Exercise 语言和语言学

Exercise 语言和语言学

Exercise11LanguageandLinguistics语言和语言学1.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleB.PerformanceC.langueD.Language2.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_______andmeanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas3.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_______,A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission4.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled_______________.A.generallinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.psycholiguisticsD.aplliedlinguistics5.Thedescriptiongofalanguageatsomepointintimeisastudy___________A.diachronicB.synchronicC.descrpitveD.prescriptive6.Findingsinlinguisticsstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionsofsomepracticalproblems,thestudyofsuchapplicationsisknownas__________.A.anthropologicallinguisticsB.computationallinguisticsC.appliedlinguisticsD.mathematicallinguistics7.Whichofthefollowingisn’tamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.PhonologyB.SyntaxC.PragmaticsD.Speech8.Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviour,itissaidtobe____.A.prescriptiveB.sociolinguisticC.descriptiveD.Psycholinguistic9.ThefamousquotationfromShakespeare'splay“RomeoandJuliet”‘Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’wellillustrates________. A.theconventionalnatureoflanguage B.thecreativenatureoflanguage C.theuniversalityoflanguage D.thebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunication10.Chomskyusestheterm_________torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.A.langueB.competence　　C.paroleD.performance11.AccordingtoChomsky,whichistheidealuser'sinternalizedknowledgeofhislanguage?A.competenceB.paroleC.performanceD.langue12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?A.LanguageisasystemB.LanguageissymbolicC.AnimalsalsohavelanguageD.Languageisarbitrary13.Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?"is________.A.informativeB.phatic13\nC.directiveD.performative14.Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?A.InterpersonalB.PhaticC.InformativeD.Metalingual15.Thefunctionofthesentence“Whatabeautifulday!”is____________.A.performativeB.emotiveC.informativeD.phatic16.Saussuretooka(n)_______viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.A.sociological…psychologicalB.psychological…sociologicalC.applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic17.Thestudyof_________doesNOTformthecoreoflinguistics.A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.computer-linguisticsD.phonology18.__________isregardedasthe“fatherofmodernlinguistics”?A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.HallidayD.Whorf19.Whichwordistheabsolutearbitraryone?A.bangB.headacheC.roseD.impolite20._________aretwosub-branchesoflinguisticsthatstudytheunitsatthegrammaticallevel.A.MorphologyandsemanticsB.MorphologyandsyntaxC.SyntaxandsemanticsD.Morphologyandphonology21.Theterm________linguisticsmaybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.comparativeD.historicalcomparative22.Childrencanspeakbeforetheycanreadorwriteshowsthat________.A.languageisarbitraryB.languageisusedforcommunicationC.languageisbasicallyvocalD.languageisproductive23.Whichofthefollowingisoneofthetwocorebranchesoflinguistics.A.MorphologyB.sociolinguicticC.psycholinguisticsD.anthropology24.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby______.A.SaussureB.ChomskyC.HallidayD.thePragueSchool25.Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage?A.soundsandlettersB.soundsandmeaningsC.lettersandmeaningD.soundsandsymbolsExercise12Phonetics语音学1.Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.A.voicelessB.voicedC.vowelD.consonant2.__________isavoicedalveolarstop.A.[z]B.[d]C.[k]D.[b]13\n3.Thesound[f]is_________________.A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative4.A_______vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle5.Liquidsareclassicifiedinthelightof__________.A.mannersofarticulationB.placeofarticualtionC.placeoftongueD.nonoftheabove6.InEnglish,thereisonlyoneglottal,itis_________.A.[l]B.[h]C.[k]D.[f]7.Thedifferncebetween[u]abd[u:]uscausedby_________.A.theopenessofthemouthB.theshapeofthelipsC.thelengthofthevowelsD.noneoftheabove8.Ofallthespeechorgans,the____is/arethemostflexible.A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords9.AllthebackvowelsinEnglisharepronouncedwithrounded-lips,i.e.rounded,EXCEPT________.A.[a:]B.[u:]C.[æ]D.[u]10.____________isthestudyofallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.A.MorphologyB.PhoneticsC.PhonologyD.Syntax11.Whichofthefollowingsoundsisabackvowel?A.[i]B.[w]C.[e]D.[u]12.[p]isdifferentfrom[k]in___________.A.themannerofarticulationB.theshapeoflipsC.thevibrationofthevocalcordD.theplaceofarticulation13.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof_______.A.palatalB.alveolar　　C.bilabialD.dental14.Voicingasaqualityofspeechsoundsiscausedbythevibrationof_______.A.thevelumB.thevocalcords　C.theglottisD.theuvula15.[e]isdifferentfrom[a]in_________.A.theshapeofthelipsB.theheightofthetongueC.thepartofthetonguethatisraisedD.thepositionofthesoftplace16.Wherearethevocalcords?A.InthemouthB.InthenasalcavityC.AbovethetongueD.Insidethelarynx17.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothethreeresonatingcavities?A.thepharynxB.thenasalcavityC.thelarynxD.theoralcavity18.“TheAdam’sApple”is____________.A.akindofappleB.relatedtoAdamC.thefrontpartoflarynxD.onthetopoflarynx19.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueforvowels?13\nA.Vowelsaresonorants.B.Intheproductionofvowels,thereisnoobstructionofair.C.Tongueheightisonecriteriontodistinguishvowels.D.Vowelsarealsocalledobstruents.20.WhichofthefollowingEnglishsoundsisNOTbilabial?A.[b]B.[m]C.[n]D.[p]Exercise13Phonology音位学1.Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.A.inphonemiccontrastB.incomplementarydistributionC.theallophonesD.minimalpair2.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled_______.A.phoneticcomponentsB.immediateconstituentsC.suprasegmentalfeaturesD.semanticfeatures3.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.A.phoneB.soundC.allophoneD.phoneme4.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophones5.Whichofthefollowingisatypicaltonelanguage?A.EnglishB.ChineseC.FrenchD.Alloftheabove6.Usually,suprasegmentalfeaturesinclude________,lengthandpitch.A.phonemeB.speechsoundsC.syllablesD.stress7._________studiesthesoundsysteminacertainlanguage.A.PhoneticsB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.Phonology8.__________areusedtofindthephonemesofalanguage.A.MinimalpairsB.FreevariationC.ConstrastivedistributionD.Complementarydistribution9.Ifthetwosimilarsoundsegmentsneveroccurinthesamephoneticenviornment,thentheyare________.A.twoseparatephonemesB.twoallophonesofaphonemeC.twofreevariationsofaphonemeD.aminimalpair10.Whichofthefollowingisnotasuprasegmentalfeature?A.AspirationB.IntonationC.StressD.Tone11.Whereistheprimarystressoftheword“phonology”?A.phoB.noC.loD.gy12.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only_______ispermissibleaccordingtothesequentialrulesinEnglish.(     )A.kibl           B.bkil           C.ilkb          D.ilbk13.Whichofthefollowinggroupsofwordsiaaminimalpair?13\nA.but–pubB.wet–whichC.pin-penD.fail-find14._______isanindispensiblepartofasyllable.A.CodaB.OnsetC.StemD.Peak15.Amongthefollowing,thepartsofspeechthatisnormallyunstressedinanEnglishsentenceare__________.A.NounsB.VerbsC.AdverbsD.Prepositions16.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaminimalpair?A.cat/batB.put/butC.jig/pigD.sit/bit17.Iftwosoundsareincomplenetraydistribution,theyare_______ofthesamephoneme.A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs18.Intheproductionofaconsonantsatleast________articualtiorsareinvolved.A.twoB.oneC.threeD.four19._________involvemorethanonemannersofarticulation.A.StopsB.FricativesC.AffricatesD.Laterals20.Voicelesssoundsareproducedwhenthevocalfoldsare__________.A.closedB.apartC.totallyclosedD.completelyopenExercise14Morphology形态学1._________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.SyntaxB.GrammarC.MorphologyD.Morpheme2._________areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.PhonemesD.Sentences3.“-s”intheword“books”is_______.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.aroot4.Theword“simplifications”has______morphemesinit.A.2B.3C.4D.55.Thewordsthatcontainonlyonemorphemearecalled_________.A.boundmorphemesB.affixes　　C.freemorphemesD.roots6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafreemorpheme?A.bookB.boyishC.betD.child7.Theword“sitcom”isa(n)______________.A.blendedwordB.abbreviatedwordC.compoundwordD.clippedword8.Ofallthefollowingaffixes,whichisdifferentfromothers?A.–fulB.-lyC.-edD.-ity9.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?A.gasstationB.town-planningC.headacheD.medicare10.Theword“fridge”isformedthrough_________.A.compoundingB.blendingC.clippingD.backformation11.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalexampleofbackformation?A.editB.writeC.putD.cook12.WhichofthefollowingisNOTinventedbywayofacronym?13\nA.NATOB.APECC.AIDSD.smog13.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtotheallomorphsoftheEnglishpluralmorpheme?A.[s]B.[z]C.[ei]D.[is]14.Ofallthefollowingfourwords,whichoneisdifferentfromtheotherthreeintermsofword-formation?A.NationalB.E-mailC.BrunchD.Medicare15.Howmanyboundmorphemesarethereintheword“internationalism”?A.2B.4C.3D.116.Thetwoaspectstothemeaningofawordaredenotationand___________.A. indication      B. connotation   C.conversation        D.implication17.A________wordisacombinationoftwoormorewordswhichfunctionsasasingleword.A.  compound    B.blend    C.shortened            D.clipped18.Theword“typhoon”originatedin________. A. Japanese      B.French    C. Chinese              D.Spanish19.Intermsoflexicology,awordisacombinationofsoundand________.A. spelling      B.writing    C. meaning                  D.pronunciation20.Thedifferentformsofamorphemearecalled________.A. morphs      B. freeforms   C. allomorphs            D.roots21.___________arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords.A. clippedwords      B.compounds    C. blends                  D.acronyms22.Intheword“internationalism”,_________istheroot.A.interB.nationC.alD.ism23.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?A.pencilboxB.friedlinessC.deadlineD.upstair24.Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyis________.A.theinternalstrucutreB.wordC.therulesbywhichwordsareformedD.morpheme25.Whenthesuffix________isaddedtoanoun,itusuallychangesthisnounintoanadjective.A.lessB.nessC.fullyD.erExercise15Syntax句法学1.________mainlydealswithhowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.A.PragmaticsB.SyntaxC.SemanticsD.Phonetics2.Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.rightB.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical3.________putforwardtheideathatsentencecanbedefinedasthemaximumfreeform.A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Saussure4.WhatdoesLADstandfor?A.LanguageassociativedistrictB.LanguageassociativedeviceC.LanguageaquisiciondeviceD.Languageaquisiciondistrict5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare______innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite13\n6.Thetwoclausesina_______sentencearestructurallyequalpartsofthesentence.A.simpleB.complexC.completeD.corordinate7.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby____in1957.　A.L.BloomfieldB.F.Saussure　　C.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday8.Transformationalrulesdonotchangethebasic_______ofsentences.A.meaningB.formC.positionD.structure9.AccordingtoICAnalysis,howmanyultimateconstituentsarethereinthesentence“Johnleftyesterday”?A.2B.3C.4D.110.TGGrammarstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageand__________.A.societyB.cultureC.psychologyD.acquisition11.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothekeyconceptsofTGGrammar?A.DeepandsurfacestructureB.UniversalgrammarC.LanguageacquisitiondeviceD.Psychologicalfactors12.__________proposedthetheoryofSystemic-functionalGrammar.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.SaussureD.Bloomfield13.DifferentfromChomsky,Hallidaystudieslanguagefroma________perspective.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.culturalD.conventional14.Chomskyholdstheviewthatlanguageisaformof_______;whileHallidayregardslanguageasaformof___________.A.knowing,thinkingB.knowing,doingC.thinking,doingD.doing,knowing15.Aspeaker’sactualutteranceinChomsky’sterminologyiscalled___.A.deepstructureB.linguisticuniversalsC.universalgrammarD.surfacestructure16.ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistof____________elements.A.2B.3C.4D.517.Halliday’sSystemic-functionalGrammartakes_______astheobjectofstudy.A.actualusesoflanguageB.idealspeaker’slinguisticcompetenceC.children’slanguageD.adult’slanguage18.IfweuseICAnalysistoanalyzethesentenceIboughtthebookatthepriceof25yuanyesterday,,whereisthefirstcut?A.BetweenyuanandyesterdayB.BetweenIandboughtC.BetweenbookandatD.Betweenboughtandthe19.__________isthedefiningpropertiesofunitslikenoun(number,gender,etc)andverb(tense,aspect,etc).A.PartsofspeechB.WordclassC.GrammaticalcategoriesD.Functionsofwords20.Whatdoes“IC”standforasasyntaticnotionandanlyticaltechnique?A.InferntialConnective.B.ImmediateConstituent.C.InflexionalComponent.D.ImplecativeCommunication.Exercise16Semantics语义学1.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich“girl”and“lass”belongis13\ncalled_____synonyms.　　A.stylisticB.dialectal　　C.emotiveD.collocational2.Therelationshipbetween“fruit”and“apple”is______.A.homonymyB.hyponymyC.polysemyD.synonymy3.“Interviewer”and“interviewee”areapairof______opposites.　　A.complementaryB.gradableC.completeD.relational4.“Alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonymsB.relationaloppositesC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabove5.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonymsB.polysemyC.hyponymsD.synonyms6._______isNOTapairofhomophones.A."Fair"(lovely)and"fare"(moneychargedforajourneybybus,ship,taxi,etc)B."Flea"(anyofvarioussmall,wingless,bloodsuckinginsects)and"flee"(toescape)C."Lead"(toguide)and"lead"(metalofadullbluish-greycolourthatmeltseasily)D."compliment"(anexpressionofpraise,admiration,orcongratulation)and"complement"(somethingthatcompletes,makesupawhole,orbringstoperfection)7.“Clear”and“Vague”areapairof_____.A.relativeantonymsB.derivativeantonymsC.rootantonymsD.freeantonyms8.Inthesentence:“Wehavecoursestomakegrownmanyoungandyoungmangroan.”________areusedtocreateanimpressiveeffect.A.homophonesB.homographsC.perfecthomonymsD.polysemants9.Thegroupofwords_____makeupasemanticfield.A.rose,lily,tulipvioletB.shoes,socks,glasses,booksC.red,white,rose,milkD.father,teacher,dog,son10.“Hopeful”and“hopeless”arecalled______onthebasisofmorphologicalstructure.A.absoluteantonymsB.rootantonymsC.derivativeantonymsD.contraries11._______areusedinthesentence“WithIBMwehavethepowertomanagethepower”.A.homophonesB.homographsC.fullhomonymsD.polysemants12._________isthestudyofmeaning.A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.PhoneticsD.Phonology13._________putforwardthefamousclassicsemantictriangleinsemantics.A.Chomsky&HallidayB.Ogden&RichardsC.Austin&LabovD.Wittgenstein&Austin14.Inthesemantictriangle,“referent”refersto__________.A.conceptB.thethoughtC.therealworldD.meaning15.“Woman”in“Thewomanintheroomispretty”refersto_______,accordingtosemantictriangle.A.thoughtB.referenceC.referentD.linguisticform16.“Politician”and“statesman”areapairof_____________.A.collocationalsynonymsB.stylisticsynonymsC.emotivesynonymsD.dialectalsynonyms13\n17.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“gentleman”canbeexpressedas__.　　A.+animate，+male，+human，-adultB.+animate，+male，+human，+adult　C.+animate，-male，+human，-adultD.+animate，-male，+human，+adult18.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled________.A.apolysemousB.asynonymousC.anabnormalD.amultiple19.“Dog”and“pig”are________.A.co-hyponymsB.superordinateC.hyponymsD.antonyms20.Thecolor“yellow”hasdifferentmeaningstoChineseortowesternpeople,thatisits__________.A.conceptualmeaningB.cognitivemeaningC.associativemeaningD.stylisticmeaning21.Homophonesareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectsof________.A.humorB.sarcasmC.ridiculeD.alloftheabove22.________istherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalterms,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.A.SynonymyB.HomonymyC.HyponymyD.Polysemy23.________referstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavethanonemeaning.A.HyponymyB.HomonymyC.SynonymyD.Polysemy24.“Surprise”and“amaze”areapairof____________.A.dialectalsynonymsB.emotivesynonymsC.semanticallydifferentsynonymsD.stylisticsynonyms25.Theambiguityin“passtheport”iscausedby_________.A.lexicalitemsB.agrammaticalstructureC.homonymyD.polysemy26.________areusedin“Thereisabeautifulsightatoursite”.A. homographs      B. homophones   C. antonyms   D.synonyms27.Whichofthefollowingisdifferentfromtheotherthreeaccordingtotheclassificationofantonymsonthebasisofmorphologicalstructure?A. large&small      B.clear&vague    C. buy&sell   D.useful&useless28.Antonymsareusedtomakea(n)____inthesaying“Easycome,easygo”.A.contrastB.cohesionC.ironyD.emphasis29.Sourcesofhomonymsinclude_____.A.changesinsoundandspellingB.borrowingC.shorteningD.alloftheabove30.Whichofthefollowingarecontraries?A.oldandyoungB.deadandaliveC.buyandsellD.westandeastExercise17Pragmatics语用学1.A_____analysisofanutterancewillrevealwhatthespeakerintendstodowithit.A.semanticB.syntacticC.pragmaticD.grammatical2._________doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.SenserelationD.Concept3.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.13\nA.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context4.__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact5.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis________.A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs6.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicatures7.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.A.inthelate50’softhe20thcenturyB.intheearly1950’sC.inthelate1960’sD.intheearly21stcentury8.__________isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrincipleB.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrinciple9.Themaximof______requiresthataparticipant’scontributionberelevanttotheconversation.A.quantityB.qualityC.relationD.manner10.Ifasentenceisregradedaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomes________.A.asentenceB.anactC.aunitD.anutterance11.A:Howareyoutoday?B:Fine,andmyfamilyisalsofine.Thisconversationfloutsthemaximof__________.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.maxim12.Theutterance“We’realreadyworking25hoursaday,eightdaysaweek.”Obviouslyviolatesthemaximof________A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner13.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothefivetypesofillocutionaryactsclassifiedbySearle?A.representativeB.directiveC.expressiveD.initiative14.“Wouldyouliketogotothecinemawithme?”isa(n)____________.A.representativeB.directiveC.expressiveD.commissive15.“Inowdeclarethemeetingopen”isa(n)__________.A.declarationB.directiveC.expressiveD.commissive16.“Ipromisetocome.”isa(n)_________.A.expressiveB.directiveC.declarationD.commissive17.“Ihaveneverseenthemanbefore.”isa(n)_________.A.directiveB.declarationC.representativeD.commissive18.Locutionaryactis___________.13\nA.theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintentionB.theactofconveyingliteralmeaningC.theactofresultingfromtheutteranceD.theeffectofthespeech19.AccordingtoAustin,whichofthefollowingcanbeconsideredasaperformative?A.Theearthisround.B.Iclaimthatismywatch.C.Heisn’there.D.It’sWednesday.20.Themeaningofanutteranceisconsideredas__________.A.abstarctB.context-dependentC.decontextualizedD.concrete21.“Wedothingswithwords”—thisisthemainideaof__________.A.theSpeechActtheoryB.theCo-operativeprinciplesC.thePoliteprinciplesD.pragmatics22.__________maybeusedasanexampleofindirectspeechact.A.“Couldyouclosethedoor?”B.“IherebydeclareMr.Clintonelected.”C.“Goodmorning.”D.“Icommandyoutoreportat6p.m.”23.Forthefollowingconversation:A:Didyougotothecinemalastnight?”B:Istayedathome.________istheconversationalimplicature.A.B.wenttothecinema.B.Awenttothecinema.C.B.didnotgotothecinema.D.AandBwenttothecinematogether.24.Inthefollowingconversation:A:BeirutisinPeru,isn’B:AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.Bviolatesthe________Maxim.A.MannerB.RelationC.QuantityD.Quanlity25.Intheconversation:A:WhereisMr.Wang?B:SomewhereinBejing.Bviolatesthe________Maxim.A.MannerB.RelationC.QuantityD.QuanlityExercise18SemanticChange词义演变1.Thefourmajorwaysofsemanticchangeare________.A.narrowing,extension,elevationanddegradationB.specialization,extension,narrowinganddegradationC.narrowing,extension,generalizationanddegradationD.degradation,extension,elevationanddegeneration2.___________referstothestretchofmeaning.A.SpecializationB.GeneralizationC.DegradationD.Elevation3.GeneralizationcanbeillustratedbythefollowingexamplesEXCEPT________.A.holidayB.orientationC.sancturyD.shroud4.Whichofthefollowingmeanstheshrinkingofmeaning?A.GeneralizationB.DegradationC.SpecializationD.Elevation13\n5.Whichwordisdifferentfromtheotherthreeintermsofsemanticchange?A.liquorB.stinkC.hospitalD.bribery6.Thefactthatalexicalitemmayundergoashiftinmeaningiscalled______inlinguistics.A.widengingofmeaningB.narrowingofmeaningC.meaning-shiftD.losingofmeaning7.Theword“fame”originallymeant“report”,butnowitmeans“goodreputation”.Thisisanexampleof___________.A.specializationB.elevationC.extensionD.generalization8.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoelevationintermsofsemanticchange?A.InnB.marshalC.lordD.sad9.In__________,themeaningofawordnarrowstowardanunfavorableone.A. generalization     B. elevation   C. degradation        D.specialization10.Theambiguityofthemeaningof“theloveofJohn”iscausedby______ofmeaning.A.degradationB.extensionC.transferenceD.elevation11.Theword“holiday”undergoesthesemanticchangeof______withitsmeaningchangedfrom“sacreddays”to“allholidays”.A.generalization    B.specialization    C.  elevation     D.degradation12.Themeaningof“stink”is______from“allkindsofsmell”to“veryunpleasantsmell”.A. generalized      B. specialized  C.   degraded             D.elevated13.Inthecourseofseveralgenerations,semanticchangehas_______themeaningoftheword“meat”.A.narrowedB.widenedC.shiftedD.elevated14.Whichofthefollowingwordhasexperiencedmeaningelevation?A.InnB.MeatC.SillyD.Rumbleseat15.Themeaningoftheword“corn”hasbeen_________.A.extendedB.elevatedC.degradedD.narrowedExercise19LanguageandSociety语言与社会1.Byusing_________wemayaddseveralsynonymstotheword“die”,suchas“passaway”,“gotosleep”andetc.A.euphemism      B. vulgarism   C.  initialism       D.metaphor2.Theword________isusuallyNOTusedbyBritishpeople.A.“tube”B.“pub”C.“railroad”D.“taxi”3.WhatcanhelpusbestdistinguishAmericanandBritishEnglish? A. pronunciation     B. spelling   C.   vocabulary   D.alloftheabove4._________isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosocialfactors.A.PsycholinguiticsB.SociolinguisticsC.Computer-linguisticsD.Anthropolinguistics5._________isaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesandisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposedsuchastrading.A.PidginB.RegisterC.sociolectD.idiolect6.__________isapidginlanguage,whichhasbecomethenativelanguageofagroupofspeakers,beingusedforallormanyoftheirdailycommunitiveneeds.A.PidginB.RegisterC.CreoleD.idiolect7.Sometimes,twovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachbeingusedfordifferentpurposes.Thisphenomenonis________.A.bilingualismB.diglossiaC.pidginD.creole13\n8._________referstotheuseofatleasttwolanguageseitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.A.bilingualismB.diglossiaC.pidginD.creole9.Amorestandardvarietyofdiglossia,thatiscalledthe_________,isusedingovernment,themedia,education,andforreligiousservices.A.LowvarietyB.HighvarietyC.DualvarietyD.pidgin10.Alinguistic________referstoawordoranexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.A.euphemismB.tabooC.slangD.pidgin11.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtodialectalvarieties?A.IdiolectB.SociolectC.RegionaldialectsD.Diglossia12.Speechcommunityis___________________.A.avarietyoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongtoaparticularsocialclassB.agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandwhohaveatleastonespeechvarietyincommonC.thelanguagesystemofanindividualasexpressedbythewayheorshespeaksandwritesD.thevarietyofalanguagewhichhasthehighesstatusinacommunityornation13.Theformofagivenlanguageusedinacertaingeographicalspaceiscalled_______.A.styleB.registerC.dialectD.pidgin14.Thedialectwhichiscausedbysocialstatusiscalled_________.A.regionaldialectB.sociolectC.idiolectD.bilingualism15.Whichofthefollowinglanguagevarietyisthevarietyofalanguagewhichhasthehigheststatusinacommunityornationandwhichisusuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofthelanguage?A.PidginB.CreoleC.StandarvarietyD.Sociolect13