语言学概论 语法练习

语言学概论 语法练习

rapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird一、名词解释1．语法2．语(词)素3．词干4．词根5．词缀6．词尾7．词8．词组9句子lo．单纯词11．合成词12．复合词13派生词14．组合的递归性15．语法单位16语法意义17．语法形式18．异根19．词类20．形态(词形变化)21内部屈折(语音交替)22．语法范畴23．语法手段或方式24．句子成分分析法25．直接成分分析法26孤立语27．粘着语28．屈折语29．复综语30．句法同义和句法多义二、填空题1．语法的（）和（）构成一种语言的语法规则。2．从形式上看，句子的最大特点是（）。3．句子里根据表达的需要临时作出组合的词组叫（）。4．从意义和作用看，词可以分成（）和（）两大类。5．根据语素在词中的不同作用可以把它分成三类：（词根）、（词缀）、（词尾），前两者又叫做（构词语素），后者又叫做（变词语素）。6．词的组合有五种基本类型：（）、（）、（）、（）、（）。7．孤立语的主要特点是缺乏（词形变化）。8．变换常用的手段有（）、（）、（）等。9．根据语素之间的结构关系，可以把复合词分成五种构造方式：（）（）（）（）（）。plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird10．由一个词根语素(在有的语言里加上词尾)构成的词称为（）；由两个或两个以上的语素组成的词叫（）．根据构成合成词的语素类别的不同．一般把合成词分为（）和（）两类。完全由词根语素按一定规则组合成的词是复合词。由（）和（）构成的词是派生词。三、操作题1、用直接成分分析法分析句子虚构故事吓坏人。反对他的意见。2、用变换分析法说明下列两个句子在语义上的差别。这位领导我也不认识。这种植物我也不认识。四、选择题：参见辅导与习题集103页。1．语法：又称文法。有两个含义：一是指客观存在的语法现象，即语言的结构规律。可以分成词法和句法，包含词的构形、构词规则和词组合成句、句组合成句群的规则。它是客观存在于一种语言之中，是在语言长期发展过程中形成的，说这种语言的全体成员必须共同遵守。它具有抽象性、稳固性、民族性三个特点。二是指语法学，即研究语言结构规律的科学。语法学包括词法学和句法学两部分。古今中外，语法学种类繁多，其中影响最大的有三个流派：传统语法学、结构主义语法学、转换生成语法学。plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird2．语(词)素：语言中音义结合的最小语法单位。根据语素在构词中的作用，可以把语素分为三种：词根、词缀和词尾。词根是词的核心部分，它决定了词的主要词汇意义。词缀是只能粘附在词根上构成新词的语素，它本身不能单独构成词。粘附在词根前面的词缀称为前缀，粘附在词根后面的词缀称为后缀，插入词根中间的词缀称为中缀。词尾是指加在词的末尾，只能改变一个词的形式，而不能构成新词的语素。词根和词缀具有构词功能，是构词语素，二者合称词干(一个词除去词尾，就是它的词干)；词尾只能改变一个词的形式，不能构成新词，是变词语素。根据语素在词语中的语音形式，可以分为单音节语素、双音节语素和多音节语素。3．词干：一个词除去词尾的部分。4．词根：词的核心部分，词的意义主要是由它体现出来的。词根，也可以彼此组合成词。5．词缀：只能粘附在词根上构成新词的语素，它本身不能单独构成词。粘附在词根前面的词缀称为前缀，粘附在词根后面的词缀称为后缀，插入词根中间的词缀称为中缀。前绍、中缀、后缀都是粘附在词根之上的附加成分，所以它们又称为前加成分、中加成分和后加成分。6词尾：加在词的末尾，只能改变一个词的形式，而不能构成新词。plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird7．词；语言中能独立运用的最小的造句单位。所谓独立运用，就是它在造句中能够到处作为一个单位出现；所谓最小，就是说不能分割和扩展，中间不能插入别的成分。从意义和作用看，词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。8．词组：是句子里面作用相当于词而本身又是由词组成的大于词的单位，词组有自由词组和固定词组两种，固定词组中的成分一般不能更换、增删，次序不能颠倒，在语法结构中的作用与词完全一样。成语是固定词组中的一种特殊类型。9．句子：是由若干个词或词组按照一定规则组合成的，能表达相对完整的意义，前后有较大停顿并带有一定的语气和句调的语言单位，它是最大的语言单位，又是交际中基本的表述单位。10．单纯词：由一个词根语素(有的语言里加上词尾)构成的词。II．合成词；由两个或两个以上的构词语素组成的词。12．复合词：词根语素按一定的规则组合起来构成的合成词。13．派生词；由词根语素和词缀组合起来构成的词。14．组合的递归性：因为语法的组合结构一层套一层，所以同样的结构规则尽可以重复使用而不致造成结构上的混乱，这就叫组合的递归性。15．语法单位：凡是能在组合的某一位置上被替换下来的片段都是语法单位。语素、词、词组和句子是不同结构层面上的语法结构单位。plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird16．语法意义：词进入语法组合之后由语法结构所赋予的词汇意义之外的意义。语法意义不能单独存在，它和词的词汇意义处于相互依存的关系之中。一般认为虚词只有语法意义，故在句中不能单用，而与具有词汇意义的实词连用，在与词汇意义的结合中才能实现它的具体的语法意义。语法意义不能离开词，不能离开词的词汇意义，因为语法意义大部分是从词汇意义中抽象和概括出来的。词汇意义是语法意义的基础。17．语法形式：表达语法意义的外部形式。例如汉语“同志们”中的“们”和英语“comrades”中的“s”，语法意义是复数，它们就是“复数”这一语法意义的语法形式。18．异根：用不同的词根表示同一个词的不同的语法意义，也就是说，当一个词的语法意义发生了变化，它不是附加词尾或改变内部的某个音，而是完全用另外一个词根来表示，形式上完全是另一个词。这种情况在英语中不是很多。例如I的宾语是me,we的宾语是us，she的宾语和所有格是her,good的比较级是better，最高级best等。19．词类：词在语法上的分类，具体说是具有相同语法功能的一类词的集合。抽象地说是一组分布环境的总和，它也兼顾词的意义。词的语法功能有两个方面的功能：一是它本身单独成句的能力，另一个方面是它在组合中的活动情况。词的意义不是指每个词的具体的概念义，而是指抽象的类别义。plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird20．形态(词形变化)：同一个词在造句时因其句法位置的差异而发生的不同变化，是表达语法意义的重要手段。许多语法范畴主要是通过形态体现出来的。在有形态变化的语言中，形态是划分词类的重要依据，功能上往往具有相同的特点，形成一个聚合体，可以划分为一个类别，这些就是一般所说的划分词类的形态原则。形态最终要服从功能要求，形态原则和功能原则是基本一致的。如果某个形态与功能矛盾。应以功能来决定类别形态变化，有附加词尾、内部屈折、异根等主要形式。21．内部屈折(语音交替)：即通过词内部的词根中的元音或辅音发生变化构成语法形式，表示某种语法意义，这种手段就是内部屈沂。这种形态变化往往没有规律．不能类推，只能分别死记。例如英语词汇系统中的不规则动词就需要单独记忆。22．语法范畴：—种观点认为：每一个词的每—种形态变化都要表示一定的语法意义．把这种通过词的变化形式表现出来的语法意义概括起来进行归类，得到的类别就是语法范畴。即语法范畴是由词的变化形式所表示的语法意义的聚合。汉语缺乏词的形态变化，所以汉族人对这类语法范畴比较陌生，但并不是说汉语没有语法意义。另一观点认为：语法范畴分成词法范畴和句法范畴两种，由plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird词的变化来表示语法意义的形式就是词法范畴，句法范畴是由结构的变化来表示语法意义的形式：常见的词法范畴主要有性、数、格、体、时、人称、态、级等，这是汉语所没有的：句法范畴主要有虚词、语类选择、语序、语调四个小类。在句法范畴中，汉语有着丰富的虚词和语序。23．语法手段或方式：把表达语法意义的语法形式概括成的类别。比如英语动词“listening(听)”附加上词尾ing，表示进行体；英语名词“dog(狗)”附加上词尾s表示复数。这两种语法形式不同，表示的语法意义也不同，但它们语法形式的性质是相同的，即都是通过词形变化来表现语法意义，所以可以把这两种具有相同性质的语法形式概括为同一个语法手段，即词形变化，也即形态变化。常见的语法手段主要有选词、词序、虚词、词形变化。24．句子成分分析法：从句法结构的关系意义出发．对句子作成分功能或作用分析的方法叫句子成分分析法。它要求用各种方法标出基本成分(主语、谓语、宾语)和次要成分(定语、状语、补语)。25．直接成分分析法(又叫层次分析法)对句法结构组合形式进行层次性的分析，把句子的各个部分不断地一分为二，直到不能再切为止。具体操作方法有二：把复杂词组逐层切分，一直切分到词为止；或从词开始逐层组合，一直到复杂词组为止的方法，它利用图形分析句子或词组的结构，把结构层次和结构类别都标出来，以揭示句法结构内部的显性意义。层次分析必须依据两条原则：一是“成结构”，二是“有意义”。plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird26．孤立语：又叫词根语，缺乏词形变化。特点是词序严格，虚词重要，复合词多，派生词少。以汉语、彝语、壮语、苗语为代表。27．粘着语：有丰富的词形变化，通过词本身形式的变化表示各种语法关系的语言。土耳其语、日语、朝鲜语、芬兰语、维吾尔语为其代表。其最突出的特点是词根与变词语素结合不很紧密，两者有很大的独立性，只是在用的时候临时贴上去，故名粘着语。28．屈折语：以词形变化作为表示语法关系的主要手段的语言。它的主要特点是：一是有比较丰富的词形变化，通过词形变化来表示词与词之间的关系；二是一种词形变化的语素可以表示几种不同的语法意义；三是词尾和词干或词根结合十分紧密，脱离开词尾，句子中词根就不能独立存在。以俄语、英语、法语为代表。29．复综语：又叫编插语，突出特点是分不出词和句子。词和句子合二为一，一个词的构成部分同时又是另一个词的组成部分，许多个成分互相编插组合在一起，难分你我。这种结构类型多见于美洲印第安人的语言，如美诺米尼语。30句法同义和句法多义：几种不同的句子格式表示相同或相近的结构意义，叫句法同义；同一个句式表示几种不同的结构意义，叫句法多义。plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethirdplenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe