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考研英语外刊《经济学人》泛读:无人驾驶飞机-【经济学人
【经济学人】无人驾驶飞机呼叫这里是你的地面飞行员Scienceandtechnology科学技术Pilotlessaircraft无人驾驶飞机Thisisyourgroundpilotspeaking呼叫,这里是你的地面飞行员Autonomouscivilaircraftcouldbeflyingbeforecarsgodriverless民用飞机会先于汽车实现无人驾驶WTTHTNthenextfewweeksatwin-enginedJetstreamwil1takeofffromWartonAerodromeinLancashire,England,andheadnorthtowardsScotland・在接下來的儿周里,一架双引擎E机喷流将会从英格兰兰开夏郡的沃顿机场起向北E往苏格兰。Likeanyotherflight,thesmal1commuterairlinerwi11respondtoinstructionsfromair-trafficcontrollers,navigateapathandtakecaretoavoidotheraircraft^与其他班机一样,这架小型通勤客机将会根据空中交通管制员的指示,沿看-•条航路E行,注懑避开其他飞机。Butthepilotflyingtheaircraftwillnotbeinthecockpit:hewi11havehisfeetfirmlyonthegroundinacontrolroombackatWarton.但是驾驶这架E机的E行员却没在驾驶舱里:他在沃顿机场的一个控制室里驾驶若E机,双脚仍然稳稳地踩在地面上。Pilotlessaircraftarenowwidelyusedbythearmedforces,butthosedronesflyonlyinrestrictedairspaceandconf]ictzones・无人机现在已广泛应川于军队之中,但这些无人机仅川于在禁E区及冲突地区。TheJetstreammissionispartofaprojecttodevelopthetechnologiesandproceduresthatwillallowlargecommercialaircrafttooperateroutinelyandsafelywithoutpilotsinthesameskiesasmannedcivilianflights・而喷流的任务是某个技术及程序开发项目的一部分,该项目的目的在于能让大塑商用E机在没有E行员的情况下安全的进行常规飞行,与有人驾驶的民航班机在同一片天空中飞行。Fastenyourseatbelts系紧您的安全带Toreassurethoseofanervousdisposition,thetestflightsdonotcarrypassengersandpilotsremaininthecockpitjustincasethingsgowrong・为了让那些神经质的人安心,测试的飞机不会冇乘客,驾驶舱屮仍然冇驾驶员以防万」,InthatwaytheyaresimilartoGooglestrialsofdriverlesscars,whichhavedriversinsidethemtotakeover\nifnecessarywhileonpublicroads・这冇点类似于谷歌无人驾驶汽车的实验,在公路上行驶时,如冇必要,车中的驾驶员可以控制汽车。Yetunmannedconunorcialaircraftarclikelytoenterservicebeforepeoplecanbuyautonomouscars・但是无人驾驶的商用飞机很可能在人们可以买到无人驾驶汽车前便能投入使用。Modernaircraftarealreadyperfectlycapableofautomaticallytakingoff,flyingtoadestinationandlanding・现代的E机已经完全仃能力进行自动起飞,自动E往目的地,自动着陆。Thesetestsaretryingtoestablishwhethertheycandothosethingssafelywithoutapilotinthecockpitandatthesametimecomplywiththerulesoftheair.而耍进行的测试是想确认在驾驶舱没有飞行员的情况下,E机能否在遵守飞行规则的同时,还能安全的完成以上三件事情。Progressisbeingmade,aconferenceinLondonheardthisweek.笔者本周从在伦敦召开的一次会议上获悉,事情止在取得进展。ItwasorgtinisedbytheAutonomousSystemsTechnolo^yRelatedAirborneEvalucitionandAssessment,thegroupstagingtheBritishtestflights・本次会议是由机载无人系统技术评审组织举办的,就是该组织在英国进行了无人机测试。This62mprogramme,backedbytheBritishgovernment,involvcssevenEuropeanaerospacecompanies:该项目获得了英国政府的支持,投资达六千两百万英镑,共冇七家欧洲的航空工业公司参与其中:AOS,BAESystems,Cassidian,Cobham,QinetiQtRolls-RoyceandThales・机载观测系统公司,英国宇航系统公可,凯西典公司,科巴姆公司,奎奈蒂克公司,劳特莱斯公司及泰雷兹公司。Itispotentiallyahugenewmarket・这是一个潜在的巨大新兴市场。America"saviationregulatorshavebeenaskedbyCongresstointegrateunmannedaircraftinlotheair-trafficcontrolsystemasearlyas2015・美国国会已要求该国的航空协调员要在2015年将无人驾驶飞机加入空中交通管制系统。Somesmalldronesarealreadyusedincommercialapplications,suchasaerialphotography,butinmostcountriestheyarcconfinedtoflyingwithinsightoftheirgroundpilot,muchlikeradio-controlledmodelaircraft・冇些小型无人机己经应用于航拉等商业用途,但在大多数国家,小型无人机的飞行范围被限制在其地面飞行员的视野以内,很像无线电遥控的模型飞机。Biggeraircraftwouldbecapableofflyingfartheranddoingalotmorethings・再大一点的无人机能够飞的更远一些,可以做更多的事情。Pilotlessaircraftcouldcarryoutmanyjobsatalowercostthanmannedaircraftandhelicopters—taskssuch\nastrafficmonitoring,borderpatrols,policesurveillanccandcheckingpowerlines・无人驾驶E机可以完成很多工作,并H比仃人驾驶的E机和直升机成木更低,比如说交通监测,边境巡逻,警务监视及电缆检査等任务。Theycouldalsooperateinconditionsthataredangerousforpilots,includingmonitoringforestfiresornuclear-poweraccidents・无人机还可以在对飞行员冇危险的环境下工作,包括监视森林火灾或核电事故。Andtheycouldflyextendedmissionsforsearchandrescue,environmentalmonitoringorevenprovidetemporaryairborneWi-Fiandmobile-phoneservices.而H无人机还可以执行更多的任务,如搜索救援,环境监测,甚至提供临时的机载无线网络和移动电话服务。Someanalyststhinktheglobalcivilianmarketforunmannedaircraftandservicescouldbeworthmorethan$50bi11ionby2020.有分析师认为,到2020年,无人驾驶E机及其服务的全球民用市场的价值可超过500亿美元。Whateverhappens,pilotswillstillhavearoleinaviation,althoughnotnecessarilyinthecockpi匕无论发生什么,飞行员仍会在航空业占有i席z地,虽然不一定是在驾驶舱里。Asfarastheeyecanseetherewillalwaysbeapilotincommandofanaircraft,saysLambertDopping-Hepenstal,thedirectorofASTRAEA・在可以预见的未來,飞机一吉都会由飞行员掌控,ASTRAEA的主任LambertDopping-Hepenstal说,Butthatpilotmaybeonthegroundandhemaybolookingaftermorethanoneunmannedaircraftatthesametime・但飞行员或许会留在地面上,冇可能同时照看好几架无人机。Commercialflightscarryingfreightandexpressparcelsmightonedayalsolosetheiron-boardpilots・运送货物和快递包裹的商用E机某天也可能会失去其随机的E行员。Butwouldeventhemostpenny-pinchingcut-priceairlir)ebeabletosei1ticketstopassengersonflightsthathaveanemptycockpit?但就算廉价航空公司再怎么粘打细算,它能把没有E行员的E机的机票卖出去吗?Morerealistically,thoseflightsmighthavejustonepilotinthefuture.更现实点说,未來的商用飞机可能只冇一名飞行员。Technologyhasalreadyrelievedtheflightdeckofanumberofjobs・飞行班组的许多职位已经被技术取代了。Manyearlylargeaircrafthadacrewoffive:twopilots,aflightengineer,anavigatorandaradioopcrator・许多早期的大型飞机上有五名机组成员:两名飞行员,一名飞行机师,一名领航员及一名无线电话务员。Firsttheradiooperatorwent,thenthenavigator,andbythetimethejeterawaswel1underwayinthe1970s\nflightengineersbegantodisappeartoo.最先是无线电话务员消失了,然后是领航员,等到了20世纪70年代,进入喷气机时代后,E行机师也消失了。Nextitcouldbetheco-pilot,replacedbytheautonomousflightsystemsnowbeingdeveloped・下一个消失的会是副驾驶,被现在」E在开发中的自主飞行系统取代。TheflightoverScotiandwilltesthowwellair-trafficcontrollerscanconununicatewiththegroundpilotthroughtheaircraft・在那架飞往苏格兰的飞机上将会测试空屮交通管制员通过飞机与其地面飞行员通话的质量。Theprojectisalsoexploringwaystomaketheradioandsatellitelinkssecureandreliable.该项目还在探寻使无线电及卫星连接安全可靠的方法。Butengineersstillhavetopreparefortheeventualitythatthe1inkbreaks;theaircraftthenhastohaveenoughautonomytooperatesafelyuntilcommunicationsarerestoredoritcanlandusingitsownguidancesystems・但是工程师仍必须为连接中断的可能性做好准备;然后飞机必须要仃足够的自主权來保证飞行安全,直至通讯恢复正常,或者能够使用自己的导航系统着陆。Unmannedaircraftwill,therefore,needasenseandavoidcapability.因此无人驾驶E机需耍感应并规避的能力。Thiscanbeprovidedbytranspondersthatbleeptheaircraftspresencetootheraeroplanesandair-trafficcontrollers・界频雷达收发机便貝备这一功能,它会发出哗哗声來提示其它飞机及空中交通管制员本飞机的存在。Butnotallmannedaircrafthavesuchkit・但并菲所冇的冇人驾驶飞机都冇该功能。Some1ightaircraftandglidersoperatingatlowaltitudesinclearweatherarenotrequiredtohaveevenradios,letalonetranspondersorradar・一些在晴朗天气下进行低空E行的轻型E机和滑翔机共至不需要无线电,更别提界频宙达收发机或宙达了。Whichiswhypilotskeeptheireyespeeledwhensuchtrafficmightbeabout.这也是为什么在可能发生这种悄况时,E行员要时刻保持警惕。ASTRAEA'sJetstream,therefore,alsousesvideocamerastoallowthegroundpilottolookaroundoutsidethecockpit・因此ASTRAEA的捷流号还使用了摄像头以便使地面飞行员可以杳看驾驶舱外的情况。Image-recognitionsoftwarecanwarnofotheraircraft・影像识别软件可以在出现其它飞机时发出警告,\nThisisbeingtestedagainstdifferentbackgrounds,suchasaclutteredlandscapeorahazysky.目前正在不同的环境下对该功能进行测试,如地形复杂或天空雾蒙蒙的环境。Tnothertrials,differentaircraftarebeingflowninthevicinityoftheJetstream,andsomeofthemwillbeflowndeliberatelytowardsitonapotentialcol1isioncourse,toseeiftheseintrudingaircraftcanberecognisedbytheautomatedsystemsandtheappropriateavoidingactiontaken.在其它的试验中,不同的飞机飞至捷流附近,其中几架故意以可能与z相撞的航线飞向捷流,以测试自动系统能否识別这些入侵的飞机并采取适当的规避措诞。TheseflightsarctakingplaceinanareaclearedofotheraircraftovertheIrishSea・以上飞行测试是在爱尔兰海上空一片没仃其它飞机经过的空域进行的。Theresultstodatesuggestyoucandosense-and-avoidaswel1asahuman,saysMrDopping-llepenstal・迄今为止的测试结果表明系统的感应并规避的能力能做到和人一样,Dopping-Hcpcnsta说。Apilotlessplanemustalsobeabletoactautonomouslyinanemergency.在发生紧急状况时,无人机必须能够自行采取行动。Intheeventofanenginefailure,forinstance,itcoulduseitsnavigationalmaptolocateasuitableareatoputdown・比如,如果一台引擎发生故障,无人机需要使用其航行图來找到介适地点降落。Butwhatifthiswasanopenfieldthathappenedtobeinusefor,say,afair?但如果其选择的空地恰好被占用了,比如说成了集市,怎么办?Aforward-lookingvideocameramightshowagroundpilotthat・此时前视摄像头会将此影像传给地面飞行员。Butifcommunicationswerelosttheaircraftwouldrelyonimage-recognitionsoftwareandaninfra-redCcimeratodetecttheheatgivenoffbypeopleendmachinesandsodecidetotrytolandelsewhere・但如果通讯屮断,飞机将依靠影像识别软件及红外摄像头來感知人或机器发出的热島以此來决定去其它地点降落。TheASTRAEAresearchersarecarryingoutalotoftheirworkusingflightsimulatorsandair-traffic-controldata・ASTRAEA的研究人员的许多工作都是通过飞行模拟装置及空中交通管制数据來完成的。Buteventuallytheywillstillheivetoprovethattheirsystemscanworkintherealworld—evenduringemergencyIandings・但最终他们还是要证明他们的系统要能应用在现实的世界里,其至在紧急迫降时也能使用。Inordertosatisfyrisk-averseavialionregulators,theresearchersarcworkingwithBritain'sCivilAviationAuthoritytocertifyavirtualpilotlessaircraftforuseincivilairspace・为了让民航协调员在规避风险方血满意,研究人员与英国民航局…起验证了虚拟的无人机用于民用空域的可行性,\nTheintentionisnottocertifyanactualaircraft,butforbothsidestolearnwhatwillberequiredtodoso.其目的并非是要对真正的无人机进行验证,而是为了让双方了解需要为此做些什么。Someofthetechnologiesbeingdevelopedarealso1ikelytofindtheirwayintomannedaircraftasabackupforpilots,andpossiblyforcarstoo.开发出來技术中冇一些可能作为E行员的后备而应用到冇人驾驶E机,还冇可能应用到汽车上。Systemsthatprovideautomaticbrakingandmotorway-lanecontrol,forinstance,alreadyfeatureinmanytypesofcar.例如,许多种的汽车都已经配备了口动刹车及公路车道控制系统。Thesefeaturestakecarssomeofthewaytowardsautonomy.这些功能让汽车走上了无人驾驶z路。Butdriverlesscars,likepilotlessplanes,willhavetofitinwithexistinginfrastructureandregulcitions,notleastinsuraneeliability,beforetheycantakeoff・但是无人驾驶汽年与无人驾驶飞机一样,在出发前,需要先符介现冇的基础设施及规章,尤其是明确保险责任。查看更多