语言学测试题

语言学测试题

语言学试题及参考答案   I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)   1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof__________.   A.aparticularlanguage   B.theEnglishlanguage   C.humanlanguagesingeneral   D.thesystemofaparticularlanguage   2.Theconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:__________.   A.voiceless,bilabial,stop   B.voiceless,labiodental,fricative   C.voiced,bilabial,stop       D.voiced,labiodental,fricative   3.Therearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffix"ed"intheword"learned"isknownasa(n)__________.   A.derivationalmorpheme   B.freemorpheme   C.inflectionalmorpheme   D.freeform   4.Inthephrasestructurerule"S→NPVP",thearrowcanbereadas__________.   A.isequalto B.consistsof   C.has D.generates   5."Iboughtsomeroses"__________"Iboughtsomeflowers".   A.entailsB.presupposes   C.isinconsistentwith   D.issynonymouswith   6.Y'sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof__________.   X:Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?   Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?   A.quality   B.quantity   C.relation   D.manne   7.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakersofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,__________,wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered.   A.phrases     B.sentences   C.morphemesD.utterances   8.Inaspeechcommunitypeoplehavesomethingincommon__________alanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguageandrulesforusingit.   A.socially     B.linguistically   C.culturally D.pragmatically\n9.Whichofthemajormentalfunctionslistedbelowisnotunderthecontrolofthelefthemisphereinmostpeople?__________.   A.languageandspeech   B.visualandspatialskills   C.readingandwriting       D.analyticreasoning   10.Ingeneral,the__________stagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild'ssecondyear.   A.babbling   B.one-word   C.two-word   D.multiword   Ⅱ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)   11.Asthefirststepoftheirscientificinvestigationoflanguage,linguistshavetoobserveandcollectlinguisticf       beforetheycandoanythingelse.   12.Phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds           rules.   13.Anindependentunitofmeaningthatcanbeusedfreelybyitselfiscalledaf___________morpheme.   14.Ac           sentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas"and","but","or".   15.Thestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalleds       . 16.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheC         principleproposedbyJ.Grice.   17.Inadditiontosocialchanges,oneofthemostpervasivesourcesoflanguagechangeseemstobethecontinualprocessofculturalt           acrossgenerations.   18.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthes           attitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist.   19.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtas"s       speech,"andspeechas"overtthought."Insuchacase,speakingandthinkingtakeplacesimultaneously.   20.I       isthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA.   Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%×10=20%)   21.(   )Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe"bestauthors"forlanguageusage.   22.(   )InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.   23.(   )Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.24.(   )Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperites.   25.(   )Theconceptualistviewofmeaningholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreference,i.e.betweenlanguageandthought.   26.(   )Oftheviewsconcerningthestudyofsemantics,thecontextualview,whichplacesthestudyofmeaninginthecontextinwhichlanguageisused,isoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.\n   27.(   )Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarmodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage.   28.(   )Thesentences"Hecrazy"and"Hebesickallthetime"arebothacceptableinBlackEnglishvernacularbecausecopuladeletionandhabitualbearetwofamousfeaturesofBlackEnglish.   29.(   )Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarecapableofdistinguishingandrecognizingexperiencesofthesameobjectiveworldaccordingtotheirrespectivedifferentlinguisticcodingsystem.   30.(   )Instructionandcorrectionarekeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.   Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%×10=30%)   31.synchroniclinguistics   32.displacement   33.aminimalpair   34.derivationalaffixes   35.syntax   36.languagetransfer   37.hyponymy   38.sentencemeaning   39.linguafranca   40.cerebralcortex   Ⅴ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%×2=20%)   41.ExplainsociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish.   42.Explainbrieflythefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sacquisitionofasecondlanguage.参考答案 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）   1、C2、B3、C4、B5、A6、C7、C8、B9、B10、C   二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、facts12、sequential13、free14、coordinate     15、semantics16、Cooperative17、transmission18、social19、subvocal20、Interlanguage   三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）   21、（T）   22、（F）Asthereisanessentialdifferencebetweentheconsonantsandthevowels,i.e.thereissomekindofobstructionofairintheproductionoftheformer,butthereisnotintheproductionofthelatter,itisimpossibletousethesamecriteriaintheirclassification. 23、（F）Wecannotalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningofitsparts.   24、（T）   25、（F）Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolanditsreferent,i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.   26、（T）   27、（F）Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarnevermodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage,becausechildrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammarsbythemselvesand\ngeneralizerulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.   28、（T）   29、（T）   30、（F）Instructionandcorrectionarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstruction.Instructionandcorrectionjustplayaminorrole.   四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）   31、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare'stime.   32、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageisnotrestrictedbythe'here'and'now'asanimalcommunicationis;wecanvirtuallytalkaboutanythingwewant,includingwhathappenedinthepast,whatisgoingtohappeninthefuture,whatisnotexistentintheimmediatesurroundingsandevenwhatweimagine.   33、Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesound,e.g./pit/and/bit/.   34、Affixesaddedtoanexistingformtocreateanewword,e.g.in-,-er35、Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,anditconsistsofasetofrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.   36、LanguagetransferisaphenomenonthatL2learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeintheirlearningprocess.   37、Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamorespecificwordandamoregeneral,moreinclusiveword.Theformerisincludedinthelatter.Forexample,acatisahyponymofanimal.38、Sentencemeaningreferstotheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractanddecontextualized.Forexample,semanticanalysisofthesentencemeaningof"Thebagisheavy"resultsintheone-placepredicationBAG(BEINGHEAVY).   39、Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeopleofdiverselinguisticbackgrounds.Forthisreason,alinguafrancamustbeanagree-upon"commontongue"usedbypeoplethrownintosocialcontactforvariouspurposes,suchasforsocialorcommercialpurposes.   40、Cerebralcortexistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,thedecision-makingorganofthebody,receivingmessagesfromallsensoryorgansandinitiatingallvoluntaryactions.Manyofthecognitiveabilitiesthatdistinguishhumansfromothermammals,suchassophisticatedreasoning,linguisticskills,andmusicalability,arebelievedtoresideinthecortex.   五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）   41、Sociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangerefertosuchradicalsocio-politicalchangesaswars,invasions,occupation,colonialization,andlanguageplanningandstandardizationpolicies.AtypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglishistheNormanConquest,amilitaryeventthatmarkedthedawningoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.ThismeansthatMiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglishunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.AndforaboutacenturyandahalfaftertheNormanConquest,Frenchremainedasthelanguageoftherulingclass,asfarasliteratureandadministrationwereconcerned.SoMiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedbyNormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsas"army,""court,""defense,""faith,""prison"and"tax"camefromthelanguageoftheFrenchrulers.   评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。\n   42、Thefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sL2acquisitionare:1)age,2)motivation,3)acculturation,4)personality.   TheoptimalageforL2acquisitionisearlyteenage.   Motivationreferstothelearner'soverallgoalororientation.Therearetwotypesofmotivation：instrumentalmotivationandintegrativemotivation.Theformeroccurswhenthelearner'sgoalisfunctionalandthelatteroccurswhenthelearner'sgoalissocial.   AcculturationistheprocessinwhichthelearneradaptstothenewcultureoftheL2community.   PersonalityisalsorelatedtoL2learning.Adultlearnerswhoareextrovertedlearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanintrovertedlearners.　第一部分　选择题　　I.Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%X10=20%）　　1.Saussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar，buttheydifferinthat____________.　　A.SaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguagewhileChomskytookapsychologicalpointofview　　B.SaussuretookapsychologicalviewoflanguagewhileChomskytookasociologicalpointofview　　C.SaussuretookapragmaticviewoflanguagewhileChomskytookasemanticpointofview　　D.SaussuretookastructuralviewoflanguagewhileChomskytookapragmaticpointofview　　2.Languageisasystemof____________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.　　A.unnatural　　　　　　　B.artificial　　C.superficial　　　　　　D.arbitrary　　3.Wearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage，_______________.　　A.andthedetailsofanylanguagesystemaregeneticallytransmitted　　B.therefore，weneedn’tlearnthedetailsofourmothertongue　　C.butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobelearnt.　　D.andthedetailsareacquiredbyinstinct　　4.A（n）________isaphonologicalunitofdistinctivevalue.Itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.　　A.phone　　　　　　　B.allophone　　C.phoneme　　　　　　D.sound　　5.Themorpheme–edintheword“worked”isa（n）__________morpheme.　　A.derivational　　　　　　B.inflectional　　C.free　　　　　　　　　D.word-forming　　6.WH-movementis__________inEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.　　A.obligatory　　　　　　B.optional　　C.selectional　　　　　　D.arbitrary　　7.Namingtheory，oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning，wasproposedby_____________.　　A.Grice　　　　　　　　B.Plato　　C.Saussure　　　　　　D.OgdenandRichards\n　　8.“Johnmarriedablondheiress.”__________“Johnmarriedablond.”　　A.issynonymouswith　　　　B.isinconsistentwith　　C.entails　　　　　　　　　D.presupposes　　9.Insemanticanalysisofasentence，thebasicunitiscalled____________，whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.　　A.utterance　　　　　　B.reference　　C.predication　　　　　D.morpheme　　10.InAustin’sspeechacttheory，___________istheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention；itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.　　A.aperlocutionaryact　　　　B.alocutionaryact　　C.aconstativeact　　　　D.anillocutionaryact　　第二部分　非选择题　　II.Directions：Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword，thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly，andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.（1%X10=10%）　　11.P___________relatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage.　　12.Ad_________studyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy；itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.　　13.Languageisasystem，whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures，ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel，thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds，whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledd___________.　　14.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas：thepharyngealcavity，theo_________cavityandthenasalcavity.　　15.Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledl_____________.　　16.S_____________featuressuchasstress，toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning.　　17.Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences，andsentenceswithinfinitelength，duetotheirr_________properties.　　18.H__________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling，orinboth.　　19.Someimportantmissionsofhistoricallinguistsaretoidentifyandclassifyfamiliesofrelatedlanguagesinagenealogicalfamilytree，andtoreconstructthep____________，theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.　　20.InSociolinguistics，speakersaretreatedasmembersofsocialgroups.Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechc___________.　　III.Directions：Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.　（2%X10=20%）　　（　）21.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.　　（　）22.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.\n　　（　）23.Theconclusionswereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguagecanbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage.　　（　）24.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish，unlikeChinese，isatypicaltonelanguage.　　（　）25.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber，andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.　　（　）26.Whenwethinkofaconcept，weactuallytrytoseetheimageofsomethinginourmind’seyeeverytimewecomeacrossalinguisticsymbol.　　（　）27.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexample，“Goodmorning！”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning.”　　（　）28.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors.　　（　）29.BlackEnglishislinguisticallyinferiortostandardEnglishbecauseBlackEnglishisnotassystematicasstandardEnglish.　　（　）30.Anychildwhoiscapableofacquiringsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly.　　IV.Directions：Explainthefollowingterms.（3%X10=30%）　　31.parole：　　32.broadtranscription：　　33.allophones：　　34.phrasestructurerules：　　35.context　　36.HistoricalLinguistics：　　37.standardlanguage：　　38.linguistictaboo：　　39.acculturation：　　40.care-takerspeech：　　V.Answerthefollowingquestions.（10%X2=20%）　　41.Enumeratethreecausesthatleadtothesystematicoccurrenceoferrorsinsecondlanguageacquisitionandgiveyourexamples.　　42.EnglishhasundergonetremendouschangessinceitsAnglo-Saxondays.Identifythemajorperiodsinitshistoricaldevelopmentandnamemajorhistoricaleventsthatledtothetransitionfromoneperiodtothenext.答案　　第一部分　选择题　　I.Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%X10=20%）　　1.A　2.D　3.C　4.C　5.B　6.A　7.B　8.C　9.C　10.D　　第二部分　非选择题　　II.Directions：Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword，thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly，andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.（1%X10=10%）　　11.Psycholinguistics\n　　12.diachronic　　13.duality　　14.oral　　15.lateralization　　16.Suprasegmental　　17.recursive　　18.Homonymy　　19.protolanguage　　20.community　　III.Directions：Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.（2%X10=20%）　　（T）21.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.　　（T）22.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.　　（F）23.Theconclusionswereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguagecanbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage.　　（F）24.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish，unlikeChinese，isatypicaltonelanguage.　　（T）25.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber，andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.　　（F）26.Whenwethinkofaconcept，weactuallytrytoseetheimageofsomethinginourmind’seyeeverytimewecomeacrossalinguisticsymbol.　　（F）27.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexample，“Goodmorning！”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning.”　　（T）28.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors.　　（F）29.BlackEnglishislinguisticallyinferiortostandardEnglishbecauseBlackEnglishisnotassystematicasstandardEnglish.　　（T）30.Anychildwhoiscapableofacquiringsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly.　　IV.Directions：Explainthefollowingterms.（3%X10=30%）　　31.parole：Itreferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Itisconcreteandvarieswithcontext.　　32.Broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithlettersymbolsonly.Itisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.　　33.Allophonesarethedifferentphonesthatrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.　　34.Phrasestructurerulesaretherewriteruleswhichallowforthepossiblecombinationofwordstoformphrasesandsentences.　　35.Contextisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.　　36.Historicallinguisticsstudieslanguagechange（orhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage）.\n　　37.Standardlanguageisasuperposed，sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem，usedbythemassmediaandtaughtineducationalinstitutions.　　38.Linguistictabooreferstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.　　39.Acculturationisaprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthesecondlanguagecommunity.　　40.Itissimpleandmodifiedspeechusedbyparents，baby-sitter，etc.whentheytalktoyoungchildrenwhoareacquiringtheirnativelanguage.　　V.Answerthefollowingquestions.（10%X2=20%）　　41.Enumeratethreecausesthatleadtothesystematicoccurrenceoferrorsinsecondlanguageacquisitionandgiveyourexamples.　　1）Mothertongueinterference　　2）interlingualinterference　　3）Overgeneralization　　42.EnglishhasundergonetremendouschangessinceitsAnglo-Saxondays.Identifythemajorperiodsinitshistoricaldevelopmentandnamemajorhistoricaleventsthatledtothetransitionfromoneperiodtothenext.　　Majorperiods：OldEnglish（449-1100）　　MiddleEnglish（1100-1500）　　ModernEnglish（1500-present）　　Historicalevents：TheoldEnglishperiodbeganwiththeinvasionoftheBritishIslesbyEnglish-speakingAnglo-SaxonsfromEurope，andendedwiththearrivalofNormanFrenchinvadershistoricallyknownastheNormanConquest.TheMiddleEnglishperiodisdistinguishedfromtheOldEnglishperiodbytheNormanConquest.TheEuropeanrenaissancemovementmarkedthebeginningoftheModernEnglishperiod.I.Directi*****:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully,decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%X10=20%) 1.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly_________.A.prescriptive  B.descriptive    C.subjective         D.Latin-based2.Whichofthefollowingisnotamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.phonetics    B.phonology       C.speech   D.syntax3.Englishc*****onantscanbeclassifiedintermsof_____________.A.mannerofarticulation B.placeofarticulation C.forceofarticulation  D.BothAandB4.Thereare_________morphemesintheword“disabled”.A.one   B.two    C.three   D.four5. ___________studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgoverntheirformation.A.PhonologyB.Semantics      C.Syntax  D.Morphology 6.The_________isthemostflexible,andisresp*****ibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother.A.nasalcavity     B.oralcavity     C.tongue D.lips7.“hotdog”withthefirstelementstressedmeans________.A.adogwhichishot  B.abarkingdog  C.akindoffood  D.adeaddog\n8.  N.Chomskyisafamous_____________linguist.A.American     B.British    C.Greek      D.Swiss9.Thewordssuchashandbookandhighwayare___________.A.formedbyblending B.coinedbyback-formationC.compoundwords D.derivati*****10.Whichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsarecomplementaryantonyms? A.hot/cold     B.doctor/patient  C.single/married      D.husband/wifeII.Directi*****:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(2%X10=20%)1.      Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanc____________.2.Saussuremadethefamousdistinctionbetweenlangueandp___________. 3.M___________isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.4.Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofm____________. 5.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisas_________study. 6.Thepairofwords“femaleandmale”belongstothec____________antonyms.7.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes___________,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.8.Englishspeechsoundscanbeclassifiedintovowelsandc__________.9.Anexpertwhostudieslinguisticsiscalledal____________.10.Linguisticsisdefinedasthes_____________studyoflanguage.III.Directi*****:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(1%X20=20%)1.  Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.2.  Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.3.  Sincemorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage,theycanbeusedindependently.4.    Theword“flower”isthesuperordinateofthehyponyms“rose”,“tulip”and“lily”.5.    Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication. 6.    Atthelowerorthebasiclevelofthelanguagesystem,thereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.7.    TheEnglishsound[m]isabilabialnasal.8.    Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituati*****ofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalledduality.9.    Modernlinguisticsgivesprioritytothewrittenformoflanguage.10.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyisadiachronicstudy.11.isavoicelessbilabialstop.12.WhileEnglishhasborrowedmostheavilyfromFrench,otherlanguageshavealsomadetheircontributi*****.13.Inflectionalaffixesarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestoothermorphemestoformanewword. 14.Linguisticsstudiesanyparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.15.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.\n16.InEnglish,nouns,verbs,prepositi*****andadverbsareopenclassessincewecanregularlyaddnewwordstotheseclasses.17.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.18.Thephrase“greenhouse”withthefirstelementstressedmeans“ahousewhichisgreenincolour.”19.Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzelexicalmeaning.20.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithdiacriticsiscalledbroadtranscription.IV.Directi*****:Analyzethesentences(5%X2=10%)1.Analyzethefollowingambiguousphrasewithimmediatecomponentanalysis(labeledtreediagram) morecomfortablehouses2.Usetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledtreediagram   Themotherfeedsthebaby.V.Directi*****:Explainthefollowingterms.(2%X5=10%)1.phonology2.vowel3.language 4.syntax5.morphemeVI.Directi*****:Answerthefollowingquesti*****ascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary(2%X10=20%)1.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics