细胞生物学名词

细胞生物学名词

细胞名词第一章细胞基本知识1．celltheory细胞学说2．prokaryoticcell原核细胞3．eukaryoticcell真核细胞4．cellplasma细胞质5.protoplasm原生质6.protoplast原生质体7.mycoplasma支原体8.archaebacteria古细菌9.Bacteria,eubacteria真细菌10.mesosome中膜体11.centroplasm中心质12.nucleoid拟核13.symplast共质体14.syncytium;syncytia合胞体15.genetheory基因学说16.ultrastructure(submicroscopicstructure)超微结构（亚细胞结构）第二章细胞生物研究方法1.resolution分辨率2.phase-contrastmicroscope相差显微镜3.differential-interferencemicroscope微分干涉显微镜4.video-enhancemicroscopy录像增差显微镜技术5.fluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer荧光共振能量转移6.fluorescencephotobleachingrecovery;FPR荧光漂白恢复7.electronmicroscope电子显微镜8.transmissionelectronmicroscope;TEM透射电子显微镜scanningelectronmicroscope;SEM扫描电子显微镜9.ultramicrotomy超薄切片技术10.negativestaining负染色技术11.freezeetching冰冻蚀刻技术12.critical-pointdryingmethod临界点干燥13.electronmicroscopethree-dimentionalreconstructiontechnique电镜三维重构技术14.scanningtunnelmicroscope;STM扫描隧道显微镜15.atomicforcemicroscope；AFM原子力显微镜16.laserscanningconfocalmicroscope;LSCM激光扫描共聚焦显微镜17.immunoelectronmicroscopy免疫电镜18.immunoblotting免疫印迹19.immunofluorescenttechnique;immunofluorescencetechnique免疫荧光技术　20.radioimmunoprecipitationassay;RIPA;radioimmunoprecipitation放射免疫沉淀21.differentialcentrifugation差速离心22.isodensitycentrifugation;isopycniccentrifugation等密度离心23.densitygradientcentrifugation密度梯度离心　24.insituhybridization原位杂交25.radioautography；autoradiography放射自显影技术26.flowcytometer流式细胞仪27.microspectrophotometry细胞显微分光光度术28.cellculture细胞培养29.primaryculturecell原代培养细胞30.subculturecell传代培养细胞31.cellstrain细胞株\n32.cellline细胞系33.finitecellline有限细胞系34.infinitecellline无限细胞系35.cell-freesystem非细胞体系36.cellengineering细胞工程37.cellfusion细胞融合38.heterokaryon异核融合细胞39.homokaryon同核融合细胞40.monocloneantibody单克隆抗体技术41.micromanipulationtechnique显微操作技术42.细胞拆合　细胞拆合　43.karyoplast核体44.cytoplast胞质体45.knockout基因敲除46.knockin基因嵌入47.modelorganisms模式生物48.fluorescenceinsituhybridization；FISH荧光原位杂交49.GreenFluorescentProtein,GFP绿色荧光蛋白50.cellcloning细胞克隆51．Hybridoma杂交瘤第三章细胞质膜1.membrane膜2.cellmembrane细胞膜3.cytoplasmicmembrane胞质膜4.plasmamembrane细胞质膜5.biomembrane,orbiologicalmembrane生物膜6.membraneskeleton膜骨架7.spectrin血影蛋白8.glycophorin血型糖蛋白9.band3protein带3蛋白10.ankyrin锚定蛋白11.band4.1protein带4.1蛋白12.adducin内收蛋白13.phospholipids磷脂14.cholesterol胆固醇15.liposome脂质体16.integralprotein整合蛋白17.peripheralprotein外周蛋白18.lipid-anchoredprotein脂锚定蛋白19.Lamellastructuremodel片层结构模型20.unitmembranemodel单位膜模型21.fluidmosaicmodel流动镶嵌模型22.porin孔蛋白23.erythrocyteghost红细胞血影24.detergent去垢剂25.lipidraft脂筏26.caveolae胞膜窟27.fluorescencerecoveryafterphotobleachingFRAP光脱色荧光恢复技术28.patching成斑现象29.capping成帽现象第四章物质的跨膜运输\n1.cellulartransport细胞运输2.intracellulartransport胞内运输3.transcellulartransport转细胞运输4.passivetransport被动运输5.activetransport主动运输6.carrierprotein载体蛋白7.channelprotein通道蛋白8.voltage-gatedchannels电位-门控通道9.ligandgatedchannel配体-门控通道10.stretch-gatedchannel胁迫门控通道11.simplediffusion简单扩散12.facilitateddiffusion协助扩散13.aquaporinAQP水通道蛋白14.ATP-drivenpumpATP驱动泵①P-typeionpumpP型离子泵②V-typepump,或称V型PumpV型泵③F-typepumpF型泵④ATP-bindingcassettletransportorABC运输蛋白15.cotransport协同运输16．symport同向转运17.Antiport异向转运18.endocytosisPinocytosisphagocytosis胞吞作用胞饮作用吞噬作用19.transcytosis转胞吞作用20.endosome胞内体　21.exocytosis胞吐作用22.constitutiveexocytosispathway组成型胞吐途径23.regulatedexocytosispathway调节型胞吐作用24.fusionprotein膜融合蛋白25.receptor-mediatedendocytosis受体介导的内吞作用26.membranetransportprotein膜转运蛋白第五章线粒体和叶绿体1.mitochondrion线粒体2.outermembrane外膜3.innermembrane内膜4.intermembranespace线粒体膜间隙5.matrix线粒体基质6.cristae嵴7.proteintargeting蛋白质寻靶8.proteinsorting蛋白质分选9.post-translationaltranslocation翻译后转运10.co-translationaltranslocation共翻译转运11.freeribosomes游离核糖体12.membrane-boundribosomes膜结合核糖体13.leadingpeptidetransitpeptidetargetingsequence导肽又称转运肽或导向序列14.molecularchaperone分子伴侣15.glycolysis糖酵解16.semiautonomousorganelle半自主性细胞器17.electroncarriers电子载体18.flavoproteins黄素蛋白19.cytochromes细胞色素20.iron-sulfurproteins,Fe/Sprotein铁硫蛋白21.coenzymeQ醌uniquinoneUQ或辅酶Q22.oxidation-reductionpotentials,redoxpotentials氧还电位\n23.respiratorychain呼吸链24.complexI复合物I25.complexⅡ复合物Ⅱ26.complexⅢ复合物Ⅲ27.complexⅣ复合物Ⅳ28.electrochemicalgradient电化学梯度29.chloroplast叶绿体30.ATPsynthaseATP合酶31.oxidativephosphorylation氧化磷酸化32.chemiosmoticcouplinghypothesis化学渗透假说33.endosymbionthypothesis内共生学说34.aeymbiotictheory非内共生学说35.photophosphorylation光合磷酸化36.noncyclicphotophosphorylation非循环光合磷酸化37.heatshockprotein热休克蛋白38.submitochondrialparticles亚线粒体39.thylakoid类囊体40.grana基粒第六章真核细胞内膜系统1．endomembranesystem内膜系统2.cytoplasmicmatrix细胞质基质3.microsomes微粒体4.microbody微体5.peroxisome过氧化物酶体6.endoplasmicreticulum,ER内质网7.sarcoplasmicreticulum肌质网8.cytosol胞质溶胶9.flippasephospholipidtranslocator翻转酶又称磷脂转位蛋白10.phospholipidexchangproteins,PEP磷脂交换蛋白11.signalrecognitionpartical,SRP信号识别颗粒12.dockingprotein,DP停靠蛋白13.start-transfersignal起始转移信号14.internalsignalsequence内含信号序列15.stop-transferpeptide停止转移肽16.low-densitylipoprotein,LDL低密度的脂蛋白17.transferrin转铁蛋白18.clathrin-coatedvesicle披网格蛋白小泡19.COPⅡcoatedvesicleCOPⅡ被膜小泡20.COPⅠcoatedvesicleCOPⅠ被膜小泡21.heavy-chainbindingprotein,Bip重链结合蛋白22.N-linkedglycosylationN-连接糖基化23.Golgicomplex高尔基复合体24.ERretentionsignal内质网滞留信号25.O-linkedglycosylationO-连接的糖基化26.lysosome溶酶体27.spherosome圆球体28.vacuoles液泡29.primarylysosome初级溶酶体30.secondarylysosome次级溶酶体31.autolysosome自噬性溶酶体32.heterolysosome异噬性溶酶体33.phagocytosis吞噬作用34.autophagy自噬作用35.autolysis自溶作用\n36.signalpatch信号斑37.M6PreceptorproteinM6P受体蛋白38.endosome内体39.silicosis矽肺40.glycogenstoragediseasetypeⅡⅡ型糖原贮积症41.clathrin网格蛋白42.adaptin,AP衔接蛋白43.dynamin发动蛋白44.smallGTPbindingprotein小GTP结合蛋白45.assemblyreactionfactor,ARF装配反应因子46.SolubleNSFAttachmentProteinReceptor；SNAREs可溶性NSF偶联蛋白质受体47.self-assembly自我装配48．aided-assembly协助装配49.direct-assembly直接装配50.regulatedsecretion；regulatedsecretorypathway调节型分泌途径又称诱导型分泌51.ubiquitination;ubiquitinoylation泛素化修饰52.glyoxysomes乙醛酸循环体53.signalpeptidase信号肽酶54.vesiculartransport膜泡运输第七章细胞信号转导1.cellcommunication细胞通讯2.cellsignalling信号传导3.signaltransduction信号转导4.signalingmolecules信号分子5.hormone激素6.endocrinesignaling内分泌信号7.localmediators局部介质8.paracrinesignaling旁分泌信号9.autocrinesignaling自分泌信号10.neurotransmitters神经递质11.receptor受体12.surfacereceptor表面受体13.intracellularreceptor细胞内受体14.ino-channellinkedreceptor离子通道偶联受体15.G-proteinlinkedreceptorG-蛋白偶联受体16.enzymelinkedreceptor酶联受体17.surfacereceptorsuperfamilies表面受体超家族18.receptorcrossover受体交叉19.affinitylabeling亲和标记20.signalingcascade信号级联放大21.secondmessengers第二信使22.GTPbindingprotein,G蛋白GTP结合蛋白23.proteinkinaseAsystemPKA系统24.effector效应物25.adenylatecyclase,AC腺苷酸环化酶26.proteinkinaseA，PKA蛋白激酶A27.proteinkinaseCsystem，PKCsystemPKC系统28.IP3receptorIP3受体29.proteinkinaseC，PKC蛋白激酶C30.calmodulin钙调蛋白31.receptortyrosinekinase,RTKs受体酪氨酸激酶32.insulinreceptor胰岛素受体33.insulinreceptorsubstrate，IRSs胰岛素受体底物34.SHdomainSH结构域\n35.epidermalgrowthfactor,EGF表皮生长因子36.EGFreceptorEGF受体37.RasproteinRas蛋白38.growthfactorreceptor-boundprotein2Grb2蛋白39.SosproteinSOS蛋白40.divergence信号趋异41.crosstalk窜扰42.receptordesensitization受体钝化43.receptordown-regulation受体减量调节44.motif基序45.restingpotential静息电位46.actionpotential动作电位47.cellrecognition细胞识别48.firstmessenger;primarymessenger第一信使第八章细胞骨架1.cytoskeleton细胞骨架2.microtubule微管3.tubulin微管蛋白4.singlet单管5.doublet二联管6.triplet三联管7.microtubuleorganizingcenters,MTOC微管组织中心8.centrosome中心体9.centrioles中心粒10.basalbody基体11.γtubulinγ微管蛋白12.nucleation成核反应13.colchicine秋水仙素14.taxol紫杉醇15.treadmilling踏车现象16.criticalconcentration临界浓度17.microtubule-associatedproteins,MAPs微管结合蛋白18.molecularmotormotorproteins分子发动机或发动机蛋白19.kinesins驱动蛋白20.cytoplasmicdyneins细胞质动力蛋白21.axonaltransport轴突运输22.ciliarydynein纤毛动力蛋白23.microfilament，MF微丝24.actin肌动蛋白25.cytochalasinsB细胞松弛素B26.phalloidin鬼笔环肽27.monomer-sequensteringprotein单体隔离蛋白28.cross-linkingprotein交联蛋白29.endblockingproteins封端蛋白类30.filament-severingprotein纤维切割蛋白31.actinfilament-depolymerizingprotein肌动蛋纤维去聚合蛋白32.membrane-bindingproteins膜结合蛋白33.myosin肌球蛋白34.myofibers肌纤维35.myofibril肌原纤维36.sarcomere肌节37.thinkfilament粗肌丝38.thinfilament细肌丝39.tropomyosin,Tm原肌球蛋白\n40.troponin，Tn肌钙蛋白41.titin肌联蛋白42.nebulin伴肌动蛋白43.stressfibers应力纤维44.microvilli微绒毛45.cytoplasmicstreamting胞质环流46.intermediatefilaments，IFs中间纤维47.tonofilaments张力丝48.cellcortex细胞皮层49.handoverhand步行模型50.inchworm爬行模型尺蠖（huo）爬行模型50.basalbody基体第九章细胞核与染色体1.nucleus细胞核2.nuclearenvelope核被膜3.outernuclearmembrane外核膜4.innernuclearmembrane内核膜5.lamina核纤层6.perinuclearspace核周腔7.nuclearporecomplexs,NPCs核孔复合物8.nuclearprotein核蛋白9.nuclearlocalizationsignal,NLS核定位信号10.nuclearexpotr-signal,NES核输出信号11.importin输入蛋白12.exportin输出蛋白13.nucleoplasmin核质蛋白14.molecularchaperones分子伴侣15.intramolecularchaperones分子内伴侣16.chromatin染色质17.chromosome染色体18.uniquesequence单一序列19.repetitivesequence重复序列20.autonomousreplicatingsequenceARS序列21.centromericsequenceCEN序列22.telomericsequence，TEL端粒顺序23.artificialchromosome人工染色体24.histone组蛋白25.nonhistoneproteins非组蛋白26.zincfingermotif锌指结构模序27.helix-turn-helixmotif，HTHα螺旋-转角-α螺旋基元28.leucinezippermotif亮氨酸拉链基元29.helix-loop-helix,HLH螺旋-环-螺旋基元30.trans-actingfactor反式作用因子31.cis-actingelement顺式作用元件32.heteropythosis异固缩33.heterochromatin异染色质34.euchromatin常染色质35.constitutiveheterochromatin结构性异染色质36.facultativeheterochromatin兼性异染色质37.nucleosome核小体38.nuclease-supersensitivesite核酸酶超敏感位点39.centromere着丝粒40.kinetochore动粒41.secondaryconstriction次缢痕\n42.nucleolarorganizingregion,NOR核仁组织区43.satellite随体44.karyotype核型45.chromosomebanding染色体分带46.Q-bandingQ带47.Giemsa-bandingG带48.C-bandingC带49.N-bandingN带50.Reverse-bandingR-带51.terminal-bandingT-带52.giantchromosome巨大染色体53.polytenechromosome多线染色体54.lampbrushchromosome灯刷染色体55.nucleolus核仁56.nucleolarcycle核仁周期57.nuclearmatrix核基质、nucleoskeleton核骨架58.scaffold染色体骨架59.nuclearbodies,NBs核体60.insulator隔离子61.locuscontrolregion,LTR基因座控制区62.nucleolarassociatedchromatin核仁相随染色质63.activechromatin活性染色质64.histoneacetylation组蛋白乙酰化65.nuclearlamina核纤层66.karyophilicprotein亲核蛋白第十章核糖体1.ribosome核糖体2.5SrRNAgene5SrRNA基因3.SDsequenceSD序列4.polyribosomes多聚核糖体5.N-endruleN-端规则6.proteasomes蛋白酶体7.ribozyme核酶8.peptidyltransferase肽酰转移酶9.ribonucleaseP核糖核酸酶P10nuclearsplicing核剪接11.GT-AGruleGT-AG规则12.spliceosome剪接体13.guideRNA,gRNAs向导RNA14.ribosomecycle核糖体循环第十一章细胞增殖及其调控1.celldivision细胞分裂2.cellproliferation细胞增殖3.cellcycles细胞周期4.CellSynchronization同步化5.conditionalmutants条件突变体6.prematurechromosomecondensation,PCC染色体早熟凝集7.maturationpromotingfactor；MPF成熟促进因子8.cyclin周期蛋白9.anaphase-promotingcomplex,APC后期促进复合物10.cyclin-dependentproteinkinases,Cdks周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶11.Cdc34proteinCdc34蛋白\n12.START起点13.Cdc2proteinCdc2蛋白14.Cdc28proteinCdc28蛋白15.Sphase-promotingfactor,SPFS期促进因子16.restrictionpoint限制点17.checkpoint关卡18.nuclearlaminaprotein核纤层蛋白19.mitosis有丝分裂20.prophase前期21.cyclingcell周期中细胞22.quiescentcell静止期细胞或Go期细胞23.terminaldifferentiationcells终末分化细胞24.cellplate细胞板25..prometaphase前中期26.metaphase中期27.anaphase后期28.telophase末期29.cytokinesis胞质分裂30.spindle纺锤体31.mitoticapparatus有丝分裂器32.centrosomecycle中心体循环33.meiosis减数分裂34.Gameticorterminalmeiosis配子或终末减数分裂35.Zygoticorinitialmeiosis合子或起始减数分裂36.Sporicorintermediatemeiosis孢子或中间减数分裂37.leptotenestage细线期38.zygotenestage偶线期39.粗线期DNAP-DNA40.pachytenestage,pachynema粗线期41.diplotenestage双线期42.diakinesis终变期端化terminalization43.synapsis联会44.synaptonemalcomplex,SC联会复合体45.chiasma交叉46.recombinationnodules重组节47．aster星体48.equatorialplate赤道板49.centrosomealignment中心体列队50.homologouschromosomes同源染色体51.sisterchromatid姐妹染色单体52.DNAsynthesisblockingDNA合成阻断法53.metaphaseblocking分裂中期阻断法54.furrow分裂沟55.contractilering收缩环56.midbody中间体57.Pre-RC前复制复合物58.cometassay彗星电泳法第十二章程序性细胞死亡与衰老1.cellularaging，cellsenescence细胞衰老2.HayflicklifespanHayflick界限3.celldeath细胞死亡4.programmedcelldeath,PCD程序性细胞死亡5.necrosis细胞坏死6.apoptoticbody凋亡小体\n7.ced-3geneced-3基因8.ced-4geneced-4基因9.ced-9geneced-9基因10.apoptosisproteaseactinatingfactor;Apaf-111.apotosome凋亡复合体13.Caspaserecruitmentdomain,CARDCaspase募集结构域14.CaspaseactivedDNase,CADCaspase活化的DNA酶15.survivalfactors存活因子16.tumornecrosisfactor,TNF肿瘤坏死因子17.bcl-2protooncogenebcl-2原癌基因18.Bcl-2proteinBcl-2蛋白19.contactinhibition接触抑制20.tumorigenesis肿瘤发生21.begigntumor良性肿瘤22.Tumorsuppressorgene抑癌基因23.oncogene癌基因24.proto-oncogene原癌基因25.sarcomagenesrc基因26.inhibitorofapoptosis细胞凋亡抑制因子27.NF—kB核因子kB28.stress-inducedprematuresenescence,SIPS胁迫诱导的早熟性衰老29.csyteineasparticacicspecificprotease;Caspase含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶30.TUNEL法[terminaldexynucleotidyltransferase(TdT)-mediateddUTPnickendlabeling]DNA断裂的原位末端标记法第十三章细胞分化与基因表达调控1.individualdevelopment个体发育2.celldifferentiation细胞分化3.morphogenesis形态建成4.gametogenesis配子发生5.celldetermination细胞决定6.cytoplasmicdeterminants细胞质决定子7.embryonicinduction胚胎诱导8.positionalinformation位置信息9.differentialinhibition分化抑制10.transdetermination转决定11.dedifferentiation脱分化redifferentiation再分化12.totipotency全能性13.regeneration再生14.house-keepinggene看家基因15.luxurygene奢侈基因16.differentialgeneexpression差别基因表达17.genomiccontrol基因组控制18.DNAmethylationDNA甲基化19.genomicimprinting基因组印记20.Alternativesplicing选择性剪接21.DNArearrangementDNA重排22.homeoticgene同源异型基因23.homeobox同源异型框24.homeodomain同源异型结构域25.maskedmRNA隐蔽mRNA26.metamorphosis变态27.maternalgene母体基因28.stemcells,SC干细胞\n29.embryonicstemcell，ES胚胎干细胞30.somaticstemcell成体干细胞31.totipotentstemcell,TSC全能干细胞32.pluripotentstemcell多能干细胞33.unipotentstemcell单能干细胞34.terminaldifferentiation终末分化35.histologicalengineering组织工程36.hematopoieticstemcell，HSC造血干细胞37.neuralstemcell，NSCs神经干细胞38．musclestemcell肌肉干细胞39．tumorstemcell,TSC肿瘤干细胞40．contactinhibition接触抑制41.regulatorygene;regulatorgene调节基因42.combinatorycontrol组合调控43.reprogramming重编程44.CpGislandCpG岛第十四章细胞社会的联系1.cellsurface细胞表面2.cellcoatglycocalyx细胞被糖萼3.cellulose纤维素4.hemicellulose半纤维素5.pectin果胶6.lignin木质素7.extracellularmatrix,ECM细胞外基质8.groundsubstance基质9.collagen胶原10.elastin弹性蛋白11.fibronectin,FN纤维粘连蛋白12.laminin,LN层粘连蛋白13.basallamina，basementmembrane基膜14.integrin整联蛋白15.cellrecognition细胞识别16.neuralcelladhesionmolecule,N-CAM神经细胞粘着分子17.cadherin钙粘着蛋白18.lectin凝集素19.celladhesion细胞粘着20.celladhesionmolecule,CAM细胞粘着分子21.selectins选择蛋白22.immunoglobulinssuperfamily,IgSF免疫球蛋白超家族23.celljunction细胞连接24.tightjunction紧密连接25.anchoringjunction锚定连接26.adherensjunctions,zonulaadherens粘着连接27.adhesionbelt粘着带28.adhesionplaque，focaladhesion粘着斑29.desmosomes桥粒30.desmosome完全桥粒31.hemidesmosomes半桥粒32.communicatingjunction通讯连接33.gapjunction间隙连接34.connexons连接子35.plasmodesmata胞间连丝36.anchorage-dependentgrowth锚定依赖性生长