国际语言学练习四

国际语言学练习四

Syntax I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.　　1.Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage，includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.　　2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.　　3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder，withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.　　4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages，syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.　　5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber，butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.　　6.Inacomplexsentence，thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus，onesubordinatingtheother.　　7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.　　8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.　　9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis，fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed，namely，nounphrase，verbphrase，infinitivephrase，andauxiliaryphrase.　　10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.　　11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.　　12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun，butotherelementsareoptional.　　13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules，withtheinsertionofthelexicon，generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.　14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative. II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.　　15.As________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.　　16.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement，questionorcommand.　　17.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.　　18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.　　19.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo，ormore，clauses，oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.5\n　20.Inthecomplexsentence，theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause.　21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.　22.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.　23.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.　24.ThetheoryofC_____conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions. III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.　　25.Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right　　　　B.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical　　26.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinator　　27.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.social　　　D.functional　　28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentencesB.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.Alloftheabove.　　29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled________.A.transformationalrulesB.generativerulesC.phrasestructurerulesD.x-bartheory　　30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositionsB.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositionsD.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary　　31.Thesentencestructureis________.5\nA.onlylinearB.OnlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical　　32Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite　　33.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexical　　　B.morphologicalC.linguistic　　　D.combinational　　34._______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.A.Generative　　　　　B.TransformationalC.X-barD.Phrasestructure IV.Definethefollowingterms.　Syntax：Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics.Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.　Sentence：Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement，questionorcommand.Normally，asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.Coordinatesentence：Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction，suchas"and"，"but"，"or".Syntacticcategories：Apartfromsentencesandclauses，asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword（calledalexicalcategory）oraphrase（calledaphrasalcategory）thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.Grammaticalrelations：Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases，grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.Linguisticcompetence：Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages，syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.Transformationalrules：Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype.D-structure：D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace.Phrasestructurerules，withtheinsertionofthelexicon，generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure. V.Answerthefollowingquestions.5\n43.Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence？　　Normally，asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectanditspredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.　44.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences？Illustratethemwithexamples.　　Traditionally，therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence，coordinate（compound）sentence，andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence，forexample：　　Johnreadsextensively.　　Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction，suchas"and"，"but"，"or".Forexample：　　　Johnisreadingalinguisticbook，andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.　　Acomplexsentencecontainstwo，ormore，clauses，oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus，oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample：　　BeforeJohngaveheralecture，Maryshowednointerestinlinguistics.45.Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured？Why？　　No.Languageisbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructured.Whenasentenceisutteredorwrittendown，thewordsofthesentenceareproducedoneafteranotherinasequence.Acloserexaminationofasentenceshowsthatasentenceisnotcomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorderwithoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.Infact，sentencesarealsohierarchicallystructured.Theyareorganizedbygroupingtogetherwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory，suchasnounphrase（NP）orverbphrase（VP），ascanbeseenfromthefollowingtreediagram：　　　　　　　　S　　　　NP　　　　　　VP　　　Det　　　N　　　Vt　　　NP　　　　　　　　　　Det　　　N　　　The　　boy　　　likes　　the　　music.46.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisofsentencestructures？　　Thetreediagramcannotonlyrevealalinearorder，butalsoahierarchicalstructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituents.Itcan，inaddition，showthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent，thusitisbelievedtomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements.47.WhatisNPmovement？Illustrateitwithexamples.　　NPmovementinvolvesthemovementofanounphrase.NPmovementoccurswhen，forexample，asentencechangesfromtheactivevoicetothepassivevoice：　　（A）　Themanbeatthechild.5\n　　（B）　Thechildwasbeatenbytheman.　　Bistheresultofthemovementofthenounphrases"theman"and"thechild"fromtheiroriginalpositionsin（A）tonewpositions.Thatis，"theman"ispostposedtotherightand"thechild"ispreposedtotheleft.　　NotallinstancesofNP-movement，however，arerelatedtochangingasentencefromtheactivevoicetothepassivevoice.Forexample：　　（C）Itseemstheyarequitefitforthejob.　　（D）Theyseemquitefitforthejob.　　Thesesentencesareidenticalinmeaning，butdifferentintheirsuperficialsyntacticrepresentations.Itisbelievedthattheyhavethesameunderlyingstructure，but（27b）istheresultofanNPmovement.8.F9.F10.T11.F12.T13.T14.T 　　15.      simple16.      sentence17.      subject18.      predicate19.      complex　20.      embedded　21.      open　22.      adjacency　23.      Parameters　24.      Case 　　25.    D26.    D27.    A28.     29.    A30.    A31.    D32.    C33.    D34.    B 5