语言学名词解释

语言学名词解释

Definethefollowingterms:1.  Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.  Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.3.  Syntax:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax..4.  Pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.5.  Psycholinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.6.  Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.7.  Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.8.  Morphology:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.9.  Semantics:Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.10.  Sociolinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.11.  Appliedlinguistics:Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.12.  Arbitrariness:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds13.  Productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.14.  Displacement:Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker15.  Duality:Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.16.  Designfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication17.  Competence:Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,\n18.  Performance:performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.19.  Langue:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently20.  Parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.45.phonology:Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.21.phoneme:Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.22.allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.23.internationalphoneticalphabet:Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.  24.intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.25.phonetics:Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages26.auditoryphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehear-er.27.acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.528.phone:Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.529.phonemiccontrast:Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.30.tone:Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.31.minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimal\npair.33.  Morphology:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.34.  inflectionalmorphology:Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections35.derivationalmorphology:Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.36.  Morpheme:Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.37.  freemorpheme:Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.38.    Boundmorpheme:Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.39.  Root:Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.40.  Affix:Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.41.  Prefix:Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.                  42.  Suffix:Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.43.  Derivation:Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.44.  Compounding:Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.45.  syntax:Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics.Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.46.  Sentence:Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.47.  coordinatesentence:Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".48.  syntacticcategories:Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyrefersto\naword(calledalexicalcategory)oraphrase(calledaphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.49.grammaticalrelations:Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.50.linguisticcompetence:Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.51.Transformationalrules:Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype.52.D-structure:D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace.Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.53.Semantics:Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.54.Sense:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualised.55.Reference:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience56.Synonymy:Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.57.Polysemy:Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.58.Homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.59.homophones:Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones60.homographs:Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.61.completehomonyms.:Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.62.Hyponymy:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.63.Antonymy:Antonymyreferstotherelationofoppositenessofmeaning.64.Componentialanalysis:Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Itwas\npro-posedbystructuralsemanticists.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofa-wordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents,whicharecalledsemanticfeatures.65.Thegrammaticalmeaning:Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.,itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.66.predication:Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.67.argument:Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication.Itisgenerallyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.68.predicate:Apredicateissomethingthatissaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.69.two-placepredication:  Atwo-placepredicationisonewhichcontainstwoarguments.37.  pragmatics:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.    38.  Context:Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeak-erandthehearer.Thesharedknowledgeisoftwotypes:theknowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse,andtheknowledgeabouttheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.        39.  utterancemeaning:themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.40.  sentencemeaning:Themeaningofasentenceisof-tenconsideredastheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.    41.  Constative:Constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwereverifiable;      42.  Performative:performatives,ontheotherhand,weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.Theirfunctionistoperformaparticularspeechact.  43.locutionaryact:Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.    44.illocutionaryact:Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.  45.perlocutionaryact:Aperlocutionaryactistheactper-formedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.46.CooperativePrinciple:ItisprincipleadvancedbyPaulGrice.Itisaprinciplethatguidesour\nconversationalbehaviors.Thecontentis:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeorthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.