英语语言学名词解释

英语语言学名词解释

现代语言学一绪论1Linguisitics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage2Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants3Phonology”:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.4Morphology:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5Syntax:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Foresample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”6Semantics:Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.7Pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.8Sociolinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.9Psycholinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.\n二音系学1Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.2Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.3Phone:Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegement.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon’t.4Phoneme:Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.5allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.6Complementarydistribution:Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.7Minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegementwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.8Stress:Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableisprouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.9tones:Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;\ntherefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.10intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish{$isbest}三形态学1morphology:Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2inflectionalmorphology:Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.3derivationalmorphology:Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.4morpheme:Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.5freemorpheme:Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselcesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.6boundmorpheme:Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.7root:Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.8affix:Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.\n9prefix:Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.10suffix:Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.11derivation:Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreataword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.12compounding:Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatnewwords.{$isbest}四句法学1linguisticcompetence:Comskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.2sentence:Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatementquestionorcommand.3transformationrules:Syntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.4D-structure:Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationarecommonlytermedasD-structure.\n5Moveа:Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMoveа{$isbest}五语义学1semantics:Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.2sense:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualized.3reference:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.4synonymy:Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonymy.5polysemy:Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Awordhavingmorethanonemeaningiscalledapolysemicword.6antonymy:Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.7homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,or\ninboth.8hyponymy:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.9componentialanalysis:Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewprdmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.10grammaticalmeaning:Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.11semanticmeaning:Thesemanticmeaningofasentenceisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions.12predication:Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication.Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.{$isbest}六语用学1pragmatics:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.2context:Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.3utterancemeaning:Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyina\ncontext.4locutionaryact:Alocutionaryactistheactofutterancewords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexionandphonology.5illocutionaryact:Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.6perlocutionaryact:Aillocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething:itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.{$isbest}七历史语言学1historicallinguistics:Historicallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.2apocope:Anotherwell-documentedsoundlossisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegement,aphenomenoncalledapocope.3epenthesis:Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.4metathesis:Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.5compounding:Compoundingisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.6derivation:Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots.\n7blending:Blendingisaprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.8back-formation:Back-formationisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword.9semanticbroadening:Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation..10semanticnarrowing:Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.11semanticshift:Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquireanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.12protolanguage:Itreferstoafamilyofalanguage.Aprotolanguageistheoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.Theprotoformcanbereconstructedbyidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages.13soundshift:Itreferstothesystematicmodificationofaseriesofphonemes.{$isbest}八社会语言学1sociolinguistics:Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontext.2speechcommunity:Aspeechcommunityisthusdefinedasagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.\n3speechvariety:Speechvariety,alsoknownaslanguagevariety,referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.4languageplanning:Onewayoutofthecommunicationdilemmaislanguagestandardizationknownaslanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry,chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit,includingitspronunciationandspellingsystem,acrossregionalboundaries.5idiolect:Suchapersonaldialectisreferedtoasidiolect.6standardlanguage:Thestandardlanguageisasuperposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem,usedbythemassmedia.7nonstandardlanguage:Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,orvernacular,languages.8linguafranca:Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.9pidgin:Apidginisavarietyoflanguagethatisgenerallyusedbynativespeakersofotherlanguagesasamediumofcommunication.10Creole:ACreolelanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunication.11diglossia:Diglossiausuallydescribesasituationinwhichtwoverydifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunication,eachwithadistinctrangeofpurelysocialfunctionandappropriateforcertainsituations.\n12bilingualism:Bilingualismreferstoalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.13ethicdialect:Anethniclanguagevarietyisasocialdialectofalanguage,oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.14sociolect:Socialdialect,orsociolects,arevarietiesoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongingtoparticularsocialclasses.15register:Registersarelanguagevarietieswhichareappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations,incontrasttolanguagevarietiesthatareassociatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Forthatreason,registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects.16slang:Slangisacausaluseoflanguagethatconsistsofexpressivebutnonstandardvocabulary,typicallyofarbitrary,flashyandoftenephemeralcoinageandfigureofspeechcharacterizedbyspontaneityandsometimesbyraciness.17taboAlinguistictabooreferstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.18euphemism:EuphemismcomesfromtheGreekwordeuphemismos,meaning“tospeakwithgoodwords”.Aeuphemism,then,ismild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutewhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive.{$isbest}\n九心理语言学1psycholinguistics:Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemind.Asthesuggests,psycholinguisticsisviewedastheintersectionofpsychologyandlinguistics,drawingequallyuponthelanguageweacquire,produceandcomprehend.2cerebralcortex:Themostimportantpartofthebrainistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,calledthecerebralcortex.3brainlateralization:Thelocalizationofcognitiveofcognitiveandpercpetualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledlateralization.4linguisticlateralization:Intheirresearchofbrainlateralization,psycholinguisticsareparticularyinterestedinlinguisticlateralization,whichisthebrain’sneurologicalspecializationforlanguage.5dichoticlistening:Evidenceinsupportoflateralizationforlanguageinthelefthemispherecomesfromresearchesindichoticlisteningtasks6rightearadvantage:Stimuliheardinthelefteararereportedlessaccuratelythanthoseheardintherightcar.Thisphenomenonisknowastherightearadvantage.7criticalperiodhypothesis:Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone’slifeextendingfromaboutagetwotopubertyduringwhichthehuman\nbrainismostreadytoacquireaparticularlanguageandlanguagelearningcanproceedeasily,swiftlyandwithoutexplicitinstruction.8linguisticdeterminism:Whorfproposedfirstthatallhigherlevelsofthinkingaredependentonlanguage.Thatis,languagedeterminesthought,hencethestrongnotionoflinguisticdeterminism.9linguisticrelativism:Whorfalsobelievedthatspeakersofdifferentlanguageperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently,thatis,relativetotheirlinguisticbackground,hencethenotion10subvocalspeech:Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtas“subvocalspeech”.oflinguisticrelativism.{$isbest}十语言习得1languageacquisition:Languageacquisitionisconcernedwithlanguagedevelopmentinhumans.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren’sdevelopmentoftheirfirstlanguage,thatis,thenativelanguageofthecommunityinwhichachildhasbeenbroughtup.2telegraphicspeech:Theearlymultiwordutteranceofchildrenhaveaspecialcharacteristic.Theytypicallylackinflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories.Becauseoftheirresemblancetothestylyoflanguagefoundintelegrams,utteranceatthisacquisitionstageareoftencalledtelegraphicspeech.3holophrasticsentence:Children’sone-wordutterancearealsocalled\nholophrasticsentences.4acquisition:AccordingtoKrashen,acquisitionreferstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.5learning:Learning,however,isdefinedasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.6languagetransfer:LearnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguagetransfer.7positivetransfer:Presumably,positivetransferoccurswhenanL1patternisidenticalwith,orsimilarto,atarget-languagepattern.8negativetransfer:Conversely,negativetransferoccurswhenanL1patternisdifferentfromthecounterpartpatternofthetargetlanguage.9contrastiveanalysis:TheContrastiveAnalysisapproachwasfoundedonthebeliefthat,byestablishingthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenthenativeandtargetlanguagesystem,itwaspossibletopredictwhatproblemslearnersofaparticularsecondlanguagewouldfaceandthetypesoferrorstheywouldmake.10interlanguage:SLAisviewedasaprocessofcreativeconstruction,inwhichalearnerconstructsaseriesofinternalrepresentationsthatcomprisesthelearner’sinterimknowledgeofthetargetlanguage,knownasinterlanguage.11formalinstruction:Formalinstructionoccursinclassroomswhenattemptsaremadetoraiselearner’sconsciousnessaboutthenatureoftargetlanguagerulesinordertoaidlearning.\n12instrumentalmotivation:Thus,instrumentalmotivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalisfunctional.13integrativemotivation:Integrativemotivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalissocial.14acculturation:Arelatedissuewithintegrativemotivationhasbeentheextenttowhichlearnersdifferintheprocessofadaptingtothenewcultureofthe12community.Thisadaptationprocessiscalledacculturation.