[生物学]aps 生物

[生物学]aps 生物

总览2009-2010学年秋(两学期)   课程名英文课程名学分课程属性成绩植物学ⅠBotanyⅠ2必修90.0 英语ⅠCollegeEnglishⅠ3必修90.0 思想道德修养与法律基础IdeologicalEducation,MoralCultivationandBasicsofLaw3必修90.0 微积分ⅠCalculusI4必修90.0 物理学Physics2必修96.0 物理学实验ExperimentalPhysics2必修90.0 无机及分析化学InorganicandAnalyticalChemistry4.5必修79.0 体育ⅠPhysicalEducationⅠ1必修94.0 国防军事导论AnIntroductiontoNationalDefenseandMilitaryScience2必修92.0 大学生就业指导ⅠCollegeStudentsEmploymentGuidanceⅠ0.5必修85.0   2009-2010学年春(两学期)   课程名英文课程名学分课程属性成绩学科专题Ⅰ 0.5必修88.0 植物学ⅡBotanyⅡ2必修82.0 \n动物学Zoology3必修87.0 动物学实验ExperimentofGeneralZoology2必修93.0 学习心理学 1公共选修98.0 信息技术基础BasicsofInformationTechnology2必修90.0 信息技术基础实验ExperimentforFundamentalsofInformationTechnology1必修A 史记RecordsoftheHistorian2选读75.0 房地产估价RealEstateAppraising2公共选修92.0 区域规划RegionalPlanning2公共选修99.0 英语ⅡCollegeEnglishⅡ4必修87.0 中国近现代史纲要SummaryofModernandContemporaryChineseHistory(1840-1949)2必修91.0 概率论ProbabilityTheory2必修92.0 线性代数LinearAlgebra2必修91.0 实验化学ⅠExperimentalChemistryΙ3必修91.0 有机化学OrganicChemistry3必修74.0 体育ⅡPhysicalEducationⅡ1必修92.0 美学概论AnIntroductiontoAesthetics2必读A 农业概论AnIntroductiontoAgronomy2必读A 唐宋词TangandSong"Ci"Poetry2选读B 唐诗三百首Los300PoemasTang2选读A 形势与政策ⅠStateAffairsandPolicyⅠ1必修93.0   2010-2011学年秋(两学期)   \n课程名英文课程名学分课程属性成绩学科专题Ⅱ 0.5必修96.0 细胞生物学CellBiology3必修87.0 细胞生物学实验ExperimentofCellBiology2必修84.0 动植物野外实习FieldPracticeinZoologyandBotany2必修89.0 生物化学Biochemistry5必修77.0 生物化学实验ExperimentinBiochemistry2必修90.0 程序设计语言ProgrammingLanguage2必修85.0 程序设计语言实验ExperimentofVisualBasicProgrammingLanguage2必修A 英语ⅢCollegeEnglishⅢ4必修80.0 毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论 6必修97.0 实验化学ⅡExperimentalChemistryII2必修88.0 体育ⅢPhysicalEducationⅢ1必修96.0 大学生就业指导ⅡCollegeStudentsEmploymentGuidanceⅡ0.5必修82.0 军事技能训练MilitarySkillsTraining2必修A   2010-2011学年春(两学期)   课程名英文课程名学分课程属性成绩社会实践SocialPractice1必修B 学科专题Ⅲ 0.5必修94.0 植物生理学实验ExperimentofPlantPhysiology2必修88.0 \n植物生理学PlantPhysiology3必修85.0 微生物学Microbiology3必修87.0 微生物学实验ExperimentinMicrobiology2必修A 生物统计学Biostatistics3必修90.0 遗传学Genetics3必修75.0 遗传学实验ExperimentsofGenetics2必修87.0 动物生理学AnimalPhysiology3必修78.0 动物生理学实验ExperimentinAnimalPhysiology1必修93.0 英语ⅣCollegeEnglishⅣ3必修87.0 马克思主义基本原理GeneralPrinciplesofMarxism3必修87.0 婚姻家庭法MarriageandFamilyLaw2公共选修85.0 体育ⅣPhysicalEducationⅣ1必修97.0   2011-2012学年秋(两学期)   课程名英文课程名学分课程属性成绩学科专题Ⅳ 0.5必修90.0 植物制片技术PlantSlicingTechniques2专业选修95.0 微生物生理学MicrobialPhysiology2专业选修92.0 微生物生理学实验ExperimentinMicrobialPhysiology1专业选修93.0 微生物检测技术MicrobialDetectionTechnology2专业选修87.0 应用真菌学AppliedMycology2专业选修92.0 微生物与人类MicrobesandHuman2公共选修98.0 病毒学Virology2专业选修90.0 细胞工程CellEngineering2专业选修90.0 \n生态学Ecology2专业选修86.0 产业经济学IndustrialEconomics2专业选修93.0 市场营销Marketing2专业选修90.0 社会学Sociology2公共选修91.0 大学生就业指导ⅢCollegeStudentsEmploymentGuidanceⅢ0.5必修93.0   2011-2012学年春(两学期)   课程名英文课程名学分课程属性成绩免疫学Immunology2专业选修90.0 免疫学实验ExperimentofImmunology1专业选修93.0 植物生物学大实验ComprehensiveExperimentinPlantPhysiology2必修91.0 环境微生物工程EnvironmentalMicrobialEngineering2专业选修93.0 微生物学大实验ComprehensiveExperimentinMicrobiology2必修87.0 微生物肥料与农药MicrobialFertilizersandPesticides2专业选修88.0 分子生物学MolecularBiology3必修75.0 生物大分子分离与鉴定IsolationandCharacterizationofBiologicalMacromolecules2必修96.0 分子生物学实验ExperimentinMolecularBiology2必修92.0 基因操作技术原理BasisofArtSoftwareTechnique3专业选修89.0 植物化学PlantChemistry1专业选修98.0   2012-2013学年秋(两学期)   \n课程名英文课程名学分课程属性成绩专业文献综述训练TraininginAcademicLiteratureReview2必修A 专业综合能力测试TestforComprehensiveAcademicCompetence1必修86.0 生命基地实训 2必修85.0 学术报告SeminarReport1必修A 形势与政策ⅡStateAffairsandPolicyⅡ1必修95.0 大学生就业指导ⅣCollegeStudentsEmploymentGuidanceⅣ0.5必修90.0 Plant植物合并D植物组织培养PlantTissueCulture主要是，植物组织（如茎、叶）、细胞，愈伤组织生成，生长繁殖为整个植株的技术。理论基础是植物细胞的全能性。正常情况植物由种子萌发生长，时间长例：路边花坛里的植物，组培用茎、叶快速繁殖。草莓，快速繁殖，满足市场需要；无毒苗，不会因为病害导致果实缺、坏，健康美观。田里干的活挪到实验室里干，周期短。先理论，后介绍我们实际试验的过程。Tissueculture(a.k.a.micropropagation)involvesgrowingplantsfromverysmallsectionsinalaboratory,whichisdifferentfromandfasterthangrowingplantsfromanormalseed.画一个植物取出一小块，另一边是种子。ThereasonwhywecanusepartofaplantinsteadofaseedisthatplantcellsareTotipotent（细胞全能性）.Inanotherword,cellsofaplanthavetheabilitytodevelopintowholeplantinvitrowhengiventhecorrectconditions.\nThemajorstepsincludeexplantsdedifferentiatedintocallus,thencallusredifferentiatedshootandroot,finallytoanentireplant.图，外植体、脱分化、愈伤组织、再分化、植株。Explant（外植体）isthepartusedtoinitiateatissueculture,e.g.,embryo,shootmeristem,leafandsoon.Callusisamassofactivelydividingundifferentiatedcellsproducedbyexplant.Thedifferencebetweenshootingandrootingisbasedontheknowledgethatwehavelearnedinplantphysiology.图，NAA生长素、6-BA细胞分裂素，比例高长根，比例低长芽，相同长愈伤组织Twohormonesaffectplantdifferentiation.Auxins,e.g.NAAstimulatesrootdevelopment,cytokinin,6-BAstimulatesshootdevelopment.Whenauxin/cytokininratioishigh,rootwilldevelop.Whenauxin/cytokininratioislow,shootwilldevelop.Whenauxinequalscytokinin,calluswilldevelop.Wealsodidtissuecultureourselvesinthelaboratory.OurgroupusestemofIndianstrawberryasexplant.Firstwewashitwithwater,inordertocleandustanddirt.ThenwesterilizeitwithNaClOwithdifferenttimeandconcentration,inordertofigureoutwhatisthebestcondition.Atlastwewashitwithsterilewater,sothatnoNaClOleftonit.Andputitintomedium.Accordingtoourconsequence,thebeststerilizeconditionis2%NaClO5min,becausemostoftheplanttissuewithoutcontaminationanddeathappearsinthiscondition.Totipotent细胞全能性的explant外植体dedifferentiated脱分化callus愈伤组织redifferentiated再分化shoot芽root根embryo胚shootmeristem茎分生组织auxin生长素cytokinin细胞分裂素Indianstrawberry蛇莓sterilize消毒sterile无菌的contamination污染植物生物学大实验ComprehensiveExperimentinPlantPhysiology对玉米幼苗盐胁迫，观察生理生化变化，确定受胁迫的程度。\n例：含水量降低，盐胁迫导致水分吸收减少，含水量=（鲜重-干重）/鲜重。导管直径增大，盐胁迫使得植物增强水分吸收的能力。细胞缩水，叶片卷曲，减少蒸腾作用，保水。叶绿素含量降低，光合作用减弱，同化作用合成产物减少，植株生长受到抑制。先简介该实验做玉米幼苗盐胁迫，接着介绍大致实验过程，最后介绍该实验可以用于选择抗盐胁迫的玉米。中国很多盐碱地。Comprehensiveexperimentinplantphysiologyismainlyanexperimentcourse.Weworkingroupstoresearchtheeffectsofsaltstressonmaizeseedling.Wespendmorethanamonth.Firstwegrowmaizeinsandwithnutrientsolution.HoaglandnutrientsolutionSecond,whenmaizeseedlingsgrowtothethirdleaffullyextended,whichmeanstheleafismature.Wechooseanddivideallthethreeleafmaizeseedlingsintotwogroups,controlgroupandtreatmentgroup.图，三片叶全展的苗，标记CK(controlcheck)、T(test)组，加NaCl。Weaddsaltonlyinthesolutionoftreatmentgroup.After10daysofsalttreatment,wemeasuringbothcontrolgroupandtreatmentgroup.Theresultsare:1.ThePlantHeight(PH),thelengthandnumberofleafofthetreatmentgrouparesignificantlylowerthancontrolgroup.图，株高、叶长叶片数2.Themoisturecontentoftreatmentgroupissignificantlylowerthancontrolgroup.Weweighit.Wedryitintheovenfor72h.Themoisturecontentequalto(freshweightminusdryweight)dividefreshweightmultiply100%.公式，含水量=（鲜重FW-干重DW）/鲜重FW*100%。3.Thechlorophyllcontentoftreatmentgroupissignificantlylowerthancontrolgroup.WemeasureitwithaninstrumentSPADfromjapan.Itmeasureopticaldensitydifferenceat2wavelengths.图，叶绿素吸收光谱双峰图，大致440、650。Accordingtotheconsequences,salinityreducestheabilityofplantstotakeupwater,andthisquicklycausesreductionsingrowthrate.Thisexperimentcanbealsousedforselectingsalttolerantmaize.InChinathereisalargeamountofsalinesoil,whichcan’tgrownormalplant,butsalttolerantplantmaygrowonit.saltstress盐胁迫maizeseedling玉米幼苗Hoaglandnutrientsolution营养液fullyextended完全展开controltreatmentgroup对照、处理组CKcontrolcheck对照measuring测量PHplantheight株高moisturecontent含水量oven烘箱chlorophyllcontent叶绿素含量instrumentSPAD仪器SPADopticaldensitydifference吸光度差wavelength波长salinity盐分salttolerant耐盐胁迫salinesoil盐碱地\nsignificantly联系生物统计学方差分析analysisofvarianceThereasonwhyIsaysignificantlyloweristhatIusethemethodanalysisofvariancefromBiostatisticscourse.植物、植物生理BotanyPlantphysiology植物生理学PlantPhysiology植物生理学实验ExperimentofPlantPhysiology植物学ⅠBotanyⅠ植物学IIBotanyII植物细胞结构，植物光合作用。例：植物细胞，各组分。区别于动物细胞。果实横切，对应子房各部分。外界不良条件导致含水量改变，叶圆片鲜重、干重、含水量。Ittellsusaboutthebasicstructureofplantcellanditsfunction,andthephotosynthesis.First,shallIdrawadiagramofatypicalplantcell?\nCellwall细胞壁,protectionandgiveadefiniteshapeofcell.Cellmembrane细胞膜,transportmaterialsthroughcell.Cytoplasm细胞质,thegroundsubstance.mitochondrion线粒体,providetheenergy.chloroplast叶绿体,wherephotosynthesishappened.endoplasmicreticulumER内质网TheERwithribosomeisroughER,theERwithoutribosomeissmoothER.Ribosome核糖体,whereproteinsynthesishappened.Golgibody高尔基体,transportsomeoftheproteintothecellmembraneoroutofthecell.centralvacuole中央大液泡,storeions,sugarsandsecondarymetabolites.Nucleus细胞核,carryalmostallthegeneticinformation.CharacteristicsPlantCellAnimalCellVacuolesAsinglecentrallylocatedvacuole.MostlyabsentCellWallPresentAbsent\nChloroplastsPresent.Absent.CentrosomeAbsent.PresentPhotosynthesisinvolvesusingH2O,CO2andenergy(fromlight)toproduceO2andsugar.Chemicalreaction:6CO2+6H2O(+lightenergy)--C6H12O6+6O2.ButBiologicalreaction:6CO2+12H2O(+lightenergy)--C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O,becausetheH2Oisdifferentduringtheprocess.Photosynthesisoccursinthechloroplastintheleafcell.Photosynthesisneedsphotosyntheticpigmentchlorophyllinchloroplast.图，叶绿体。Chlorophyllabsorbsred440nmandblue650nmlight.Soitlooksgreen.Themainpartisachlorophyllporphyrin,withanMginthemiddle.图，叶绿素，光吸收大致曲线。Thephotosynthesishastwostages,lightreactionanddarkreaction.Lightreactionhas4mainstages.图，类囊体膜上复合体，跨膜质子浓度梯度。1.Chlorophyllabsorbslightenergytothereactioncenter.ElectronsflowtoNADP+.2.H2Oissplitintooxygen,protonsandelectrons.3.ProtonsandElectronstransferredthroughPhotosystemIIandPhotosystemI.4.ProtonsflowthroughATPsynthasetosynthesizeATP.DarkreactionusestheATPandNADPHfromlightreactiontoproducesugar.Moisturecontentdetermination:1.Choosefreshleafs.2.Useaspecialpuncher,whichmakesleafdisks.\n3.Weigh100leafdiskswhenitisfresh.ThenputitinacleandryAlbox.4.Drytheleafdisksintheoven,60Celsiusdegreefor1h.5.Weigh100driedleafdisks.Themoisturecontentequalto(freshweightminusdryweight)dividefreshweightmultiply100%.Photosynthesis光合作用chloroplast叶绿体photosyntheticpigment光和色素chlorophyll叶绿素porphyrin卟啉proton质子electrons电子synthase合成酶synthesize合成puncher打孔器leafdisk叶圆片Celsiusdegree摄氏度Immunology免疫合并A免疫学Immunology免疫学实验ExperimentofImmunology免疫制剂技术TechnologyinImmunePreparations主要讲抗原、抗体、抗原抗体反应，在此基础上的疫苗、诊断液。例：ABO血型，各有什么特征，抗A血清、抗B血清。疫苗，接种后预防疾病，不导致疾病。H1N1流感疫苗，弱毒，引起免疫反应，产生抗体，被H1N1感染，抗体抵抗。验孕棒，原理三条带。第一条，专一性酶标抗体，有结合、无不结合。第二条，固定住的专一性抗体，有结合显色，无不结合无色。第三条，酶标抗体二抗，与酶标抗体结合显色。Itismainlyaboutantigen-antibodyreactionandtheimmunologicalproductbasedonthisreaction,e.g.ABObloodtypetest,pregnancytest.Antigenisasubstancethatinduceaspecificimmuneresponseandthatreactswiththeproductsofaspecificimmuneresponse.画个圈Antibodyisaspecificproteinwhichisproducedinresponsetoanantigenandreactswiththeantigen.ItlookslikeY.画个Y型抗体Antigensarekeys,whileantibodiesarelocks.Theantigenantibodyreactionisthatoneofthekeyfitsintoalock.画抗原抗体对应Determinationofbloodtypesisoneofthereactionsnamedagglutinationtest.画ABO四种血型,抗原抗体类型。ThebloodgroupAhasAantigensonthesurfaceofredbloodcellandBantibodiesintheblood.ThebloodgroupAhasBantigensonthesurfaceofredbloodcellandAantibodiesintheblood.ThebloodgroupABhasbothAandBantigensonthesurfaceofredbloodcellandnoAorBantibodiesintheblood.ThebloodgroupOhasneitherAorBantigensonthesurfaceofredbloodcellbutbothAandBantibodiesintheblood.\nTodothetest,weonlyneedAandBantibody.Weputonedropofourbloodineachoftheantibody.After1min,wecanseeifitisagglutinated.Forexample,mybloodhasagglutinatedinAantibodybutnotagglutinatedinBantibody,whichmeansIamAbloodtype.ThereasonwhyitagglutinatedisthatAantibodyandAantigenwilltogetherformaperfectlargenestsothatwecansee,whentheyhaveasuitableratiointhereaction.画抗原抗体连成网OurteacherhasshowedusaveryinterestedfilmofHCGpregnancytest.HCGisahormoneproducedduringpregnancy.Thisisaschematicofthetest.Therearethreelines,lineA,BandC.三条杠ABCThelineAcontainsanti-HCGantibodiesattachedwithenzyme.游离抗体HCGantibodieswithoutenzymeareimmobilizedinthelineB.固定抗体LineChashumanspecificantibody.(HSA)固定抗体BothlineBandlineCalsohavedetectorreagentthatcanreactwiththeenzyme.化学分子Supposeawomanwanttoknowifsheispregnantornot.TheonlythingsheneedstodoisaddherurineonthelineAside.Thepositiveresult:Someoftheanti-HCGantibodieswithenzymecombinedwiththeHCG,fromurine,atlineA.Astheurineflow,thecomplexofHCGanti-HCGantibodytrappedbytheHCGantibodiesinthelineB.Whiletheuncombinedanti-HCGantibodiestrappedbythehumanspecificantibodyinthelineC.Thenthedetectorreagentsreactwiththeenzyme.Sothewomangetstworedlines,whichmeanscongratulations!Youhavegotababy.阳性结果Thenegativeresult:Astheurineflow,theanti-HCGantibodieswillnotstop,untiltrappedbythehumanspecificantibodyinthelineC.Afterthechemicalcolorreaction,thewomangetsonlyoneredlines,whichmeanssorry!Thereisnobaby.阴性结果Whenthewomangetsnoredlines,itmeansthepregnancytestkitdoesn’twork.没有结果Theantigenantibodyreactionalsocanbeusedinvarietiesofothersaspect,whichwillmakeourlifebetter.agglutinationtest凝集反应HCG人体绒膜促性腺激素schematic原理图immobilized固定的detectorreagent检测试剂urine尿trapped捕获\nBiochemistry&Molecularbiology生化分子合并B生物化学Biochemistry生物化学实验ExperimentinBiochemistry生物化学技术原理与方法PrinciplesandMethodsofBiochemicalTechnology生物化学技术原理与方法实验ExperimentofBiochemicalTechnology分子生物学MolecularBiology分子生物学实验ExperimentinMolecularBiology生物大分子分离与鉴定IsolationandCharacterizationofBiologicalMacromolecules构成生物体的物质，主要是蛋白质（氨基酸）、核酸（核苷酸），以及这两种大分子常用的提取纯化方法。例：氨基酸、肽链肽键、蛋白质结构（α螺旋、β折叠）RNA&DNA差异、碱基配对中心法则转录、翻译Thiscoursemainlystudiesthefundamentalmoleculesoflivingorganisms.Heavilyfocusontheproteinandnucleicacid.Aminoacidsarebuildingblocksofproteins.Thisisthecommonstructureofaminoacid.Rstandsforoneofthe20sidechains.氨基酸简图Thejoiningofaminoacidformsapeptidebond.肽键Theprimarystructureofproteinisthesequenceofaminoacidjoinedbypeptidebonds.肽链Theaminoacidchainformsafewsecondarystructures,e.g.αhelixandβfolding.螺旋折叠Thedifferentsecondarystructuresinoneaminoacidchainformthetertiarystructure,e.g.βαβ.Notalltheproteinshavequaternarystructure,whentheproteinhas,itformsbyseveraldifferentlyformedaminoacidchains.Therearetwokindsofnucleicacid,RNAandDNA.Thedifferencesaresugarandbases.图RNADNA\n戊糖Sugarsecondcarbon碱基basesAUCGATCGThestructureofDNAisdiscoveredbyWatsonandCrick.Thedoublestrandedhelixisantiparallel.Onestrandisorientedinthe5'—>3'directionandtheotherinthe3'—>5'direction.反向平行双链Sugar-phosphatebackboneisoutside,basesisinside.外骨架内碱基Basesheldtogetherbyhydrogenbonds.ApairswithT:twoHbonds.CpairswithG:threeHbonds.配对氢键2,3TherearethreemajorkindsofRNA,mRNA,tRNAandrRNA.Therelationshipamongprotein,RNAandDNAisdescribesbythecentraldogma.中心法则，转录翻译DNAreplicationistheprocessofDNAduplication.复制DNAmakesRNAistranscription.转录RNAmakesproteinistranslation.翻译RNAtoDNAonlyhappensinsomeofthevitrovirus.反转录\nTheprocessofproteinsynthesisincludestranscriptioninthenuclearandtranslationinthecytoplasm.AportionoftheDNAunwinds.WiththehelpofRNApolymeraseDNAtranscripttomRNA(messageRNA),whichcontainstheinformationoftheDNA.ThemRNAentersthecytoplasmvianuclearpores.ThemRNAbindswiththeribosomeattheinitiationcodonAUG.ThemessageofmRNAisreadthreebases(tripletcode)atatime.Eachtripletcodestandsforoneaminoacid.ThetRNA(transferRNA)hastwoends.Oneendbindingaspecificaminoacid.Theotherendisanticodon,whichcombinewithtripletcode.TheaminoacidformspeptidebondoneafteranotherastheribosomemovingalongthemRNA.ThepolypeptidechainwasreleasedwhentheribosomereachtheterminatorUAGorUAAorUGA.nucleicacid核酸aminoacid氨基酸Buildingblock基本单位sidechain侧链peptidebond肽键helix螺旋folding折叠tertiarystructure三级结构quaternary\nstructure四级结构sugar戊糖bases碱基antiparallel反向平行sugar-phosphatebackbone碳骨架hydrogenbond氢键centraldogma中心法则transcription转录translation翻译vitrovirus反转录病毒联系毕业设计PCR技术。Animal动物合并E动物、动物生理ZoologyAnimalphysiology动物学Zoology动物学实验ExperimentofGeneralZoology动物生理学AnimalPhysiology动物生理学实验ExperimentofAnimalPhysiology动物细胞、组织、器官、系统，以及各个水平上的结构与功能。例：动物细胞，系统，消化系统，调节。兔子消化系统，肠段运动，加肾上腺素、乙酰胆碱，观察反应。内稳态。Ittalksaboutthephysicalstructureandfunctionofanimalsindifferentlevel,cell,tissueorsystem.FirstI’dliketointroducethecommonstructureofananimalcell.Cellmembrane细胞膜,transportmaterialsthroughcell.Cytoplasm细胞质,thegroundsubstance.mitochondrion线粒体,providetheenergy.Centrosome中心体,relatetomitosis.endoplasmicreticulumER内质网TheERwithribosomeisroughER,theERwithoutribosomeissmoothER.Ribosome核糖体,whereproteinsynthesishappened.Golgibody高尔基体,transportsomeoftheproteintothecellmembraneoroutofthecell.Nucleus细胞核,carryalmostallthegeneticinformation.\nInthebloodofhumans,therearethreemajorkindsofcell,redbloodcell,whitebloodcellandplatelet.Redbloodcellscompose44%ofthebloodtissue.Thesecellsarerichinhemoglobin.Thisproteincanbindfouroxygenandresponsiblefortheredcolor.Theredbloodcellsdeliveroxygen(O2)throughthecirculatorysystem,whichincludecirculationsthroughthelungandtheotherpartofthebody.Theblood,richinoxygen,startfromtheleftventriclethroughtheaortatoallpartsofthebodyexceptthelung.Deliveroxygentothecells.Thenreturntotherightatrium.Theblood,lackwithoxygen,startfromtherightventricletothelung.Getoxygenfrombreath.Thenreturntotheleftatrium.Anothercircleisready.platelet血小板hemoglobin血红蛋白circulatorysystem循环系统lung肺leftventricle左心室aorta主动脉rightatrium右心房rightventricle右心室leftatrium左心房联系免疫血型鉴定。\nMicrobiology微生物合并C微生物、微生物生理MicrobiologyMicrobialphysiology微生物学Microbiology微生物学实验ExperimentinMicrobiology微生物生理学MicrobialPhysiology微生物生理学实验ExperimentofMicrobialPhysiology微生物细胞结构，微生物生长规律、代谢规律。显微镜使用例：革兰氏染色，革兰氏阳性、阴性菌细胞壁结构。生长曲线。Thisisthestudyofmicrobialcellstructure,microbialgrowthandmetabolism.Theessentialstructuresofbacteria,includescellwall,cellmembrane,cytoplasm,nucleoid['njʊkli,ɔɪdandribosomes.HereIwillfocusonthedifferenceofcellwallbetweenGram-positiveandGram-negative,whichisdifferentiatingbyGramstaining['steiniŋ.Gram-positivecellwallhasonlyonelayer,athickpeptidoglycanlayer,whichismadeupofNAMandNAG.UnliketheGram-positive,theGram-negativecellwallhastwolayers,athinpeptidoglycanlayerandanoutermembrane,composedbylipidandprotein.\nSincethedyeofGramstainingwillbetrappedbythepeptidoglycanlayer,sotheGram-positiveappearspurple,whiletheGram-negativeresultsinpink.Microbialgrowthcurveisthechangeofthenumberofbacterial,inlog,duringaperiodoftime.Thereare4phases.Lagphase:cellularmaterialbegantoincrease,butcellgrowthrateisalmost0.Logarithmicphase:thegrowthratereachedthehighest.Themetaboliccapabilityisthestrongest.Seldomornonebacteriaisdead.Stationaryphase:thegrowthrateequalsthemortalityrate.Thetotalnumberoflivecellsreachedthemaximum.Declinephase:mortalityratecontinuetoincrease,littleornoreproductionofbacteriabreeding.Bacteriaoftenappeareddeformed.cellwall细胞壁cellmembrane细胞膜cytoplasm细胞质nucleoid拟核ribosome核糖体Gramstaining革兰氏染色Peptidoglycan[,pɛptɪdo'ɡlaɪkən肽聚糖NAMNAG肽聚糖两成分lipid脂质lag[læɡ延滞期logarithmic[lɔɡə'rɪðmɪk对数期stationary稳定期decline衰亡期prokaryotic原核的eukaryotic真核的acellular非细胞的flagellum[flə'dʒɛləm鞭毛capsule['kæpsjul荚膜pili[piː'lɪ菌毛病毒学Virology病毒结构、功能、增殖。例：病毒结构。一步生长曲线。侵染过程（噬菌体）。Virologystudiesthestructure,functionandgrowthofvirus.Virushasnocellstructure.Thebasicunitisvirusparticle,whichhasonlytwoorthreeparts:thecoreismadeofDNAorRNAasgeneticmaterial;capsidisaproteincoatthatprotectsthecore;envelopeisalipidssurroundingwhenvirusoutsideacell.Differenttypeofvirushavedifferentlifecycle,buttherearesixbasicstages.Takephageasexample:Attachment:virusattachesthesurfaceofhostcell.Injection:dsDNAentersthecell.Uncoating:afterdsDNAcompletelyentersthecell,proteincoatisremoved.\nReplicationandExpression:dsDNAreplicate,transcriptandtranslationbytheenzymeofhostcell.Assembly:thenewlyproduceddsDNAandproteinsassembletogethertoformnewphagesinthehostcell.Release:hostcellkillsbyenzymeproducedbyphageDNA,andnewlyassembledphagespread.core核capsid衣壳envelope包膜attachment吸附injection侵入uncoating脱壳assembly装配遗传学Genetics遗传学实验ExperimentsofGenetics主要学了细胞周期、有丝分裂、孟德尔分离定律等。遗传学研究基因和遗传例：Geneticsisthescienceofthestructureandfunctionofgenesandheredity.GeneisapieceofDNAthatcantranscriptRNA.ThenRNAwilleithertranslateproteinorregulatethetranscriptionandtranslationofothergenes.TheABObloodtypegeneisfunny.Everyonehavethisgene,buttheyaredifferent.AtypehasIAIAorIAi.BtypehasIBIBorIBi.ABtypehasIAIB.Otypehasii.So,ifanAtypefemaleandaBtypemalehaveababy.Whatkindofbloodtypewillthebabyhave?Theanswerisanytypeispossible!WhenweknowthatbothoftheparentsofthemaleisABtype,willthecouplehaveaOtypebaby.Absolutelynot!Whatwehavetalkedaboutistheoretic,buthowcanweknowwhatbloodtypewehave?Itwillusetheimmunologicaltechnique.联系免疫学\n生物统计学Biostatistics统计计算试验是否有差异。例：方差分析公式。Analysisofvariance(ANOVA)ofthedatawegetfromtheexperiment.Forexample,thesalt-stressexperimentthatIhavedoneinthecourseComprehensiveExperimentinPlantPhysiology.Ihaveleafnumberdatafrombothcontrolgroupandtreatmentgroup.处理观察值i=k,j=ny和y平均数yTreatmentObservedvaluesyijsum∑ymean∑y/nControly11,y12,y13…y1nT1y1Salty21,y22,y23…y2nT2y2T=∑Ty离均差平方和SS自由度均方MSF显著系数SumofSquaresdfMeanSquareFSig.BetweenGroupsSSt=n∑(yi-y)2k-1MStMSt/MSeWithinGroupsSSe=∑∑(yij-yi)2k(n-1)MSeTotalSST=∑(yij-y)2nk-1Becauseofthecomplexityofthecalculation,somostofthetimeweusesoftwarecalculate,e.g.SASorSPSS.AtlastwecomparedFwithF0.05F0.01.FislargerthanF0.01,whichmeansthedifferenceofleafnumberbetweencontrolandsaltisverysignificant.AnalysisofvarianceANOVA方差分析treatment处理observedvalues观测值sum和mean平均值sumofsquaresSS离均差平方和degreeoffreedomdf自由度meansquareMS均方significantsig.显著\n动植物野外实习FieldPracticeinZoologyandBotany安徽黄山，昆虫、植物标本采集、鉴定、制作。例：蝴蝶标本制作，木头V型槽，展翅。鉴定到科IhavethiscourseinHuangShanMountainChina.Wecatchinsectslikebutterfly,andmakebeautifulsamples.Weusebutterflywingsplatetospreadthewingsinordertomakeitmorenaturalandreal.1.Aneedleatbackofthefirstloopofthebutterfly’sbody,5mmleftabovethebody.2.Putthebutterflyonthewingplate.3.Maketheendofboththeforewingsverticaltothebody.Eachsidefixedbyasmallneedle,whichwillnotmakeanuglyhole.4.Letasmallpartoftheunder-wingscoveredbytheforewing.Makeitmorefamiliarwiththeflyingcondition.5.Storeitinacoolanddryplace.Finally,wecomparethebutterflywiththephotosinthebook,toidentifythefamilyofthebutterfly.Becausewearenotprofessionalsforclassification,wecan’tidentifytothespecies.细胞生物学CellBiology细胞生物学实验ExperimentofCellBiology细胞、细胞器结构及其功能。显微镜使用例：动植物细胞差异。显微镜观察染色染色体、细胞骨架。Animalcellplantcellbacterialcell联系动物、植物、微生物\nMicrobialPhysiology微生物生理Thestudyofhowthemicrobialcellfunctionsbiochemically,includingthestudyofmicrobialcellstructure,microbialgrowthandmicrobialmetabolism.prokaryotic原核的eukaryotic真核的acellular非细胞的binaryfission二分裂MicrobialcellstructureTheessentialstructuresofbacteria,includescellwall,cellmembrane,cytoplasm,nucleoid['njʊkli,ɔɪdandribosomes.cellwall细胞壁cellmembrane细胞膜cytoplasm细胞质nucleoid拟核ribosome核糖体HereIwillfocusonthedifferenceofcellwallbetweenGram-positiveandGram-negative,whichisdifferentiatingbyGramstaining['steiniŋ.Bytheway,IwilltalkaboutGramstaininglaterintheexperimentofmicrobialphysiology.Gramstaining革兰氏染色ThematrixsubstancesinthewallsofGrampositivebacteriamaybepolysaccharides[,pɒlɪ'sækəraɪdorteichoic[tai'kəuikacids.\nPeptidoglycans[,pɛptɪdo'ɡlaɪkənconstitutealmost95%ofthecellwallinsomeGrampositivebacteriaandaslittleas5-10%ofthecellwallinGramnegativebacteria.PeptidoglycansaremadeupofapolysaccharidebackboneconsistingofalternatingNAM(N-acetylmuramicacid)andNAG(N-acetylglucosamine)residuesinequalamounts.TeichoicacidshavebeenfoundonlyinGrampositivebacteria.UnliketheGrampositivecellwall,theGramnegativecellwallcontainsathinpeptidoglycanlayeradjacenttothecytoplasmicmembrane.Inadditiontothepeptidoglycanlayer,theGramnegativecellwallalsocontainsanoutermembranecomposedbyphospholipidsandlipopolysaccharides,whichfaceintotheexternalenvironment.polysaccharide[,pɒlɪ'sækəraɪd多聚糖teichoic[tai'kəuikacid磷壁酸Peptidoglycan[,pɛptɪdo'ɡlaɪkən肽聚糖polysaccharidebackbone肽聚糖骨架NAMNAG肽聚糖两成分phospholipid[,fɒsfə(ʊ)'lɪpɪd磷脂质lipopolysaccharide[,lɪpəʊpɒlɪ'sækəraɪd脂多糖flagellum[flə'dʒɛləm鞭毛capsule['kæpsjul荚膜pili[piː'lɪ菌毛Microbialgrowthcurvelog(livecell)1.Lagphase:ØcellularmaterialbegantoincreasecellularmaterialØcellgrowthrateisalmost02.Logarithmicphase[.lɔgə'riðmik]:\nØthegrowthratereachedthehighestØthemetaboliccapabilityofbacterialcellisthestrongestØseldomornonebacteriawillbedead3.Stationaryphase:thegrowthratedecreasedandthemortalityrateincreasedthetotalnumberoflivecellsreachedthemaximum4.Declinephase:ØmortalityratecontinuetoincreaseØlittleornoreproductionofbacteriabreedingØbacteriaoftenappearedpolymorphous[pɔli'mɔ:fəs],deformedordeterioration-type,andsomewillgeneratespores.lag[læɡ延滞期logarithmic[lɔɡə'rɪðmɪk对数期stationary稳定期decline衰亡期Planttissueculture植物组织培养Planttissuecultureisacollectionoftechniquesusedtomaintainorgrowplantcells,tissuesororgansundersterileconditionsonanutrientculturemediumofknowncomposition.Planttissuecultureiswidelyusedtoproduceclonesofaplantinamethodknownasmicropropagation.Basicallythetechniqueconsistsoftakingapieceofaplant(suchasastemtip,node,meristem,embryo,orevenaseed)andplacingitinasterile,(usuallygel-based)nutrientmediumwhereitmultiplies.Theformulationofthegrowthmediumischangeddependinguponwhetheryouaretryingtogettheplanttoproduceundifferentiatedcallustissue,multiplythenumberofplantlets,growroots,ormultiplyembryosfor"artificialseed".explant外植体stemtip茎尖node节点meristem分生组织embryo胚芽seed种子sterile['steraɪl无菌的\nMotherplant亲本植株motherplantcorm球茎initiation引发multiplication增殖rooting生根hardening炼苗Somesuggestionsaregivenforthefollowing(a)Selectingplantsources.Somespecies,orevenclonesareeasiertogrowinculturethanothers.Somerespondreluctantlytoculture,somedonotrespondatall,andmanyplantshaveneverbeentried.(b)Choosingagrowthmedium(price,convenience,typeofplantandpurposeofthemicropropagationallenterintothisdecision.)Howimportantarethekindsofhormonesused?Onlimitedscale,mediaingredientsareavailableatthegroceryandhealthfoodstores.(c)Suggestionsformediapreparationandsterilization.Therearealternativestosterilizationinapressurecookeroranautoclave.\n(d)Methodsforcleaning,storingandmanipulatingexplants(plantpiecestobecultured).Immunology免疫学Immunologyisabranchofbiomedicalsciencethatcoversthestudyofallaspectsoftheimmunesysteminallorganisms.Itdealswiththephysiologicalfunctioningoftheimmunesysteminstatesofbothhealthanddiseases;thephysical,chemicalandphysiologicalcharacteristicsofthecomponentsoftheimmunesysteminvitro,insitu,andinvivo.invitro体外insitu原地invivo体内\nAntigen抗原innateimmunity先天性免疫inflammation炎症NKnaturalkiller自然杀伤细胞APCantigenpresentingcell抗原递呈细胞Mmacrophage巨噬细胞DCdendriticcell树突细胞B-cellB细胞MHCmajorhistocompatibilitycomplex主要组织相容性复合物B7CD28T-cellT细胞Antibody抗体cytokines['saitəu,kains细胞因子T-regregulatorTcell调节T细胞immunemodulators免疫调节器CTLcytotoxicTlymphocyte['lɪmfə(ʊ)saɪt细胞毒T细胞Experimentofimmunology免疫学实验Anexperimentinimmunologyisamethodofinvestigatingimmunologicalresponsestoantigens,ordetectingandcharacterizingantibodiesandlymphocytes.Findingsfromtheseexperimentscanbeusedtomanipulatetheimmunesystemanddevelopdrugstocombatimmunologicaldiseases.Enzyme-linkedimmune-sorbentassay(ELISA)isapopularformatofa"wet-lab"typeanalyticbiochemistryassaythatusesonesub-typeofheterogeneous,solid-phaseenzymeimmunoassay(EIA)todetectthepresenceofasubstance,usuallyanantigen,inaliquidsampleorwetsample.Enzymeconjugate酶联\nAsandwichELISA.(1)Plateiscoatedwithacaptureantibody;(2)sampleisadded,andanyantigenpresentbindstocaptureantibody;(3)detectingantibodyisadded,andbindstoantigen;(4)enzyme-linkedsecondaryantibodyisadded,andbindstodetectingantibody;(5)substrateisadded,andisconvertedbyenzymetodetectableform.Comprehensiveexperimentinplantphysiology植物生物学大实验（主要是植物生理，盐胁迫）Thisexperiment(Comprehensiveexperimentinplantphysiology)combinedexperimentdesign,plantcultivation,plantgrowthobservation,physiologicalanalysisandmorphologicalstructureanalysistogether.Weareworkinginan8peoplegroup.Tryingtofigureout,thattheeffectsofsaltstressonthegrowth,physiologicalpropertiesandmicroscopicstructureofmaizeseedlings.IsolationandCharacterizationofbiologicalmacromolecules生物大分子分离与鉴定Thisexperiment(Isolationandcharacterizationofbiologicalmacromolecules)focusedontheisolationandcharacterizationmethodofproteinandDNA,twoofmostimportantbiologicalmacromoleculesinorganisms.ShallIfirstintroducetoyouthemethodofproteinisolationthatweuseorthekindofDNAthatwewantitsbasesequence?\n1.WeuseSDS-PAGEtoseparateproteinwithdifferentmolecularweight.SDS-PAGEmeanssodiumdodecylsulfatepolyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis.2.ThespecialtypeofDNA,whichweactuallywanttoacquire,iscalled16SribosomalDNA,whichisrelativestableinthesamespecies.Inanotherword,themoretwospecies,themore16SrDNAvaries.Inordertoidentifythetaxonomicstatusofabacterial,wecomparedthesequenceof16SrDNAofthisbacterialwithothers.Molecularbiology分子生物学Thestudyofgenestructureandgenefunctionatthemolecularlevel.Particularlyofmolecularunderpinningsoftheprocessesofreplication,transcription,translation,andcellfunction.Thisfieldoverlapswithotherareasofbiologyandchemistry,particularlygeneticsandbiochemistry.molecularunderpinning分子基础DNA,therepositoryofgeneticinformation;RNA,acloserelativeofDNAwhosefunctionsrangefromservingasatemporaryworkingcopyofDNAtoactualstructuralandenzymaticfunctionsaswellasafunctionalandstructuralpartofthetranslationalapparatus;andproteins,themajorstructuralandenzymatictypeofmoleculeincells\nExperimentinmolecularbiology分子生物学实验1.Cuttheexogenous[ek'sɔdʒinəs]DNA,forexampleaplantDNAwhichencodedatargetprotein,withrestrictionendonuclease[endə'nju:klieis].2.Cutthevector,withthesamerestrictionendonuclease[endə'nju:klieis].Avectorhas3distinctivefeatures:anoriginofreplication,amultiplecloningsite(MCS),andaselectivemarker(usuallyantibioticresistance).Thecommonlyusedvectorisplasmid,frombacteria.3.CatalyzethejoiningofplantDNAandplasmidwithligase['laɪɡes,inaspecialconditionaccordingtotheligasetype.4.IntroducingDNAintobacterialcellsthroughmembranebytransformation,oneofthemethods,inalowtemperatureandCaCl2condition.5.Selectthesuccessfultransformationbacterialcellwithantibiotic,andmultiplyit.6.PlantDNAcodingforaproteinofinterestisnowinsideacell,andthetargetproteincannowbeexpressed.exogenousDNA外源DNArestrictionendonuclease限制性内切酶catalyze催化ligase\n连接酶transformation转化\nPlanttissueculture植物组织培养sterile['steraɪl无菌的micropropagation快繁stemtip茎尖node节点meristem['mɛrɪ,stɛm分生组织embryo['ɛmbrɪo胚芽seed种子callus['kæləstissue愈伤组织explant外植体motherplant亲本植株corm球茎initiation引发multiplication增殖rooting生根hardening炼苗Immunology免疫学invitro体外insitu原地invivo体内Antigen抗原innateimmunity先天性免疫inflammation炎症NKnaturalkiller自然杀伤细胞APCantigenpresentingcell抗原递呈细胞Mmacrophage巨噬细胞DCdendriticcell树突细胞B-cellB细胞MHCmajorhistocompatibilitycomplex主要组织相容性复合物B7CD28T-cellT细胞Antibody抗体cytokines['saitəu,kains细胞因子T-regregulatorTcell调节T细胞immunemodulators免疫调节器CTLcytotoxicTlymphocyte['lɪmfə(ʊ)saɪt细胞毒T细胞Experimentofimmunology免疫学实验Enzyme-linkedimmune-sorbentassay(ELISA)Enzymeconjugate酶联Comprehensiveexperimentinplantphysiology植物生物学大实验（主要是植物生理，盐胁迫）morphological形态学的maize玉米Principlesandmethodsofbiochemicaltechnology生物化学技术原理与方法Matrix基质laborious辛苦的proteinsize蛋白质大小physic-chemicalproperties理化性质bindingaffinity亲和性biologicalactivity生物活性extraction提取precipitation沉淀centrifugation离心chromatographic[kromætə'græfɪkmethod层析法electrophoresis电泳chromatographic层析（色谱）mobilephase流动相stationaryphase固定相eluent洗脱液eluate洗出液Experimentofbiochemicaltechnology生化技术原理与方法实验PaperChromatography纸层析Rfvalue（retentionfactorvalue）迁移率serumproteinpaperelectrophoresis(SPEP)血清蛋白纸电泳albumin白蛋白globulin球蛋白antibodiesaremainlyγglobulin抗体主要是γ球蛋白IsolationandCharacterizationofbiologicalmacromolecules生物大分子分离与鉴定SDS-PAGE(sodiumdodecylsulfatepolyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis)taxonomic分类学的Molecularbiology分子生物学molecularunderpinning分子基础repository贮藏室Experimentinmolecularbiology分子生物学实验exogenousDNA外源DNArestrictionendonuclease限制性内切酶catalyze催化amultiplecloningsite(MCS)多克隆位点plasmid质粒ligase连接酶transformation转化Technologyinimmunepreparation免疫制剂技术diagnosticum诊断液egginoculation鸡胚接种SPFegg（specificpathogen['pæθədʒənfree）无特异性病原Shellandshellmembrane蛋壳蛋壳膜Airsac气室Chorioallantoic['kɔ:riəu,ælən'təuikmembrane绒毛尿囊膜allantoiccavity尿囊腔allantoicfluid尿囊液Yolk[joksac卵黄囊Amniotic[,æmnɪ'otɪkSac羊膜囊Albumen[æl'bjʊmən蛋白Electricandexperimenttechnology电器与实验技术three-phaseY-connection三项星形接法Triple-phaseasynchronousmotor三相异步电动机schematicdiagram简图\n