细胞生物学名解

细胞生物学名解

百度文库•让每个人平等地提升自我1.neuralstemcell（NSC）答案：存在于成体脑组织中的一种干细胞，它可生成神经元、星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞。亦可转分化成血细胞和骨骼肌细胞。2.Xinacth-ationX答案：雌性成体细胞中两条X染色体中的一条处于正常失活状态。3.cellline细胞系答案：在培养中由原代培养物产生的可无限增殖的细胞群。一般为肿瘤细胞或转化细胞形成。4.polymorphicnucleus多形核答案：哺乳动物颗粒白细胞中形状不规则的核。5.voltage-gatedionchannel电压门控通道答案：兴奋细胞质膜上的一种离子通道，对跨膜电位差的变化极为敏感，因膜电位达到一定阈值而开放。6.contractileprotein收缩蛋白答案：细胞中参与收缩过程的蛋白质，如肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白。7.cellcoat答案：又称糖萼（glycocalyx）,动物细胞质膜外的一层黏多糖物质，以共价键和膜蛋白或膜脂结合形成糖蛋白或糖脂，它对膜蛋白有保护作用，并在分子识别中起重要作用8.A.-phagevector入-噬菌体载体：答案：由人噬菌体DNA发展而来的DNA克隆载体9.adaptorprotem衔接器蛋白答案：在细胞内信号传递途径中，凡是在不同蛋白质间起连接作用的蛋白质的通称。10.celladhesion细胞黏附答案：动物细胞通过细胞表面的黏附分子介导细胞之间或细胞与细胞外基质之间的黏附。1.thickfilament粗（肌）丝答案：横纹肌中的肌球蛋白D丝，直径约12—14nm.2.laserscanningconfocalmicroscope答案：利用细激光束通过物镜扫描标本成像,将不同光切而的影像经计算机图象处理，获得三维影像。3.ultrastnictiire超微结构答案：细胞从'正显微水平到分子水平的结构的统称，亦称亚显微结构（submicroscopicstructure）。4.liposome脂质体用悬浮在水中的磷脂分子人工制备成的脂双层小膜泡。5.transdififereiitiation转分化答案：（1）已分化细胞经去分化后再分化成另一种细胞的现象，如色素细胞分化成晶状体。（2）一种组织的干细胞能够分化成他种组织细胞的现象。6.dockingprotem停泊蛋白答案：内质网膜上的信号识别颗粒受体。7.thylakoid类囊体答案：叶绿体基质中由单位膜封闭形成的扁平囊。8.nuclearporecomplex核孔复合体答案：核被膜上沟通核质和细胞质的复杂隧道结构，由多种核孔蛋白构成。隧道的内、外口和中央有由核糖核蛋白组成的颗粒。核孔对进出核的物质有控制作用。9.cytoplast,cytosome胞质体答案：利用物理或化学方法，将细胞核去除后所得到的细胞部分，可以用来研究细胞核与细胞质的关系10.axonaltransport细胞器或分子沿神经细胞轴突定向的运输，可以是顺向的（从细胞体向外）或逆向的（向着细胞体11.sexdetermination性别决定答案：由于性染色体上的性别决定基因地活动，胚胎发生了雄性和雌性的性别差异。在哺乳动物中，基因型若为XY,则为雄性性，XX为雌性。4.fusm引信蛋白答案：在各种CD4细胞中广泛表达的一种7次穿膜的G蛋白，与趋化因子受体相连，当HIV病毒感染T细胞时起辅因子的作7\n百度文库•让每个人平等地提升自我用。4.glialcells胶质细胞答案：神经系统中的支持细胞，包括脊椎动物中枢神经系统中的少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞以及周围神经系统中的雪旺细胞。7.lamellipodium片足答案：细胞表面的外被质膜的薄片状突起，内部有肌动蛋白丝网络的支撑，与细胞运动有关。8.myofibril肌原纤维答案：由粗肌丝和细肌丝规则排列构成的肌纤维亚单位。9.cytoplast,cytosome胞质体答案：利用物理或化学方法，将细胞核去除后所得到的细胞部分，可以用来研究细胞核与细胞质的关系。12.Vitalstaining.intravitalstaining活体染色答案：使用毒性小的染料对活体细胞或组织的染色。15.leucoplast白色体答案：一种无色的质体。1,primaryculture：Thecellsareobtaineddirectlyfromtheorganism.Mostprimaryculturesofanimalcellsareobtainedfromembryos,whosetissuesaremorereadilydissociatedintosinglecellsthantlioseofadults.Dissociationisaccomplishedwiththeaidofaproteolyticenzyme,suchastrypsin.Thetissueisthenwashedfreeoftheenzymeandusuallysuspendedinliquidmediatostartacellculture.2,liposome:Aimportantfeatureofdielipidbilayerisitsabilitytoselfassemble,forexan^le.asmallamoimtofphosphatidylcholineisdispersedinailaqueoussolution,thephospholipidmoleculesassemblespontaneouslytoformthewallsoffluid-filledsphericalvesicles,calledliposomes.3,basementmembrane:Acontinuoussheetthat(1)surroundsmuscleandfatcells,(2)underliestliebasalsurfaceofepithelialtissues,suchastheepidermisoftheskill.(3)underliestheinnerendothelialliningofbloodvessels.Basementmembranesprovidemechanicalsupportfortheattachedcells,generatesignakthatmamtaincellsurevival,serveasasubstratumforcellmigration,separateadjacenttissueswitliinanorgan,andactasabarriertodiepassageofmacromolecules.4,Fibronectin:Consistsofalineararrayofdistinct"buildingblocks'5thatgiveseachpolypeptideoftheextracellularmatrixamodularcoastruction.Eachfibronectinpolypeptideisconstructedfromasequenceofapproximately30independentlyfbldmgFnmoidules.whileFn-typemoduleswerefirstdiscoveredinfibronectin,theyarefoundaspartofmanyotherproteins,rangingfrombloodclottmgfactorstomembranereceptorsandotherproteinsoftheECM.Eachofthetwopolypeptidechamsthatmakeupafibronectmmoleculecontains(1)BindmgsitesforothercomponentsoftheECM.suchascollagensandproteoglycans.(2)Bmdingsitesforreceptorsondiecellsurface.5,junctionalcomplex:Thecellsofcertaintissues,particularlyepitlieliaandcardiacmuscle,arenotoriouslydifficulttoseparatefromoneaiiotlierbecausetheyareheldtogethertiglitlybyspecializedcalciuni-dependentadhesivejunctions.Tlierearetwomaintypesofadhesivejunctions:adherensjunctionsanddesmosomes.Inadditiontoadhesivejunctions,epithelialcellsoftencontainothertypesofcelljunctionsthatarealsolocatedtheirlateralsurfacesneartheapicallumen.Whenthesejimctionsarearrangedinaspecificanay,thisassortmentofsurfacespecializationsiscalledajunctionalcomplex.6,gaplunction:Gapjunctionsaresitesbenveenanimalcellsthatarespecializedforintercellularcommunication.Theplasmamembranesofadjacentcellscomeveryclosetooneanotherbutdonotmakedirectcontact.Instead,tliecleftbenveentheellsisspannedbyveryfinestrandsthatarecomposedentirelyofanintegralmembraneproteincalledcoimexin.Eachcoimexoniscomposedofsixcoimexinsubunitsarrangedaroundacentralopening.Gapjunctionscanputalargenumberofcellsofatissueintoultimatecytoplasmiccontact.Thishasimportantphysiologicconsequences,becauseanumberofhiglilyactiveregulatorysubstances,suchascANIPandmositolphosphates,aresmallenoughtofitthroughgap-junctionchannels.Asaresult,gapjunctionshavethepotentialtointegratetheactivitiesofindividualcellsofatissuemtofunctionalunit.一：Giveagoodexplanationtodiewordslistedbelow.(5x8=40points)1,cellIme：Normal(nomnalignant)cellscandividealimitednumberoftimes(typically50to100)beforetheyundergosenescenceanddeath.Becauseofthis,manyofdiecellsthatarecommonlyusedintissueculturestudieshaveundergonegeneticmodificationsthatallowthemtobegrownmdefimtely.Cellsofthistypearereferredtoasacellline.7\n百度文库•让每个人平等地提升自我1,LaniHiin：Laimnmsareafamilyofextracellularglycoproteuisthatconsistofthreedifferentpolypeptidechainsluikedbydisulfidebondsandorgamzedfintoamoleculeresemblingacrosswiththreeshortamisandonelongami.Atleast15differentlainminshavebeenidentified.Likefibronectin,extracellularlaimmnscangreatlymfluenceacell'spotencialformigration,growth、anddifferentiation.Forexample,lamininsplayacriticalroleinthemigrationofprimordialgermcells.Thesecellsariseintheyolksac,whichislocatedtheembryoitself,andthenmigratebywayofthebloodstreamandembryomctodiedevelopinggond,wheretlieyeventuallygiverisetospermoreggs.Duringtlieirmigration,theprimordialgeniicellstraversesurfacesthatareparticularlyrichinlaminin.Studiesindicatethattheprimordialgermcellspossessacell-surfeceproteinthatadlieresstronglytooneofdiesubunitsofthelaniimnmolecule.2,Cadheriiis：ThecadherinsarealargefamilyofglycoproteinsthatmediateCa2+-dependentcell-celladhesionandtransmitsignalsfromtheECMtothecytoplasm.Cadheriiisjoincellsofsimilartypetooneanotheranddosopredominantlybybindmgtothesamecadlierinpresentonthesurfaceoftheneighbormgcell.Cadliermsarefoundondiesurfacesofmanydifferentcelltypesinanimals,witheachparticularmemberofdiecadherinfamilyhavingaspecificdistributionwithinthebody.3,apoptosis：isaformofprogranunedcelldeathinmulticellularorganisms.Itisoneofthemamtypesofprogranunedcelldeaths(PCD)andinvolvesaseriesofbiochemicaleventsleadingtoacharacteristiccellmorphologyanddeath,inmorespecificterms,aseriesofbiochemicaleventsthatleadtoavarietyofmorphologicalchanges,mcludingblebbing,changestothecellmembranesuchaslossofmembraneasymmetryandattaclmient,cellshrinkage,nuclearfragmentation,chromatincondensation,andcliromosoinalDNAfragmentation.4,extracellularmessengermolecules：Cellsusuallyconmiunicatewitheachotherthroughextracellularmessengermolecules.Cellsignalingisinitiatedwitlithereleaseofamessengermoleculebyacellthatisengagedinseiidmgmessagestootliercellsmthebody.Insomecases,themessengermoleculeneedonlydifiiiseacrossanarrowcleftortlirougliatmybloodvesselbeforethemessage!isreceivedbyanappropriatetargetcell.Inothercases,themessengermoleculemayhavetocirculatethroughtheentirebodybeforeitreachesspecifictargetcells.Cellscanonlyrespondtoanextracellularmessageiftheyexpressreceptorsthatspecificallyrecognizeandbmdthatparticularmessengermolecule.5,cliroinatin:CliromatmistheDNA-proteinRNAcomplexextractedfromeukaryoticlysedinterphasenuclei.Themajorproteinsinvolvedinchromatinarehistoneproteins.AnddiefunctionsofchromatinaretopackageDNAmtoasmallervolumetofitinthecell,tostrengthentheDNAtoallowmitosisandmeiosis,andtoserveasamechanismtocontrolexpression.Changesincliromatmstnictiireareaffectedmamlybymethylation(DNAandproteins)andacetylation(proteins).CliromatmstructureisalsorelevanttoDNAreplicationandDNArepair.6,house-keepinggene:Expressedinallcelltypes,essentialforallcells,responsiblefortheroutmmetabolicfunctions.7,HayilickImiit:isthenimiberoftimesacellwilldividebeforeitstopsduetodietelomerereachmgacriticallengtli.ItwasdiscoveredbyLeonardHayflickin1965,whenHayflickdemonstratedthatnormalhiunancellsinacellculturedivideabout52timesbeforeenteringasenescencephase(refittingdiecontentionbyAlexisCarrelthatnormalcellsaremmiortal).EachmitosisshortensthetelomereappendixontheDNAofthecell,thustickuigbackan°innerclock11foreachsubsequentcopyofthecell.Thismechanismisbelievedtohaveevolvedprimarilytoprotectdiebodyfromcreatingapotentially-caiicerouscell.BecauseofthefragmentedwayDNAreplicates,averyshorttelomeredcellmayleadtogeiioniicinstabilitywhendieproteinsmeanttobelocatedonthetelomerewillfailtoattachanditwillbemarkedasadouble-strandDNAbreak,possiblyleadingtocancer3,celldifferentiation:Adevelopmentalprocessinwhichstructuresandfunctionsbecomeincreasinglyspecialized.5,cliromosome:ChromosomesareorganizedstructuresofDNAandproteinsthatarefoundincells.AchromosomeisasingularpieceofDNA,whichcontainsmanygenes,regulatoryelementsandothernucleotidesequences.CliromosomesalsocontainDNA-boundproteins,whichservetopackagetheDNAandcontrolitsfimctions.Ineukaryotes,nuclearchromosomesarepackagedbyproteuismtoacondensedstructurecalledchromatin.TliisallowstheverylongDNAmoleculestofitintothecellnucleus.Tliestructureofcliromosomesandcliroinatmvanestliroughdiecellcycle.6,nucleosome:arediefundamentalrepeatingunitsofeukaryoticchromatin,TlieyarethesmalleststructuralunitofeukaryoticDNApackaging,fundamentaltothestructureofthechromosome(s)msidethecellnucleusandcanplayarolemcontrolluiggeneexpression.Tlieyaremadeupofabout146basepairsofDNAandfourpairsofproteinscalledhistones,andresemble"beadsonastringofDNA"whenobservedwithanelectronmicroscope(alOmnfiber).Theproteinsthatmakeupthenucleosomearecalled7\n百度文库•让每个人平等地提升自我histones.HistonesH2A,H2B,H3andH4fbnnthecoreofthenucleosome,aroundwhichtlieDNAiswrapped,whilehistoneHlsitsonthebaseofthenucleosomeatthejunctionbetweennucleosomeDNAandluikerDNA、extendingalongtheDNAintothelinkerregion.5,luxurygene:Tissue-specificgenes,expressedinspecialcells,makingonecelltypedifferentfromanothercelltype.8,cellcycle:Thecellcycle,orcell-dn4sioncycle,isdieseriesofeventsthattakeplaceinaeukaryoticcellleadmgtoitsreplication.Theseeventscanbedividedintwobriefperiods:mteiphase-diirmgwhichthecellgrows,accumulatingnutrientsneededformitosisandduplicatingitsDNA—andtheniitotic(KI)phase,diirmgwhichdiecellsplitsitselfuitotwodistinctcells,oftencalled"daughtercells**.Thecell-divisioncycleisavitalprocessbywinchasingle-celledfertilizedeggdevelopsintoamatureorganism,aswellasdieprocessbywhichhair,skill,bloodcells,andsomeinternalorgansarerenewed.11.lamin核纤层蛋白答案：核纤层结构的组成成分，属于中间纤维蛋白家族：核纤层蛋白随着细胞分裂发生周期性的磷酸化与去磷酸化变化，某些核纤层蛋白在体外能够自我组装成10nm的纤维。1.secondaryplasmodesma次生胞间连幺幺答案：在长成细胞的壁上因细胞发育或功能变化重新形成的胞间连丝。4.tenuin张力联合蛋白答案：黏附连接质膜下的一种蛋白质，与微丝束和质膜的结合有关。5.compartmentation,compartmentalization区室化答案：真核细胞内以膜为界的分区，如内质网、高尔基复合体、溶酶体、线粒体、叶绿体及细胞核等，保证细胞内各种代谢过程和复杂功能有条不紊地进行。答案：哺乳动物颗粒白细胞中形状不规则的核。9.invagination内陷答案：胞吞时质膜内陷形成内存小泡的过程。12.ubiquitinoylation泛素化答案：在蛋白质分子一个位点上结合单个或多个泛素残基的作用。14.micromanipulator显微操作器答案：用显微镜附加细微操纵装置所组成的手术器械。5.glialcells胶质细胞答案：神经系统中的支持细胞，包括脊椎动物中枢神经系统中的少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞以及周围神经系统中的雪旺细胞。1)着丝粒和动粒(centromereandkinetochore)：着丝粒即染色体的主缢痕，是高度有序的整合结构，至少分为3种不同的结构域：动粒结构域、中央结构域和配对结构域。动粒动粒结构域即动粒位于着丝粒外表而，哺乳动物着丝粒分为3个区域：内板，中间间隙和外板，(组成)。纺维体微观与动粒的外侧结合，动粒的内侧与着丝粒相互交织。着丝粒-动粒复合体及在细胞分裂过程中的重要性。2)接触抑制(contactinhibition)：正常细胞生长到彼此相互接触时，其运动和分裂活动就会停止。癌细胞失去运动和分裂的接触抑制，“它们”能堆积。正常细胞体外培养贴壁性，转化细胞贴壁性下降。悬浮性培养。3)微管组织中心(microtubuleorganizingcenter,MTOC)：微管在生理状态或实验处理解聚后重新装配的发生处。MTOC决定了细胞微管的极性，微管的(一)极指向XTOC,(+)极背向MTOC。动物细胞的MTOC是中心体。5)proto-oncogeneandoncogene：proto-oncogene(原癌基因)是控制细胞生长和分裂的正常基因，而oncogene(癌基因)是原癌基因的突变形式；原癌基因的突变能引起正常细胞癌变。命名原因、癌基因表达产物。6)非细胞体系(cell-freesystem)：anexperimentalsystemtostudycellularactivitiesthatdoesnotrequiredwholecells.Suchsystemstypicallycontainapreparationofpurifiedproteinsand/orsubcellularfractionsandareamenabletoexperimentalmanipulation.7）常染色质和异染色质：常染色质纤维折叠压缩程度低，处于伸展状态，用碱性染料染色时着色浅。构成常染色质的DNA主要是单一序列和中度重复序列DNA,处于常染色质状态是基因转录的必要条件。异染色质纤维折卷压缩程度高，处于聚缩状态，用碱性染料染色着色深。异染色质又分为结构异染色质和兼性异染色质。结构异染色质是7\n百度文库•让每个人平等地提升自我指除复制期以外在整个细胞周期均处于聚缩状态，DNA包装比在整个细胞周期中基本没有较大变化的异染色质。兼性异染色质是指在某些细胞类型或一定的发育阶段，原来的常染色质聚缩，并丧失基因转录活性，变为异染色质。8）transGolginetwork：thatpartoftheGolgiapparatusthatisfurthestfromtheendoplasmicreticulumandfromwhichproteinsandlipidsleaveforlysosomes,secretoryvesiclesorthecellsurface.10）主动运输：由载体蛋白介导的物质逆浓度梯度或电化学梯度由浓度低的一侧向浓度高的一侧进行跨膜转运的方式，主动运输过程需要消耗能量，需要与某种释放能量的过程相偶联。主动运输需要膜上的特异性载体蛋白，这些载体蛋白不仅具有结构上的特异性，而且具有结构上的可变性。1）细胞周期：细胞分裂是一个复杂过程，包括物质积累，遗传物质复制，平均分配到两个子细胞。物质积累和细胞分裂的循环。分裂间期和有丝分裂期，间期包括Gl,S,G2期。分裂期包括mitosisandcytokinesis.2）细胞全能性：细胞分裂和分化后仍具有产生完整有机体的潜能或特性。受精卵和早期的胚胎细胞。3）染色体超前凝集（PCC）：与M期细胞融合的间期细胞中的染色质发生了凝集,形成了形态各异的染色体。G1-PCC,S-PCC,G2-PCC.M-Cdk的作用。可检测细胞所处周期时相等。4）cisGolginetwork：连续的分支状管网结构，高尔基体靠近细胞核的一面。接受来自内质网新合成的物质，分类后大部分转入高尔基体中间膜囊，小部分蛋白质和脂质再返回内质网。其它生物活性。5）中间纤维：lOnin纤维，成分具有组织特异性。按组织来源和免疫原性分为5类：角蛋白纤维，上皮细胞：vimentinfilament,desminfilament,neurofilament,neuroglialfilament.6）活性染色质和非活性染色质：活性染色质具有转录活性，具有输送的染色质结构，DNase超敏感位点，折叠程度低，生化上特殊性，很少组蛋白H1与其结合等。非活性染色质没有转录活性，异染色质纤维折叠压缩程度高，处于聚缩状态。7）鬼笔环肽（philloidin）：可以切断微丝，并结合在微丝末端阻止actin聚合，对微丝解聚没有明显影响，破坏微丝三维网络。利用标记的philloidin可以特异显示F-actin.8）管家基因和奢侈基因：所有细胞中都表达的一类基因，对维持细胞基本生命活动所必需的基因称为管家基因。组织特异性基因是指不同的细胞类型进行特异性表达的基因，其产物赋予个类细胞特异的形态结构特征与特异的生理功能。细胞分化是基因选择性表达的结果。时间和空间上的基因差异表达，转录水平，转录后加工水平，染色体和DNA水平，翻译和翻译后加工与修饰水平等。9）原代细胞：从机体取出后立即培养的细胞，一般传代10代以内的细胞细胞形态等变化很小，都称为原代细胞。在体外适应了培养条件，可以连续传代培养的细胞成为传代细胞。10）dyneinandkinesin：motorproteins.ATPase.dynein沿微管向（-）极，kinesin向（+）极运动。物质沿微管运输，dynein与鞭毛、纤毛运动，dyneinandkinesin与纺维体微管滑动，中心体的分离形成纺缠体等过程起作用。1）primaryculture：直接从机体取下细胞、组织和器官后立即进行培养。成功传代之前的培养，细胞保持原有细胞的基本性质。通常情况下将第一代至第十代以内的细胞培养称为原代培养。最常用的是组织块培养，细胞培养。2）endocytosis：Uptakematerialsintothecellbyaninvaginationoftheplasmamembraneanditsinternalizationinamembrane-boundedvesicle.Receptormediatedendocytosis.3)membraneasymmetry：细胞膜的不对称性。膜蛋白、膜脂等成分分布不对称。信号传递的方向性。膜内外表面机构不对称，功能不对称。对细胞功能的实施具有重要意义。4)ubiquitin：蛋白如cyclin的降解与细胞生命活动的调节。Polyubiquitinizaiton,El,E2,E3,destructionbox.5)survivalfactor：extracellularsignalmoleculesthatmustbepresentinordertopreventprogrammedcelldeath.Significance.6)cellrecognition:cell-cellinteraction.Regulationoffunction.同种或异种，同源或异源，抗原抗体，细胞间，酶与底物。选择性，特异性。7)transportvesicle:membranevesiclesthatcarryproteins,lipids,etal.fromoneintracellularcompartmenttoanother,forexamplefromtheERtotheGolgiapparatus.Endocytosis,exocytosis,vesiculartransport,secretion.8)ERretentionsignal:内质网的结构和功能蛋白质较基端的KDEL信号序列。去除该序列,蛋白就会分泌出来,而不能滞留在ER中。9)importin：具有核定位信号的蛋白质必须与核定位信号受体importin结合才能穿过核孔复合体。10)proto-oncogene：正常基因，突变后致使细胞发生癌变。11)antiport：偶联运输，同时运转的两种物质是相反的方向。7\n百度文库•让每个人平等地提升自我12)anaphase-promotingcomplex(APC)：aproteincomplexthatpromotesthedestructionofspecificproteins,bycatalyzingtheirubiquitination.Crucialcomponentofthecell-cyclecontrolsystem.13)heterochromatin：regionofachromosomethatremainsunusuallycondensedandtranscriptionallyinactiveduringinterphase.14)nuclearlamina：fibrouslayerontheinnersurfaceoftheinnermembranemadeupofanetworkofintermediatefilamentsmadefromlamins.15)voltage-gatedchannel：membraneproteinthatselectivelyallowsionstocrossamembraneandisopenedbychangesinmembranepotential.Foundmainlyinelectricallyexcitablecellssuchasnerveandmuscle.1)丫-tubulinring：proteincomplexincentrosomesthatnucleatesmicrotubuleassembly.2)signalsequence：aminoacidsequencethatdirectsaproteintoaspecificlocationinthecell,suchasthenucleusormitochondria.3)extracellularmatrix:complexnetworkofpolysaccharides(suchasglycosaminoglycansorcellulose)andproteins(suchascollagen)secretedbycells.Astructuralcomponentoftissuesthatalsoinfluencestheirdevelopmentandphysiology.4)S-PCC:prematuredchromosomecondensation.Sphasecell.5)mitogen:anextracellularsignalmoleculethatstimulatescellproliferation.6)totipotency:potentialofacellthatcangiverisetoanorganismoralltypesofcellsthatconstituteanorganism;7)house-keepinggene：genesexpressinginallcells.维持细胞最低限度功能所不可少的基因。8)Hayflicklimitation：体外培养的细胞具有增殖极限。体外培养的细胞增殖传代能力反映了细胞在体内的衰老状况。细胞的衰老控制着细胞的分裂次数，进而控制着细胞的数量。9)caspase：天冬缄酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶。外来信号作用被切割激活，通过对靶蛋白的水解导致PCDorapoptosis.10)p53:基因、蛋白。与肿瘤相关性很高，磷酸话蛋白质。与DNA特异性结合，活性受磷酸化控制。与程序性细胞死亡关系。11)nucleosome:structural,beadlikeunitofaeukaryoticchromosomecomposedofashortlengthofDNAwrappedaroundacoreofhistoneproteins;thefundamentalsubunitofchromatin.12)GOcell：cyclingcell/differentiatedcell/GOcell.暂时脱离细胞周期,不进行DNA复制核细胞分裂。某些诱导条件下重新开始DNA合成，进行细胞分裂。细胞周期调控蛋白在G0期细胞内很多被降解。13)transGolginetwork:thatpartofGolgiapparatusthatisfurthestfromtheendoplasmicreticulumandfromwhichproteinsandlipidsleaveforlysosomes,secretoryvesiclesorthecellsurface.14)dedifferentiation：分化细胞失去特有的结构和功能变为具有未分化细胞的特性。15)nuclearlocalizationsignal：4—8个级基酸的信号肽，帮助核蛋白进入细胞核，有含水的核孔通道来鉴别，蛋白进入细胞核后不被切除。Virus:Asmallintracellularparasite,consistingofnucleicacid(RNAorDNA)enclosedinaproteincoat,thatcanreplicateonlyinasusceptiblehostcell;widelyusedincellbiologyresearch.Cellline：Apopulationofculturedcells,ofplantoranimalorigin,thathasundergoneachangeallowingthecellstogrowindefinitely,incontrasttoacellstrain.Celllinecanresultfromchemicalorviraltransformationandaresaidtobeimmortal.Cellstrain：Apopulationofculturedcells,ofplantoranimalorigin,thathasafinitelifespan,incontrasttoacellline.Westernblotting：Techniqueinwhichproteinsseparatedbyelectrophoresisareattachedtoanitrocelluloseorothermerebrane,andspecificproteinsthenaredetectedbyuseoflabeledantibodies;alsocalledimmunoblotting.X-raycrystallography：Commonlyusedtechniquefordeterminingthethree-dimensionalstructureofmacromolecules(particularlyproteinsandnucleicacidslbypassingx-raysthroughacrystalofthepurifiedmoleculesandanalyzingthediffractionpatternofdiscretespotsthatresults.Glucagons：Apeptidehormoneproducedinthecellsofpancreaticisletsthattriggerstheconversionofglycogentoglucosebytheliver;actswithinsulintocontrolbloodglucoselevels.Glucose:six-carbonmonosaccharide(sugar)thatistheprimarymetabolicfuelinmostcells.Thelargeglucosepolymers,glycogenandstarch,areusedtostoreenergyinanimalcellsandplantcells,respectively.GLUTproteins：Afamilyoftransmembraneproteins,containing12membrane-spanningofhelices,thattransportglucose(andafew7\n百度文库•让每个人平等地提升自我othersugars)acrosscellmembranesdownitsconcentrationgradient.Glycogenn:Averylong,branchedpolysaccharide,composedexclusivelyofglucoseunits,thatistheprimarystoragecarbohydrateinanimals;foundprimarilyinliverandmusclecells.Glycolipid：Anylipidtowhichashortcarbohydratechainiscovalentlylinked;commonlyfoundintheplasmamembrane.Glycolysis：MetabolicpathwayinwhichsugarsaredegradedanaerobicallytolactateorpyruvateinthecytosolwiththeproductionofATE.Glycoprotein:Anyproteintowhichoneormoreoligosaccharidechainsarecovalentlylinked.Mostsecretedproteinsandmanymembraneproteinsareglycoproteins.Glycosaminoglycan(GAG):Along,linear,highlychargedpolymerofarepeatingdisaccharidesinwhichmanyresiduesoftenaresulfated.GAGsaremajorcomponentsoftheextracellularmatrix,usuallyascomponentsofproteoglycans.Glycosidicbond：Thecovalentlinkagebetweentwomonosaccharideresiduesformedwhenacarbonatominonesugarreactswithahydroxylgrouponasecondsugarwiththenetreleaseofawatermolecule(dehydration).Cholesterol：Anamphipathiclipidcontainingthefour-ringsteroidstructurewithahydroxylgroupononering;amajorcomponentofmanyeukaryoticmembraneandprecursorandprecursorofsteroidhormones.Integralmembraneprotein：Anyproteinthatcontainsoneormorehydrophobicsegmentsembeddedwithinthecoreofthephospholipidbilayer;alsocalledtransmembraneprotein.Integrins：Alargefamilyofheterodimerictransmembraneproteinsthatfunctionasadhesionreceptors,promotingcell-matrixadhesion,orascelladhesionmolecules,promotingcell-celladhesionLipid:Anyorganicmoleculethatispoorlysolubleorvirtuallyinsolubleinwaterbutissolubleinnonpolarorganicsolvents.Majorclassesincludefattyacids,phospholipids,steroids,andtriglycerides.Lipid-anchoredmembraneprotein：Anyproteinthatistetheredtoacellularmembranebyoneormorecovalentlyattachedlipidgroups,whichareembeddedinthephospholipidsbilayerLipidraft：Microdomainintheplasmamembranethatisenrichedincholesterol,sphingomyelin,andcertainproteins.Lipoprotein：Anylarge,water-solubleproteinandlipidcomplexthatfunctionsinmasstransferoflipidsthroughoutthebody.Seealsolow-densitylipoprotein(LDL).7百度文库•让每个人平等地提升自我Liposome：Artificialsphericalphospholipidbilayerstructurewithanaqueousinteriorthatformsinvitrofromphospholipidsandmaycontainmembraneproteins.Plasmamembrane：Themembranesurroundingacellthatseparatesthecellfromitsexternalenvironment;consistsofaphospholipidbilayerandassociatedmembranelipidsandproteins.Chemicalequilibrium：Thestateofachemicalreactioninwhichtheconcentrationofallproductsandreactantsisconstantandtheratesoftheforwardandreversereactionsareequal.Chemiosmosis：Progresswherebyanelectrochemicalprotongradient(PHpluselectricpotential)acrossamembraneisusedtodriveanenergy-requiringprocesssuchamembraneagainsttheirconcentrationgradient;alsocalledchemiosmoticcoupling.RestingK+channels：NongatedK+ionchannelsintheplasmamembranethat,inconjunctionwiththehighcytosolicK+concentrationproducedbytheNa+/K+ATPase,areprimarilyresponsibleforgeneratingtheinside-negativerestingmembranepotentialinanimalcells.Centromere：Constrictedportionofamitoticchromosomewheresisterchromatidsareattachedandfromwhichkinetochorefibersextendtowardaspindlepole;requiredforproperchromosomesegregationduringmitosisandmeiosis.Centrosome(cellcenter)：Organellelocatednearthenucleusofanimalcellsthatistheprimarymicrotubule-organizingcenter(MTOC)andcontainsapairofcentrioles.Itdividesduringmitosis,formingthespindlepies.Chaperone:Collectivetermfortwotypesofproteinsthatpreventmisfoldingofatargetprotein(molecularchaperones)oractivelyfacilitateitsproperfolding(chaperonins).Trans-Golginetwork(TGN):Complexnetworkofmembranesandvesiclesthatservesasamajorbranchpointinthesecretorypathway.Vesiclesbuddingfromthismost-distalGolgicompart-mentcarrymembraneandsolubleproteinstothecellsurfaceortolysosomes.Uniport：Atypeoftransportinwhichamembraneprotein(uniporter)mediatesmovementofasmallmoleculeacrossamembranedownitsconcentrationgradientviafacilitatedtransport.Theglucosetransporters(GLUTproteins)arewell-studiedexampiesofuniporters.Signalingmolecule：Generaltermforanyextracellularorintracellularmoleculeinvolvedinmediatingtheresponseofacelltoitsexternalenvironmentortoothercells.Signal-recognitionparticle(SRP)：AcytosolicribonucleoproteinparticlethatbindstotheERsignalsequenceinanascent#\n百度文库•让每个人平等地提升自我secretoryproteinanddeliversthenascentchain/ribosomecomplextotheERmembranewheresynthesisoftheproteinandtranslocationintotheERarecompleted.Signalsequence：Arelativelyshortaminoacidsequencewithinaproteinthatdirectstheproteintoaspecificlocationwithinthecell：alsocalledsignalpeptideanduptake-targetingsequence.Signaltransduction：Conversionofasignalfromonephysicalorchemicalformintoanother.Incellbiologycommonlyreferstothesequentialprocessinitiatedbybindingofanextracellularsignaltoareceptorandculminatinginoneormorespecificcellularresponses.Symport:Atypeofcotransportinwhichamembraneprotein(symporter)transportstwodifferentmoleculesorionsacrossacellmembraneinthesamedirection.Seealsoantiport.NAD+(nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide)：AsmallorganicmoleculethatfunctionsasanelectroncarrierbyacceptingtwoelectronsfromadonormoleculeandoneH+fromthesolution.NADP+(nicotinamideadeninedinucleotidephosphate)：PhosphorylatedformofNAD+thatisusedextensivelyasanelectroncarrierinbiosyntheticpathwaysandduringphotosynthesisNa+/K+ATPase:AP-classATP-poweredpumpthatcoupleshydrolysisofoneATPmoleculetoexportofNationsandimportofK+ions;islargelyresponsibleformaintainingthenormalintracellularconcentrationsofNa+(low)andK+(high)inanimalcells;commonlycalledNa+/K+pump.Endocrine：Referringtosignalingmechanisminwhichtargetcellsbindandrespondtoahormonereleased#\n百度文库・让每个人平等地提升自我intothebloodbydistantspecializedsecretorycellsusuallypresentinagland(e.g.,pituitaryorthyroidgland).Endocyticpathway：Cellularpathwayinvolvingreceptor-mediatedendocytocisthatinternalizesextracellularmaterialstoolargetobeimportedbymembranetransportproteinsandtoremovereceptorproteinsfromthecellsurfaceasawaytodown-regulatetheiractivity.Endocytosis：Generaltermforuptakeofextracellularmaterialbyinvaginationoftheplasmamembrane;includesreceptor-mediatedendocytosis,phagocytosis,andpinocytosis.Facilitatedtransport:Protein-aidedtransportofanionorsmallmoleculeacrossacellmembranedownitsconcentrationgradientatarategreaterthanthatobtainedbysimplediffusion;alsocalledfacilitateddiffusion.COPI:Aclassofproteinsthatcoattransportvesiclesinthesecretorypathway.COPI-coatedvesiclesmoveproteinsfromtheGolgitotheendoplasmicreticulumandfromlatertoearlierGolgicisternae.COPII:Aclassofproteinsthatcoattransportvesiclesinthesecretorypathway.COPII-coatedvesiclesmoveproteinsfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtotheGolgi.Cotranslationaltranslocation:Simultaneoustransportofasecretoryproteinintotheendoplasmicreticulumasthenascentproteinisstillboundtotheribosomeandbeingelongated.Cotransport：Protein-mediatedmovementofanionorsmallmoleculeacrossamembraneagainstaconcentrationgradientdrivenbycouplingtomovementofasecondmoleculedownitsconcentrationgradientinthesame(symport)oropposite(antiport)direction.Intermediatefilament：Cytoskeletalfiber(lOnmindiameter)formedbypolymerizationofrelated,buttissue-specific,subunitproteinsincludingkeratins,lamins,andneurofilaments.Actin:Abundantstructuralproteinineukaryoticcellsthatinteractswithmanyotherproteins.Themonomericglobularfrom(Gactin)polymerizestoformactinfilaments(Factin).Inmusclecells,Factininteractswithmyosinduringcontraction.Seealsomicrofilaments.Cytoskeleton：Networkoffibrouselements,consistingprimarilyofmicrotubules,microfilaments,andintermediatefilaments,foundinthecytoplasmofeukaryoticcells.Thecytoskeletonprovidesorganizationandstructuralsupportforthecellandpermitsdirectedmovementoforganelles,chromosomes,andthecellitself.Dyneins:AclassofmotorproteinsthatusetheenergyreleasedbyATPhydrolysistomovetowardthe(—)endofmicrotubdes.Dyneinscantransportvesiclesandorganelles,areresponsibleforthemovementofciliaandflagella,andplayaroleinchromosomemovementduringmitosis.Kinesins:AclassofmotorproteinsthatuseenergyreleasedbyATPhydrolysistomovetowardthe(+)endofamicrotubule.Kinesinscantransportvesiclesandorganellesandplayaroleinchromosomemovementduringmitosis.Microfilament：Cytoskeletalfiber37nmindiameter)thatisformedbypolymerizationofmonomericglobular(G)actin,alsocalledactinfilament.Microfilamentsplayanimportantroleinmusclecontraction,cytokinesis,cellmovement,andothercellularfunctionsandstructures.Microtubule：Cytoskeletalfiber(=25nmindiameter)thatisformedbypolymerizationof(1,0-tubulinmonomersandexhibitsstructuralandfunctionalpolarity.Microtubulesareimportantcomponentsofcilia,flagella,themitoticspindle,andothercellularstructures.Microtubule-associatedprotein(MAP)：Anyproteinthatbindstomicrotubulesandregulatestheirstability.Motorprotein:AnyraemberofaspecialclassofmechanochemicalenzymesthatuseenergyfromATPhydrolysistogenerateeitherlinearorrotarymotion;alsocalledmolecularmotor.Seealsodyneins,kinesins,andmyosins.Myofibril：Long,slenderstructureswithincytoplasmofmusclecellsconsistingofaregularrepeating百度文库・让每个人平等地提升自我arrayofsarcomerescomposedofthick(myosin)filamentsandthin(actin)filaments.Myosins:Aclassofmotorproteinsthathaveactin-stimulatedATPaseactivity.MyosinsmovealongactinmicrofilamentsduringmusclecontractionandcytokinesisandalsomediatevesicletranslocationChromatid:Onecopyofaduplicatedchromosome,formedduringtheSphaseofthecellcycle,thatisstilljoinedatthecentromeretotheothercopy;alsocalledsisterchromatid.Duringmitosis,thetwochromatidsseparate,eachbecomingachromosomeofoneofthetwodaughtercells.Chromatin：ComplexofDNA,histones,andnonhistoneproteinsfromwhicheukaryoticchromosomesareformed.Condensationofchromatinduringmitosisyieldsthevisiblemetaphasechromosome.9\nChromatography,liquid：Groupofbiochemicaltechniquesforseparatingmixturesofmoleculesbasedontheirmass(gel-filtrationchromatography),charge(ion-exchangechromatography),orabilitytobindspecificallytoothermolecule(affinitychromatography).Commonlyusedtechniqueforseparatingandpurifyingproteins.Chromosome：Ineukaryotes,thestructuralunitofthegeneticmaterialconsistingofasingle,lineardouble-strandedDNAmoleculeandassociatedproteins.Duringmitosis,chromosomescondenseintocompactstructuresvisibleinthelightmicroscope.Inprokaryotes,asingle,circulardouble-strandedDNAmoleculeconstitutesthebulkofthegeneticmaterial.Seealsokaryotype.Nuclearporecomplex(NPC):Large,multiproteinstructure,composedlargelyofnucleoporins,thatextendsacrossthenuclearenvelope.IonsandsmallmoleculesfreelydiffusethroughNPCs;largeproteinsandribonuc1eoproteinparticlesareselectivelytransportedthroughNPCswiththeaidofsolubleproteins.Nuclearreceptor:Memberofaclassofintracellularreceptorsthatbindlipid-solublemolecules(e.g.,steroidhormones),formingligand-receptorcomplexesthatactivatetranscription;alsocalledsteroidreceptorsuperfamilyNucleicacid:Apolymerofnucleotideslinkedbyphosphodiesterbonds.DNAandRNAaretheprimarynucleicacidsincells,nucleocapsidAviralcapsidplustheenclosednucleicacidNucleoside：Asmallmoleculecomposedofapurineorpyrimidinebaselinkedtoapentose(eitherriboseordeoxyribose).Nucleosome:Structuralunitofchromatinconsistingofadiskshapedcoreofhistoneproteinsaroundwhicha147-bpsegmentofDNAiswrappedNucleotide：Anucleosidewithoneormorephosphategroupslinkedviaanesterbondtothesugarmoiety,generallytothe5'carbonatom.DNAandRNAarepolymersofnucleotidescontainingdeoxyriboseandribose,respectively.Nucleus:Largemembrane-boundedorganelleineukaryoticcellsthatcontainsDNAorganizedintochromosomes;synthesisandprocessingofRNAandribosomeassemblyoccurinthenucleusCyclicAMP(cAMP)：Asecondmessenger,producedinresponsetohormonalstimulationofcertainGprotein-coupledreceptors,thatactivatesproteinkinaseA.CyclicGMP(cGMP):AsecondmessengerthatopenscationchannelsinrodcellsandactivatesproteinkinaseGinvascularsmoothmuscleandothercells.Cyclin:Anyofseveralrelatedproteinswhoseconcentrationsriseandfallduringthecourseoftheeukaryoticcellcycle.Cyclinsformcomplexeswithcyclin-dependentkinases,therebyactivatinganddeterminingthesubstratespecificityoftheseenzymes.Cyc1in-dependentkinase(CDK)：Aproteinkinasethatiscatalyticallyactiveonlywhenboundtoacyclin.Variouscyclin-CDKcomplexestriggerprogressionthroughdifferentstagesoftheeukaryoticcellcyclebyphosphorylatingspecifictargetproteins.Cellcycle：Orderedsequenceofeventsinwhichacellduplicatesitschromosomesanddividesintotwo.Mosteukaryoticcellcyclescanbecommonlydividedintofourphases：G1beforeDNAsynthesisoccurs;9\n百度文库・让每个人平等地提升自我SwhenDNAreplicationoccurs;G2afterDNAsynthesis;andMwhencelldivisionoccurs,yieldingtwodaughtercells.Undercertainconditions,cellsexitthecellcycleduringG1andremainintheGOstateasnongrowing(quiescent)cells.AppropriatestimulationofsuchcellsinducesthemtoreturntoG1andresumegrowthanddivision.Celldivision：Separationofacellintotwodaughtercells.Inhighereukaryotes,itinvolvesdivisionofthenucleus(mitosis)andofthecytoplasm(cytokinesis);mitosisoftenisusedtorefertobothnuclearandcytoplasmicdivision.Cellfusion：Productionofahybridcellcontainingtwoormorenucleibyvarioustechniquesthatstimulatethefusionoftheplasmamembranesoftwocellsatthepointofcontactandinterminglingoftheircytoplasms.Seealsohybridoma.Celljunctions：Specializedregiononthecellsurfacethroughwhichcellsarejoinedtoeachotherortotheextracellularmatrix.Checkpoint：Anyofseveralpointsintheeukaryoticcellcycleatwhichprogressionofacelltothenextstagecanbehalteduntilconditionsaresuitable.MPF(mitosis-promotingfactor)：Aheterodimericprotein,composedofamitoticcyclinandeye1in-dependentkinase(CDK),thattriggersentranceofacellintomitosisbyphosphorylatingmultiplespecificproteins.Differentialgeneexpression：Theexpressionofdifferentsetsofgenesbycellswiththesamegenotype,resultinginproductionofspecificsetsofproteinscharacteristicofaparticularstageofdevelopmentorparticulardifferentiatedcelltype.Differentiation：Processusuallyinvolvingchangesingeneexpressionbywhichaprecursorcellbecomesadistinctspecializedcelltypeembryonicstem(ES)cells：Alineofculturedcellsderivedfromveryearlyembryosthatcandifferentiateintoawiderangeofcelltypeseitherinvitroorafterreinsertionintoahostembryo.Genotype：Entiregeneticconstitutionofanindividualcellororganism,usuallywithemphasisontheparticularallelesatoneormorespecificloci.Germcell:Insexuallyreproducingorganisms,anycellthatcanpotentiallycontributetotheformationofoffspringincludinggametesandtheirimmatureprecursors;alsocalledgerm-linecell.Seealsosomaticcell.Germlayers：Threeprimarycelllayers-ectoderm,endoderm,andmesoderm-formedduringgastrulationofanimalembryosthatgiverisetodistincttissuesandorgans.Germline：Lineageofgermcells,whichgiverisetogametesandthusparticipateinformationofthenextgenerationoforganisms;also,thegeneticmaterialtransmittedfromonegenerationtothenextthroughthegametes,germ-linecell：Seegermcell.p53protein：Theproductofatumor-suppressorgenethatplaysacriticalroleinthearrestofcellswithdamagedDNA.Inactivatingmutationsinthep53genearefoundinmanyhumancancers.Gprotein,monomeric(small):SeeGTPasesuperfamily.Gprotein,trimeric(large):AnyofnumerousheterotrimericGTP-bindingswitchproteinsthatfunctioninintracellularsignalingpathways;usuallyactivatedbyligandbindingtoacoupledseven-spanningreceptoronthecellsurface.SeealsoGTPasesuper-family.Gprotein-coupledreceptor(GPCR):Memberofalargeclassofcell-surfacesignalingreceptors,includingthoseforepinephrine,glucagon,andyeastmatingfactors.AllGPCRscontainseventransmembraneahelices.LigandbindingleadstoactivationofacoupledtrimericGprotein,therebyinitiatingintracellularsignalingpathwaysGrowthfactor：Anextracellularpolypeptidemoleculethatbindstoacell-surfacereceptor,triggeringanintracellularsignalingpathwaygenerallyleadingtocellproliferation.GTPasesuperfamily：GroupofintracellularswitchproteinsthatcyclebetweenaninactivestatewithboundGDPandanactivestatewithboundGTP.IncludestheGasubunitoftrimeric(large)Gproteins,monomeric(small)Gproteins(e.g.,Ras,Rab,Ran,andRac),andcertainelongationfactorsusedinproteinsynthesis.SeealsoGprotein,trimeric(large).Hormone:Generally,anyextracellularsubstancethatinducesspecificresponsesintargetcells;specifically,thosesignalingmoleculesthatcirculateinthebloodandmediateendocrinesignalingInositol1,4,5-trisphosphate(IP3):Intracellularsecondmessengerproducedbycleavageofthemembranelipidphosphatidyl-inositol4,5-bisphosphateinresponsetostimulationofcertaincell-surfacereceptors.IP3,whichtriggersreleaseofCa2+storedintheendoplasmicreticulum,isoneofseveralbiologicallyactivephosphoinositides.Secondmessenger：Asmallintracellularmolecule(e.g.,cAMP,cGMP,Ca2+,DAG,andIP3whoseconcentrationincreases(ordecreases)11\n百度文库・让每个人平等地提升自我inresponsetobindingofanextracellularsignalandthatfunctionsinsignaltransduction.11