语言学Pragmatics语用学

语言学Pragmatics语用学

Pragmatics\nPreview:Invisiblemeaning(隐含意义)Context(语境)Deixis(指示语)Reference(指称)Anaphora(照应)Presupposition(预设)Speechacts(言语行为)Politeness(礼貌原则)\nPragmatics：Itreferstothestudyof“intendedspeakermeaning”.\nInvisiblemeaning隐含意义\n\nInorderforustorecognizetheinvisiblemeaning,thewritersmustbeabletodependonalotofsharedassumptionsandexpectations.Then,weusethemeaningofthewords,incombination,andthecontextinwhichtheyoccur,andwetrytoarrivedatwhatthewriterofthesignintendedhismessagetoconvey.\nContext语境\nTherearedifferentkindsofcontext.Onekindisdescribedaslinguisticcontext,alsoknownasco-text.Moregenerally,weknowhowtointerpretwordsonthebasisofphysicalcontext.\nCo-textTheco-textofawordisthesetofotherwordsusedinthesamephraseorsentence.Thesurroundingco-texthasastrongeffectonwhatwethinkthewordmeans.\nBankIneedtogotothebanktowithdrawsomecash.It’sonthenorthbankoftheThames.Thegirlsrandownthesteepgrassybank.Hehasabankofknowledge.thesideofariver,canal,etc.andthelandnearitanorganizationthatprovidesvariousfinancialservicesanamountofsththatiscollected;aplacewheresthisstoredreadyforusearaisedareaofgroundthatslopesatthesides,oftenattheedgeofsthordividingsth\nPhysicalcontextOurunderstandingofmuchofwhatwereadandhearistiedtothephysicalcontext,particularlythetimeandplace,inwhichweencounterlinguisticexpressions.\n\nDeixis指示语\nPersondeixis:it,this,me,you,him,them,etc.Spatialdeixis:here,there,nearthat,etc.Temporaldeixis:now,then,tonight,lastweek,etc.\nYou’llhavetobringitbacktomorrowbecausesheisn’theretoday.PersondeixisPersondeixisPersondeixisTemporaldeixisTemporaldeixisSpatialdeixis\nAllthedeicticexpressionshavetobeinterpretedintermsofwhichperson,placeortimethespeakerhasinmind.Wemakeabroaddistinctionbetweenwhatismarkedasclosetothespeaker(this,here,now)andwhatisdistant(that,there,then),wecanalsoindicatewhethermovementisawayfromthespeaker’slocation(go)ortowardthespeakerslocation(come).\nReference指称\nIndiscussingdeixis,weassumedthattheuseofwordstorefertopeopleandthingswasasimplematter.However,wordsthemselvesdon’trefertoanything.Peoplerefer.Wehavetodefinereferenceasanactbywhichaspeaker(orwriter)useslanguagetoenablealistener(orreader)toidentifysomething.\nA:CanIlookatyourChomsky?B:Sure,it’sontheshelfoverthere.ChomskyreferstothebookwrittenbyChomsky.Waiter1:Where’sthefreshsaladsitting?Waiter2:He’ssittingbythedoor.Freshsaladreferstothecustomerwhoorderedfreshsalad.Teacher:YoucanborrowmyShakespeare.Waiter:thehamsandwichleftwithoutpaying.Nurse:Thehernia（疝气）inroom5wantstotalktothedoctor.Dentist:myeleven-thirtycanceledsoIhadanearlylunch.\nWecanusenamesassociatedwiththingstorefertopeopleandnamesofpeopletorefertothings.Thekeyprocesshereiscalledinference.Aninferenceisanyadditionalinformationusedbythelistenertoconnectwhatissaidtowhatmustbemeant.\nTermsLinguisticcontext(co-text)(语言语境\上下文语境):Itreferstothatwhichoccursbeforeand\orafteraword,aphraseorevenalongerutteranceoratext.Itoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.Physicalcontext(客观环境语境):Ourunderstandingofmuchofwhatwereadandhearistiedtothephysicalcontext,particularlythetimeandplace,inwhichweencounterlinguisticexpressions.Deixis(指示语):ItcomesfromtheGreekworddeixiswhichmeans“pointing”vialanguage.Reference(指称):Itisconcernedwiththerelationbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto,ormoregenerallybetweenalinguisticunitandanon-linguisticentityitrefersto.Inference(推理):Itreferstoanyadditionalinformationusedbythelistenertoconnectwhatissaidtowhatmustbemeant.\nThankyou!