthasitsowncharacteristics:a)Whatappliedlinguisticsappliesisnotjusttheories,butalsothedescriptionoflanguage.Forexample,thedescriptionofsoundscanbeusedtoteachingphoneticsandcreatingcomputerlanguage.b)Whatappliedlinguisticsappliesisneitherjustlinguistics.Inlanguageteachingandresearch,peoplealsousepsychology,educationaltheory,statisticsandetc.c)Thefieldsappliedlinguisticsisappliedintoaremostlyrelatedtolanguage.Itwillnotappliedintotheareaslikethemachinemanufacturing,textile,chemicalindustryandsoon.\nThenatureofappliedlinguisticsAppliedlinguisticshasthefollowingcharacteristicfeatures:1)Itisanindependentdisciplineinitsownright.2)Itisaninterdisciplinaryscience.3)Itisanappliedscience.4)Itisanempiricalscience.\nTheearlyonesareBloomfieldandCharlesC.Frieswhowereinvolvedinspecializedlanguage-teachingprogramsduringandimmediatelyaftertheSecondWorldWar,othersareS.PitCorderinEdinburghUniversity,JackRichard,GuiShichuninGuangWai)\nAppliedlinguisticsandlanguageteacherAppliedlinguisticsaimstoprovidelanguageteacherswithgoodlanguageteachingtheories,principlesandmethodology.Thelanguageteachercanbenefitfromappliedlinguisticsinthefollowingthreeareas.Inshort,appliedlinguisticswillhelpthelanguageteacherteachmoreeffectively.\nReferencesBaudouindeCourtenay,J.1972.Somegeneralremarksaboutlingusiticsandlanguage.InE.Stankiewicz(ed.),BaudouindeCourtenayAnthology.BloomingtonandLondon:IndianaUniversityPressCorder,S.P.1967.Thesignificanceoflearner’serrors.IRAL5:161-170Fries,C.1945.TeachingandLearningEnglishasaForeignLanguage.AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress.Gui,Shichun.1988.AppliedLinguistics.Changsha:HunanEducationPress.\nAssignmentDiscussionquestions