古希腊早期哲学

古希腊早期哲学

\nAssignment1Pleasetellmethenamesofwesternphilosophersasmanyasyoucan!\n\n人不能两次踏入同一条河流，因为无论是这条河还是这个人都已经不同。——赫拉克利特思想不是你要它来它便来，而是由它自己决定它的来去。——叔本华我思故我在。——笛卡尔给我物质，我就用它造出一个宇宙来。——康德人类的生命，并不能以时间长短来衡量，心中充满爱时，刹那即永恒。——尼采\nDifferencesInChinese&WesternPhilosophyChinesephilosophyFoundedonoraltradition“Remainaloof”a.Involvemoreaboutthesearchofmindandspiritualprocessb.ContainprinciplestolivebyWesternphilosophyRecordedinwrittenform“Getcornered”a.Focusonsomesuperioroftruthb.Makeclaimsbasedonlogicalorempiricalarguments\nOn“Philosophy”Origin:Greekwordφιλοσοφία(philosophia)Meaning:“loveofwisdom”\nItAllBeginsWithDoubt…WesternphilosophyandthinkingallbeginswithdoubtanduncertaintyregardingtheworldNothingiscertain,soacertainwondermustbepresenttoknowanythingforsureTheGreeksattemptedtounderstandtheprinciplesoftheworld.Theywonderedaboutnumbers,orders,andlogic,etc.Greekrationalism:theideathatlifeshouldbebasedonreasonandlogic,notbasedonemotionandsuperstitionThiswaspasseddowntotheRomans,andbeyond\n“AtthetimewhenChinesescholars(ConfuciansandTaoists)wereconcernedwithsocialrelationshipsandhumanharmonyabouttheworld,Greekphilosopherswerearguingaboutwhatnatureitselfis.”\nThenaturalphilosophyintheearlyGreekperiodWhatmakestheuniverse?water(Thales)air(Anaximenes)fire(Heracleitue)atom(Democritus)numbers(Pythagoras)Theyplaceaspecialkindofmatteratthebeginningofthedevelopmentoftheworld.\nTheGreekphilosophyintheClassicalageSocrates(469-399BC)Plato(427-347BC)Aristotle(384-322BC)TheircollectiveinfluenceextendedintotheRenaissance,Enlightenment,andScientificRevolution.\nLifeThere'snotalotthatcanbeverifiedaboutSocrates,mostlybecauseheneverrecordedanythinghimself.HiswordsandteachingswererecordedbystudentsPlatoandXenophon.\n苏格拉底的悍妻苏格拉底本身相貌非常丑陋,但娶了一个漂亮泼辣的女人，动不动就会遭她无礼谩骂。有一次，苏格拉底正在和学生们讨论学术问题，互相争论的时候，他的妻子气冲冲地跑进来，把苏格拉底大骂了一顿之后，又出外提来一桶水，猛地泼到苏格拉底身上。在场的学生们都以为苏格拉底会怒斥妻子一顿，哪知苏格拉底摸了摸浑身湿透的衣服，风趣地说：“我知道，打雷以后，必定会下大雨的。”正因为他老婆总在家里发威，他不得不被迫每天游走于雅典的大街小巷与人辩论，他辩论的方法就是著名的“苏格拉底反诘法”(Socraticmethod),成就了一个伟大哲学家!\nSocraticMidwifery苏格拉底认为一切知识，均从疑难中产生，愈求进步疑难愈多疑难愈多进步愈大。苏格拉底承认他自己本来没有知识，而，他又要教授别人知识。这个矛盾，他是这样解决的：这些知识并不是由他灌输给人的，而是人们原来已经具有的；人们已在心上怀了“胎”，不过自己还不知道，苏格拉底像一个“助产婆”，帮助别人产生知识。"Asforme,allIknowisthatIknownothing.“---FromPlato'sRepublic\n宽容古希腊的大哲学家家苏格拉底，有一天，和一位老朋友在雅典城里漫步，一边走，一边聊天。忽然有一个莫名其妙的人，冲了出来，对苏格拉底打了一棍子，就逃去了。他的朋友立刻回头要去找那个家伙算账。但是苏格拉底拉住了他，不准他去报复。朋友说：“你怕那个人吗？”“不，我绝不是怕他。”“人家打了你，你都不还手吗？”苏格拉底笑笑说：“老朋友，你别生气。难道一头驴子踢你一脚，你也要还它一脚吗？”\n求知一个青年问苏格拉底：“怎样才能获得知识？”苏格拉底将这个青年带到海里，海水淹没了年轻人，他奋力挣扎才将头探出水面。苏格拉底问：“你在水里最大的愿望是什么？”“空气，当然是呼吸新鲜空气！”“对！学习就得使上这股子劲儿。”\nPerhapshismostimportantcontributiontowesternthoughtishisdialecticmethodofinquiry,knownastheSocraticmethod(methodof"elenchus”).Tosolveaproblem,itwouldbebrokendownintoaseriesofquestions,theanswerstowhichgraduallydistilltheanswerapersonwouldseek.\n“Iknowyouwon'tbelieveme,butthehighestformofHumanExcellenceistoquestiononeselfandothers.”----Plato\nSocrates’philosophicalideas心灵的转向“Knowthyself.”---Socrates伦理学说"Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthlivingforahumanbeing.”---Socrates灵魂不灭说Heclaimsthattheuniverseisorganizedandvivifiedbythedivinespirit.Andheassertsthatthesoulisimmortalandwillmeetwithjudgmentandretributioninthehereafter.\n寻求事物的普遍定义Sometimeinhisforties,Socratesbegantowonderaboutthings,particularlyethicsandlogic.Hebegantoaskquestions,like:Whatiswisdom?Whatispiety?Andmostimportantly,Why?\nTheDeathofSocratesbyJacques-LouisDavid(1787).ThepaintingdepictsthephilosopherSocratesabouttotakepoison.\nQuotationsfromSocratesIcannotteachanybodyanything,Icanonlymakethemthink.Beautyisashort-livedtyranny.Amultitudeofbooksdistractsthemind.Deathmaybethegreatestofallhumanblessings.Lifecontainsbuttwotragedies.Oneisnottogetyourheart'sdesire;theotheristogetit.\n\nPlato’simportantpositionasaphilosopherPlatohelpedtolaythefoundationsofwesternphilosophyandscience.InhisSocraticdialogues;thirty-sixdialoguesandthirteenlettershavebeenascribedtohim.5Plato'sdialogueshavebeenusedtoteacharangeofsubjects,includingphilosophy,logic,ethics,rhetoric,andmathematics.\nOn“PlatonicLove”“当心灵摒绝肉体而向往着真理的时候，这时的思想才是最好的。而当灵魂被肉体的罪恶所感染时，人们追求真理的愿望就不会得到满足。当人类没有对肉欲的强烈需求时，心境是平和的……人之所以是所谓的高等动物，是因为人的本性中，人性强于兽性，精神交流是美好的、是道德的。”\nBeginningwithanattractiontothebeautyofone’sbody,onedevelopsanappreciationofthebeautyofotherpeoplewhichleadstoadeeperattachmenttothebeautyofcustoms,lawsandsystemsofknowledgeandculminationinthediscoveryoftheeternalandchangelessideaofbeautyitself.\nTheprimaryconceptofPlatonismistheTheoryofForms.Theonlytruebeingisfoundedupontheforms,theeternal,unchangeable,perfecttypes,ofwhichparticularobjectsofsenseareimperfectcopies.Themultitudeofobjectsofsense,beinginvolvedinperpetualchange,aretherebydeprivedofallgenuineexistence.\nPlatonismisthephilosophyofPlatoorthenameofotherphilosophicalsystemsconsideredcloselyderivedfromit.ThebeliefthatphysicalobjectsareimpermanentrepresentationsofunchangingIdeas,andthattheIdeasalonegivetrueknowledgeastheyareknownbythemind.PlatonismwasconsideredauthoritativeintheMiddleAges,andmanyPlatonicnotionsarenowpermanentelementsofChristianity.PlatonismalsoinfluencedbothEasternandWesternmysticism.\nForinstance,thepropertyofbeingredAccordingtothePlatonistviewofproperties,thepropertyofrednessexistsindependentlyofanyredthing.Thereareredballsandredhousesandredshirts,andtheseallexistinthephysicalworld.ButPlatonistsaboutpropertiesbelievethatinadditiontothesethings,redness—thepropertyitself—alsoexists,andaccordingtoPlatonists,thispropertyisanabstractobject.Ordinaryredobjectsaresaidtoexemplifyorinstantiateredness.\nQuotationsfromPlatoHewhocanproperlydefineanddivideistobeconsideredagod.Mathematicsislikedraughts[checkers]inbeingsuitablefortheyoung,nottoodifficult,amusing,andwithoutperiltothestate.Awisemanspeaksbecausehehassomethingtosay;afoolbecausehehastosaysomething.Asocietywherepeoplewouldbeleadby“philosopherkings”whowouldservetheirfellowcitizensunselfishlybecausetheywouldbethepeoplewiththemostwisdom.\nAristotle\nAristotle’sphilosophyTheideaof“mindovermatter”:e.g.theideaofchaireternallyexistsbeforemancreatesit.Laythefoundationofdeductivescience:Generalprinciple:Allmenaremortal.Connection:IamamanDeductionconclusion:Iammortal\n古典时期希腊哲学：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德晚期希腊哲学：怀疑主义、新柏拉图主义教父哲学：奥古斯丁“理性和信仰”现代哲学：马克思“辩证唯物主义”、非理性主义经院哲学：证明上帝的存在文艺复兴时期：人的发现和世界的发现近代英国：培根、笛卡尔“经验论和唯理论”近代法国启蒙哲学：伏尔泰、卢梭近代德国古典哲学：黑格尔“辩证法”早期希腊自然哲学：自然由什么构成的？西方哲学发展脉络\nAssignment2Explainthefollowingterms:Thepatristicphilosophy（教父哲学）Scholasticism（经院哲学）Rationalism（唯理主义）Empiricism（经验主义）Panthelism（唯意志论）Lifephilosophy（生命哲学）Existentialism（存在主义哲学）Nihilism（虚无主义）\n