时间生物学 英文

时间生物学 英文

ChronobiologyFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumpto:navigation,searchOverviewofhuman"circadianbiologicalclock"withsomephysiologicalparameters.TimeMajorConceptsPast♦Present♦FutureEternityArgumentsforeternityBroadStudiesChronologyHistory(Paleontology)FuturologyPhilosophyPresentism♦Eternalism,Fatalism\nPhilosophyofSpaceandTimeReligionCreationEndTimesDayofJudgementImmortalityAfterlife♦ReincarnationKalachakraTimemeasurementandStandardsMetricTime♦HexadecimaltimeRelatedSpacetime,Motion♦SpaceEvent♦ContinuumTimeTravel♦(GrandfatherParadox)·v·t·eChronobiologyisafieldofbiologythatexaminesperiodic(cyclic)phenomenainlivingorganismsandtheiradaptationtosolar-andlunar-relatedrhythms.[1]Thesecyclesareknownasbiologicalrhythms.ChronobiologycomesfromtheancientGreekχρόνος(chrónos,meaning"time"),andbiology,whichpertainstothestudy,orscience,oflife.Therelatedtermschronomicsandchronomehavebeenusedinsomecasestodescribeeitherthemolecularmechanismsinvolvedinchronobiologicalphenomenaorthemorequantitativeaspectsofchronobiology,particularlywherecomparisonofcyclesbetweenorganismsisrequired.Chronobiologicalstudiesincludebutarenotlimitedtocomparativeanatomy,physiology,genetics,molecularbiologyandbehavioroforganismswithinbiologicalrhythmsmechanics.[1]Otheraspectsincludedevelopment,reproduction,ecologyandevolution.\nContents [hide] ·1Description·2History·3Recentdevelopments·4Otherfields·5Seealso·6References·7Furtherreading·8Externalarticles[edit]DescriptionThevariationsofthetiminganddurationofbiologicalactivityinlivingorganismsoccurformanyessentialbiologicalprocesses.Theseoccur(a)inanimals(eating,sleeping,mating,hibernating,migration,cellularregeneration,etc.),(b)inplants(leafmovements,photosyntheticreactions,etc.),andinmicrobialorganismssuchasfungiandprotozoa.Theyhaveevenbeenfoundinbacteria,especiallyamongthecyanobacteria(akablue-greenalgae,seebacterialcircadianrhythms).Themostimportantrhythminchronobiologyisthecircadianrhythm,aroughly24-hourcycleshownbyphysiologicalprocessesinalltheseorganisms.ThetermcircadiancomesfromtheLatincirca,meaning"around"anddies,"day",meaning"approximatelyaday."Itisregulatedbycircadianclocks.Thecircadianrhythmcanfurtherbebrokendownintoroutinecyclesduringthe24-hourday:[2]·Diurnal,whichdescribesorganismsactiveduringdaytime·Nocturnal,whichdescribesorganismsactiveinthenight·Crepuscular,whichdescribesanimalsprimarilyactiveduringthedawnandduskhours(ex:white-taileddeer,somebats)Manyotherimportantcyclesarealsostudied,including:·Infradianrhythms,whicharecycleslongerthanaday,suchastheannualmigrationorreproductioncyclesfoundincertainanimalsorthehumanmenstrualcycle.\n·Ultradianrhythms,whicharecyclesshorterthan24hours,suchasthe90-minuteREMcycle,the4-hournasalcycle,orthe3-hourcycleofgrowthhormoneproduction.·Tidalrhythms,commonlyobservedinmarinelife,whichfollowtheroughly12-hourtransitionfromhightolowtideandback.·Geneoscillations–somegenesareexpressedmoreduringcertainhoursofthedaythanduringotherhours.Withineachcycle,thetimeperiodduringwhichtheprocessismoreactiveiscalledtheacrophase.[3]Whentheprocessislessactive,thecycleisinitsbathyphaseortroughphase.Theparticularmomentofhighestactivityisthepeakormaximum;thelowestpointisthenadir.Howhigh(orlow)theprocessgetsismeasuredbytheamplitude.[edit]HistoryAcircadiancyclewasfirstobservedinthe18thcenturyinthemovementofplantleavesbytheFrenchscientistJean-Jacquesd'OrtousdeMairan(foradescriptionofcircadianrhythmsinplantsbydeMairan,Linnaeus,andDarwinseethispage).In1751SwedishbotanistandnaturalistCarolusLinnaeus(CarlvonLinné)designedafloralclockusingcertainspeciesoffloweringplants.Byarrangingtheselectedspeciesinacircularpattern,hedesignedaclockthatindicatedthetimeofdaybytheflowersthatwereopenateachgivenhour.Forexample,amongmembersofthedaisyfamily,heusedthehawk'sbeardplantwhichopeneditsflowersat6:30amandthehawkbitwhichdidnotopenitsflowersuntil7am.The1960symposiumatColdSpringHarborLaboratorylaidthegroundworkforthefieldofchronobiology.[4]Itwasalsoin1960thatPatriciaDeCourseyinventedthephaseresponsecurve,oneofthemajortoolsusedinthefieldsince.FranzHalbergoftheUniversityofMinnesota,whocoinedthewordcircadian,iswidelyconsideredthe"fatherofAmericanchronobiology."However,itwasColinPittendrighandnotHalbergwhowaselectedtoleadtheSocietyforResearchinBiologicalRhythmsinthe1970s.HalbergwantedmoreemphasisonthehumanandmedicalissueswhilePittendrighhadhisbackgroundmoreinevolutionandecology.WithPittendrighasleader,theSocietymembersdidbasicresearchonalltypesoforganisms,plantsaswellasanimals.Morerecentlyithasbeendifficulttogetfundingforsuchresearchonanyotherorganismsthanmice,rats,humans[5][6]andfruitflies.\n[edit]RecentdevelopmentsMorerecently,lighttherapyandmelatoninadministrationhavebeenexploredbyDr.AlfredJ.Lewy(OHSU),Dr.JosephineArendt(UniversityofSurrey,UK)andotherresearchersasameanstoresetanimalandhumancircadianrhythms.Additionally,thepresenceoflow-levellightatnightacceleratescircadianre-entrainmentofhamstersofallagesby50%;thisisthoughttoberelatedtosimulationofmoonlight.[7]Humanscanbemorningpeopleoreveningpeople;thesevariationsarecalledchronotypesforwhichtherearevariousassessmenttoolsandbiologicalmarkers.Inthesecondhalfof20thcentury,substantialcontributionsandformalizationshavebeenmadebyEuropeanssuchasJürgenAschoffandColinPittendrigh,whopursueddifferentbutcomplementaryviewsonthephenomenonofentrainmentofthecircadiansystembylight(parametric,continuous,tonic,gradualvs.nonparametric,discrete,phasic,instantaneous,respectively;seethishistoricalarticle,subscriptionrequired).Thereisalsoafood-entrainablebiologicalclock,whichisnotconfinedtothesuprachiasmaticnucleus.Thelocationofthisclockhasbeendisputed.Workingwithmice,however,Fulleretal.concludedthatthefood-entrainableclockseemstobelocatedinthedorsomedialhypothalamus.Duringrestrictedfeeding,ittakesovercontrolofsuchfunctionsasactivitytiming,increasingthechancesoftheanimalsuccessfullylocatingfoodresources.[8][edit]OtherfieldsChronobiologyisaninterdisciplinaryfieldofinvestigation.Itinteractswithmedicalandotherresearchfieldssuchassleepmedicine,endocrinology,geriatrics,sportsmedicine,spacemedicineandphotoperiodism.[9][10][11]Thenotionofbiorhythms,aclassicexampleofpseudoscience,whichattemptstodescribeasetofcyclicvariationsinhumanbehaviorbasedonphysiologicalandemotionalcycles,isnotapartofchronobiology.[12][edit]Seealso\nChronobiology生物钟学FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia从维基百科,自由的百科全书Jumpto:跳转到:navigation导航,search搜索Overviewofhuman"概述的人类”circadianbiologicalclock昼夜节律生物钟"withsomephysiologicalparameters.“与一些生理参数。Time时间MajorConcepts主要概念Past过去♦♦Present礼物♦♦Future未来Eternity永恒Argumentsforeternity参数为永恒BroadStudies广泛的研究Chronology年代学History历史(Paleontology古生物学)Futurology未来学Philosophy哲学Presentism现代主义♦♦Eternalism人,Fatalism宿命论\nPhilosophyofSpaceandTime哲学的空间和时间Religion宗教Creation创造EndTimes结束时间DayofJudgement最后审判日Immortality不朽Afterlife来世♦♦Reincarnation转世KalachakraKalachakraTimemeasurementandStandards时间测量和标准MetricTime度量时间♦♦Hexadecimaltime十六进制时间Related相关Spacetime时空,Motion运动♦♦Space空间Event事件♦♦Continuum连续TimeTravel时间旅行♦(♦(GrandfatherParadox祖父悖论)·vV·tT·eEChronobiologyisafieldof生物钟学是一个领域的biology生物学thatexaminesperiodic(cyclic)phenomenainlivingorganismsandtheiradaptationto检查周期(循环)现象在生物体和他们的适应solar太阳能-and——和lunar月球-relatedrhythms.有关的节奏。[11]Thesecyclesareknownasbiologicalrhythms.这些周期被称为生物节律。ChronobiologycomesfromtheancientGreek生物钟学来自古希腊χρόνοςχρόνος(chrónos,meaning"time"),and(chronos,意思是“时间”),和biology生物学,whichpertainstothestudy,orscience,of,这是该研究,或科学的life生活.。Therelatedtermschronomicsandchronomehavebeenusedinsomecasestodescribeeitherthe相关条款chronomics和chronome已经被使用在某些情况下描述要么molecular分子mechanismsinvolvedinchronobiologicalphenomenaorthemorequantitativeaspectsofchronobiology,particularlywherecomparisonofcyclesbetweenorganismsisrequired.机制参与chronobiological现象或更多的定量方面的时间生物学,特别是在比较需要的生物之间的循环。\nChronobiologicalstudiesincludebutarenotlimitedtocomparativeChronobiological研究包括但不限于比较anatomy解剖学,physiology生理学,genetics遗传学,molecularbiology分子生物学and和behavior行为oforganismswithinbiologicalrhythmsmechanics.在生物节律的生物力学。[11]Otheraspectsincludedevelopment,reproduction,ecologyandevolution.其他的方面包括发育、生殖、生态和演化。Contents内容 [hide] ·11Description描述·22History历史·33Recentdevelopments最近的事态·44Otherfields其他领域·55Seealso参见·66References引用·77Furtherreading进一步阅读·88Externalarticles外部文章[edit编辑]Description描述Thevariationsofthetiminganddurationofbiologicalactivityinlivingorganismsoccurformanyessentialbiologicalprocesses.变化的时限、生物活性生物中发生的许多基本的生物过程。Theseoccur(a)inanimals(eating,sleeping,mating,hibernating,migration,cellularregeneration,etc.),(b)inplants(leafmovements,这些发生在动物身上(a)(吃饭,睡觉,交配,冬眠,迁移、细胞再生,等等),(b)在植物(叶运动,photosynthetic光合reactions,etc.),andinmicrobialorganismssuchasfungiandprotozoa.反应等),和在微生物生物如真菌和原生动物。Theyhaveevenbeenfoundin他们甚至被发现bacteria细菌,especiallyamongthe,尤其是在cyanobacteria蓝藻(akablue-greenalgae,see(又名蓝绿藻,看到bacterialcircadianrhythms细菌生理节律).)。Themostimportantrhythminchronobiologyisthe最重要的是节奏生物钟学circadianrhythm昼夜节律,aroughly24-hourcycleshownbyphysiologicalprocessesinalltheseorganisms.,一个大约24小时循环显示在所有这些生物体的生理过程。Thetermcircadiancomesfromthe术语昼夜来自Latin拉丁circa,meaning"around"anddies,"day",meaning"approximatelyaday.大约在,意思是“约”而死,”天”,意思是“大约一天。"Itisregulatedby“这是受circadianclocks生物钟.Thecircadianrhythmcanfurtherbebrokendownintoroutinecyclesduringthe24-hourday:生理节奏可以进一步被分解成常规周期在一天24小时:[22]\n·Diurnal昼夜,whichdescribesorganismsactiveduringdaytime,它描述了生物活跃的白天·Nocturnal夜间,whichdescribesorganismsactiveinthenight,它描述了生物活跃在夜间·Crepuscular黄昏的,whichdescribesanimalsprimarilyactiveduringthedawnandduskhours(ex:white-taileddeer,somebats)描述动物主要活跃在黎明和黄昏小时(例:白尾鹿,有些蝙蝠)Manyotherimportantcyclesarealsostudied,including:许多其他重要的周期也进行了研究,包括:·Infradianrhythms超昼夜的节奏,whicharecycleslongerthanaday,suchastheannualmigrationorreproductioncyclesfoundincertainanimalsorthehuman,这是周期超过一天,如年度迁移或生殖周期发现在某些动物或人类menstrualcycle月经周期.·Ultradianrhythms次昼夜的节奏,whicharecyclesshorterthan24hours,suchasthe90-minute,这是周期比24小时短,比如90分钟REMcycle快速眼��周期,the4-hour,4nasalcycle鼻周期,orthe3-hourcycleof,或者一个3小时的周期growthhormone生长激素production.生产。·Tidalrhythms潮汐节奏,commonlyobservedinmarinelife,whichfollowtheroughly12-hourtransitionfromhightolowtideandback.,通常观察到海洋生物,它按照大约12小时的过渡从高到低潮和背部。·Geneoscillations基因振荡–somegenesare——一些基因expressed表示moreduringcertainhoursofthedaythanduringotherhours.在一天的特定时段比在其他时间。Withineachcycle,thetimeperiodduringwhichtheprocessismoreactiveiscalledthe在每一个周期,时间期间,这个过程称为更为活跃acrophaseacrophase.[33]Whentheprocessislessactive,thecycleisinits当这个过程是不活跃,周期是在它的bathyphasebathyphaseortroughphase.或波谷。Theparticularmomentofhighestactivityisthepeakormaximum;thelowestpointisthenadir.特定时刻的最高峰值或最大活动;最低的点是最严重的。Howhigh(orlow)theprocessgetsismeasuredbythe多高(或低)流程得到测量amplitude振幅.[edit编辑]History历史Acircadiancyclewasfirstobservedinthe18thcenturyinthemovementofplantleavesbytheFrenchscientist一个生理周期是在18世纪第一次观察到在运动的植物叶子由法国科学家Jean-Jacquesd'OrtousdeMairan让-雅克•d'OrtousdeMairan(foradescriptionofcircadianrhythmsinplantsbydeMairan,Linnaeus,andDarwinsee(一个描述在植物的生理节奏,林奈德Mairan,达尔文见thispage这个页面).)。In1751Swedish在1751年瑞典\nbotanist植物学家and和naturalist博物学家CarolusLinnaeusCarolus林奈(CarlvonLinné)designeda(卡尔·冯·Linne)设计了一个floralclock花钟usingcertainspeciesof使用某些种类的floweringplants开花植物.。Byarrangingtheselectedspeciesinacircularpattern,hedesignedaclockthatindicatedthetimeofdaybytheflowersthatwereopenateachgivenhour.通过将选中的物种在循环模式,他设计了一款时钟,显示一天的时间,是开放的花在每个给定小时。Forexample,amongmembersofthe例如,成员之间的daisyfamily黛西家族,heusedthe,他使用了hawk'sbeard鹰的胡子plantwhichopeneditsflowersat6:30amandthe植物开出了花在6:30和hawkbithawkbitwhichdidnotopenitsflowersuntil7am.这没有打开它的花朵,直到早上7点。The1960symposiumat1960年的研讨会ColdSpringHarborLaboratory冷泉港实验室laidthegroundworkforthefieldofchronobiology.奠定了基础,时间生物学领域。[44]Itwasalsoin1960that也是在1960年PatriciaDeCoursey帕特里夏·德库西inventedthe发明了phaseresponsecurve相位响应曲线,oneofthemajortoolsusedinthefieldsince.,一个主要的工具在现场使用的自。FranzHalberg弗朗茨Halbergofthe的UniversityofMinnesota明尼苏达大学,whocoinedthewordcircadian,iswidelyconsideredthe"fatherofAmericanchronobiology.,谁创造了这个词的生理,被广泛认为是“父亲的美国时间生物学。"However,itwas“然而,这是ColinPittendrigh科林PittendrighandnotHalbergwhowaselectedtoleadtheSocietyforResearchinBiologicalRhythmsinthe1970s.并不是Halberg当选领导社会研究生物节律在1970年代。HalbergwantedmoreemphasisonthehumanandmedicalissueswhilePittendrighhadhisbackgroundmoreinevolutionandecology.Halberg希望更强调人类和医疗问题而Pittendrigh有他的背景更在演化与生态。WithPittendrighasleader,theSocietymembersdidbasicresearchonalltypesoforganisms,plantsaswellasanimals.与Pittendrigh作为领导者,社会成员做基础研究在所有类型的微生物、植物和动物。Morerecentlyithasbeendifficulttogetfundingforsuchresearchonanyotherorganismsthanmice,rats,humans最近它已经很难获得资金,进行这样的研究在任何其他生物比老鼠,老鼠,人类[55][66]and和fruitflies果蝇.[edit编辑]Recentdevelopments最近的事态Morerecently,最近,lighttherapy光线疗法and和melatonin褪黑激素administrationhavebeenexploredbyDr.政府已经探讨了博士。AlfredJ.Lewy阿尔弗雷德·j·路易(OHSUOHSU),Dr.),博士。JosephineArendt约瑟芬·阿伦特(UniversityofSurrey萨里大学,UK)andotherresearchersasameanstoresetanimalandhumancircadianrhythms.、英国)和其他研究人员来重置动物和人体生理节律。Additionally,thepresenceoflow-level\nlightatnightacceleratescircadianre-entrainmentofhamstersofallagesby50%;thisisthoughttoberelatedtosimulationofmoonlight.此外,存在低级夜晚的灯光加速昼夜再保险夹带仓鼠的所有年龄的50%;这被认为是与仿真的月光。[77]Humanscanbemorningpeopleoreveningpeople;thesevariationsarecalled人类可以早晨类型的人或晚上的人;这些变化被称为chronotypes类型forwhichtherearevariousassessmenttoolsandbiologicalmarkers.对于有不同的评估工具和生物标志物。Inthesecondhalfof20thcentury,substantialcontributionsandformalizationshavebeenmadebyEuropeanssuchas在20世纪下半叶,实质性的贡献,主要是由欧洲人如JürgenAschoff尤尔根·AschoffandColinPittendrigh,whopursueddifferentbutcomplementaryviewsonthephenomenonof和科林Pittendrigh,追求不同但补充意见的现象entrainment夹带ofthecircadiansystembylight(parametric,continuous,tonic,gradualvs.nonparametric,discrete,phasic,instantaneous,respectively;see受到光的生理系统(参数、连续,主音,逐渐与非参数、离散,阶段性,瞬时分别;看到thishistoricalarticle这一历史的文章,subscriptionrequired).,订阅要求)。Thereisalsoafood-entrainablebiologicalclock,whichisnotconfinedtothesuprachiasmaticnucleus.还有一个food-entrainable生物钟,这并不局限于视交叉上核。Thelocationofthisclockhasbeendisputed.这个钟的位置一直有争议的。Workingwithmice,however,Fulleretal.concludedthatthefood-entrainableclockseemstobelocatedinthedorsomedial使用老鼠,然而,Fuller等人得出结论,food-entrainable时钟似乎是位于电解毁损家兔下丘脑背内侧hypothalamus下丘脑.。Duringrestrictedfeeding,ittakesovercontrolofsuchfunctionsasactivitytiming,increasingthechancesoftheanimalsuccessfullylocatingfoodresources.在限制喂养,它接管控制等功能活动,增加机会的时机动物成功定位食物资源。[88][edit编辑]Otherfields其他领域Chronobiologyisaninterdisciplinaryfieldofinvestigation.生物钟学是一门跨学科的调查。Itinteractswithmedicalandotherresearchfieldssuchas它与医疗和其他研究等领域sleepmedicine睡眠医学,endocrinology内分泌学,geriatrics老年病学,sportsmedicine运动医学,spacemedicine太空医学and和photoperiodism光周期性.[99][1010][1111]Thenotionof概念的biorhythms生物节律,aclassicexampleof,一个经典的例子pseudoscience伪科学,whichattemptstodescribeasetofcyclicvariationsinhumanbehaviorbasedonphysiologicalandemotionalcycles,\nisnotapartofchronobiology.,它试图描述一组循环变动在人类行为中基于生理和情感上的周期,不是一个生物钟学的一部分。[1212][edit编辑]Seealso参见·vV·tT·eEEthology行为学and和partsoftheday部分天Photoperiodism光周期性DiurnalityDiurnality(Diurnalcycle昼夜循环)·Nocturnality夜间活动的习惯·CathemeralCathemeralCrepuscular黄昏的(Matutinal早起的·Vespertine薄暮的)Circadianrhythm昼夜节律·Chronotype时间类型·Dielverticalmigration一昼夜的垂直迁移·Solunartheory日月引起的理论·Bacterialcircadianrhythms细菌生理节律·CircaseptanCircaseptan,7-daybiologicalcycle,7天的生物周期·Senseoftime时间感·Suprachiasmaticnucleus视交叉上核·AlexanderChizhevsky亚历山大Chizhevsky·MichelSiffre米歇尔Siffre[edit编辑]References引用1.^a一个bBPatriciaJ.DeCoursey;JayC.Dunlap;JenniferJ.Loros(2003).帕特里夏·j·德库西;杰伊·c·邓洛普;詹妮弗·j·Loros(2003)。Chronobiology.生物钟学。SinauerAssociatesInc.SinauerAssociatesInc.。ISBNisbn978-0-87893-149-1978-0-87893-149-1.2.^NelsonRJ.纳尔逊RJ。2005.2005。AnIntroductiontoBehavioralEndocrinology.介绍行为内分泌学。SinauerAssociates,Inc.:Massachusetts.SinauerAssociatesInc。:马萨诸塞州。Pg587.Pg587。\n1.^Refinetti,Roberto(2006).Refinetti教授,罗伯托·(2006)。CircadianPhysiology.昼夜生理。CRCPress/Taylor&FrancisGroup.CRC出版社/泰勒与弗朗西斯集团。ISBN0-8493-2233-2ISBN0-8493-2233-2.Laysummary躺总结2.^LeonKreitzman;RussellG.Foster(2004).莱昂•克莱茨曼;罗素·g·福斯特(2004)。Rhythmsoflife:thebiologicalclocksthatcontrolthedailylivesofeverylivingthing.生活节奏的:生物钟控制着日常生活的一切生物。NewHaven,Conn:YaleUniversityPress.康涅狄格州纽黑文市:耶鲁大学出版社。ISBNisbn0-300-10969-50-300-10969-5.3.^Zivkovic,Bora(2006-07-03).转而经营,博拉(2006-07-03)。"ClockTutorial#2a,Forty-FiveYearsofPittendrigh'sEmpiricalGeneralizations"“ClockTutorial#2a,四十五年的Pittendrigh的经验主义归纳”.。ABlogAroundtheClock.一个博客在时钟。ScienceBlogs“.http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2006/07/clocktutorial_3_fortyfive_year.phphttp://scienceblogs.com/clock/2006/07/clocktutorial_3_fortyfive_year.php.。Retrieved2007-12-23检索2007-12-23.4.^Zivkovic,Bora(2006-05-17).转而经营,博拉(2006-05-17)。"ClocksinBacteriaV"“时钟在细菌V”.。ABlogAroundtheClock.一个博客在时钟。ScienceBlogs“.http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2006/09/clocks_in_bacteria_v_how_about.phphttp://scienceblogs.com/clock/2006/09/clocks_in_bacteria_v_how_about.php.。Retrieved2007-12-23检索2007-12-23.5.^Frank,D.W.弗兰克·d·W。;Evans,J.A.;埃文斯,j.一个。;Gorman,M.R.(2010).;Gorman,m.r.(2010)。"Time-DependentEffectsofDimLightatNightonRe-EntrainmentandMaskingofHamsterActivityRhythms".“时间晚上昏暗光的影响在再保险夹带和掩蔽的仓鼠活动节律”。JournalofBiologicalRhythms期刊的生物节律25(2):103–112.25(2):103-112。doidoi:10.1177/074873040936089010.1177/0748730409360890.PMIDPMID2034846120348461.edit编辑6.^Fuller,PatrickM.Fuller,帕���里克·米。;JunLu,CliffordB.Saper(2008-05-23).;君Lu,克利福德b.Saper(2008-05-23)。"DifferentialRescueofLight-andFood-EntrainableCircadianRhythms"“微分救援的光——和Food-Entrainable昼夜节律”(freeabstract).(自由文摘)。Science科学320(5879):1074–1077.320(5879):1074-1077。BibcodeBibcode2008Sci...320.1074F2008年sci……320.1074f.doidoi:10.1126/science.1153277science.1153277/10.1126.PMIDPMID1849729818497298.http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/320/5879/1074http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/320/5879/1074.。Retrieved2008-05-30检索2008-05-30.7.^Postolache,TeodorT.(2005).Postolache博士特奥多尔t.(2005)。SportsChronobiology,AnIssueofClinicsinSportsMedicine.运动时间生物学问题,这一问题在运动医学的诊所。Saunders.桑德斯。ISBNisbn978-1-4160-2769-0978-1-4160-2769-0.\n1.^ErnestLawrenceRossi,DavidLloyd(1992).欧内斯特•劳伦斯·罗西,大卫·劳埃德(1992)。UltradianRhythmsinLifeProcesses:InquiryintoFundamentalPrinciplesofChronobiologyandPsychobiology.次昼夜的节奏在生命过程:调查时间生物学和心理生物学的基本原则。Springer-VerlagBerlinandHeidelbergGmbH&Co.K.斯普林格出版社柏林和海德堡GmbH&Co。K。ISBNisbn978-3-540-19746-1978-3-540-19746-1.2.^Hayes,D.K.(1990).海耶斯,dk(1990)。Chronobiology:ItsRoleinClinicalMedicine,GeneralBiology,andAgriculture.生物钟学:它的作用在临床医学、普通生物学、和农业。JohnWiley&Sons.约翰•威利父子公司出版。ISBNisbn978-0-471-56802-5978-0-471-56802-5.3.^"Effectsofcircadianrhythmphasealterationonphysiologicalandpsychologicalvariables:Implicationstopilotperformance(includingapartiallyannotatedbibliography)"“生理节律相变更的影响在生理和心理上的变量:影响到飞行员的性能(包括部分注释的书目)”.。NASA-TM-81277.美国国家航空航天局-tm-81277。NASA美国国家航空航天局.。1981-03-011981-03-01.http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810016185&hterms=NASA-TM-81277&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallany%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ns%3DLoaded-Date%7C1%26N%3D0%26Ntt%3DNASA-TM-81277http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?r=19810016185&hterms=nasa-tm-81277-&qs=ntx%3dmode%2520matchallany%26ntk%3dall%26ns%3dloaded——date%7c1%26n%3d0%26ntt%3dnasa-tm-81277.。Retrieved2011-05-25检索2011-05-25."Noevidenceexiststosupporttheconceptofbiorhythms;infact,scientificdatarefutetheirexistence."“没有证据支持生物节律的概念;事实上,科学数据反驳他们的存在。”[edit编辑]Furtherreading进一步阅读·Hastings,Michael,"黑斯廷斯,迈克尔。”Thebrain,circadianrhythms,andclockgenes大脑,昼夜节律,生物钟基因".“。Clinicalreview.临床检验。BMJ1998;317:1704-170719December.BMJ1998;317:1704-1707年12月19日。·U.S.Congress,OfficeofTechnologyAssessment,"美国国会,科技评估办公室的。”BiologicalRhythms:ImplicationsfortheWorker生物节律:影响职工".“。U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,September1991.美国政府印刷办公室,1991年9月。Washington,DC.华盛顿特区。OTA-BA-463.ota-ba-463。NTISPB92-117589NTISpb92-117589·Ashikari,M.Ashikari,M。,Higuchi,S.,Higuchi,S。,Ishikawa,F.,石川,F。,andTsunetsugu,Y.和Tsunetsugu,Y。,"。”InterdisciplinarySymposiumon'HumanBeingsandEnvironments':ApproachesfromBiologicalAnthropology,SocialAnthropologyandDevelopmental\nPsychology跨学科研讨会上的人类和环境”:从生物人类学方法、社会人类学和发展心理学".“。Sunday,25August2002周日,2002年8月25日·"Biorhythmexperimentmanagementplan",NASA,AmesResearchCenter.“生物节律实验管理计划”,NASA艾姆斯研究中心。MoffettField,1983.莫菲特场,1983。·"BiologicalRhythmsandHumanAdaptationtotheEnvironment".“生物节律和人类对环境的适应”。USArmyMedicalResearchandMaterielCommand(AMRMC),USArmyResearchInstituteofEnvironmentalMedicine.美国陆军医学研究和装备司令部(AMRMC),美国陆军环境医学研究所的。·Ebert,D.艾伯特,D。,K.P.Ebmeier,T.Rechlin,andW.P.Kaschka,"BiologicalRhythmsandBehavior",AdvancesinBiologicalPsychiatry.,Ebmeier伙夫,t.Rechlin,KaschkaW.P.,“生物节律和行为”,生物精神病学的进步。ISSN0378-7354ISSN0378-7354·Horne,J.A.(Jim)&Östberg,Olov(1976).霍恩,j·a····(Jim)&Ostberg,瑞典(1976)。ASelf-AssessmentQuestionnairetodetermineMorningness-EveningnessinHumanCircadianRhythms.一个自我评估问卷来确定类型可以在人体生理节律。InternationalJournalofChronobiology,4,97–110.国际期刊的生物钟学,4,97-110。·Roenneberg,Till,Cologne(2010).提,直到、科隆(2010)。Wiewirticken–DieBedeutungderChronobiologiefürunserLeben,Dumont,是不是我们ticken——死BedeutungderChronobiologie毛���unser酸奶,杜蒙,ISBN978-3-8321-9520-5ISBN978-3-8321-9520-5.[edit编辑]Externalarticles外部文章·HalbergChronobiologyLaboratoryHalberg时间生物学实验室atthe在UniversityofMinnesota明尼苏达大学,foundedby创立的FranzHalberg弗朗茨Halberg,the"FatherofChronobiology",“父亲的时间生物学”·The这个UniversityofVirginia弗吉尼亚大学offersan提供了一个onlinetutorial在线教程onchronobiology.在时间生物学。·Seethe看到ScienceMuseumofVirginia科学博物馆的弗吉尼亚publication出版Canplantstelltime?植物能告诉时间吗?·The这个UniversityofManchester曼彻斯特大学hasaninformative如今拥有一个资讯BiologicalClockWebSite生物钟网站·SErtel'sanalysisofChizhevsky'swork年代Ertel的分析Chizhevsky的工作[show]·vV·tT\n·eEBranchesof分支Biology生物学·Anatomy解剖学·Astrobiology天体生物学·Biochemistry生物化学·Biogeography生物地理学·Biomechanics生物力学·Biophysics生物物理学·Bioinformatics生物信息学·Biostatistics生物统计学·Botany植物学·Cellbiology细胞生物学·Cellularmicrobiology细胞微生物学·Chemicalbiology化学生物学·Chronobiology生物钟学·Computationalbiology计算生物学·Conservationbiology保育生物学·Developmentalbiology发育生物学·Ecology生态·Epidemiology流行病学·Epigenetics表观遗传学·Evolutionarybiology进化生物学·Genetics遗传学·Genomics基因组学·Histology组织学·Humanbiology人类生物学·Immunology免疫学·Marinebiology海洋生物学·Mathematicalbiology数学生物学·Microbiology微生物学·Molecularbiology分子生物学·Mycology真菌学·Neuroscience��经科学·Nutrition营养·Originoflife生命的起源·Paleontology古生物学·Parasitology寄生虫学·Pathology病理学·Pharmacology药理学·Physiology生理学·Quantumbiology量子生物学·Sociobiology社会生物学·Systematics系统学·Systemsbiology系统生物学·Taxonomy分类法·Toxicology毒理学·Zoology动物学[show]·vV·tT·eENeuroscience神经科学·Affectiveneuroscience情感神经科学·Behavioralepigenetics行为实验胚胎学·Behavioralneurology行为神经学·Behavioralgenetics行为遗传学·Behavioralneuroscience行为神经科学·Brain–computerinterface脑机接口·Cellularneuroscience细胞神经科学·Chronobiology生物钟学·Clinicalneurophysiology临床神经生理学·Clinicalneuroscience临床神经科学·Cognitiveneuroscience认知神经科学·Computationalneuroscience计算神经科学·Connectomics神经·Culturalneuroscience文化神经科学·Educationalneuroscience教育神经科学·Evolutionaryneuroscience进化神经科学·Imaginggenetics成像遗传学·Integrativeneuroscience综合神经科学·Molecularcellularcognition分子细胞认知·Molecularneuroscience分子神经科学·Neuraldevelopment神经发展·Neuralengineering神经工程·Neuralnetwork神经网络(bothartificialandbiological)(包括人工和生物)·Neuralsignalprocessing神经信号处理·Neuraltissueregeneration神经组织再生·Neuroanatomy神经解剖学·NeurobioengineeringNeurobioengineering·Neurobiology神经生物学·NeurobioticsNeurobiotics·NeurocardiologyNeurocardiology·Neurochemistry神经化学·Neurochip片神经芯片用来追踪他·NeurocriminologyNeurocriminology·Neurodegeneration神经退化·Neurodevelopmentaldisorders神经发育障碍·Neurodiversity神经的多样性·Neuroeconomics神经经济学领域颇有建树·Neuroembryology神经发生学·Neuroendocrinology神经内分泌学·Neuroepidemiology神经·Neuroethics奇思妙想·Neuroethology神经行为学·NeurogastroenterologyNeurogastroenterology·Neurogenetics神经遗传学·Neuroimaging神经成像·Neuroimmunology神经免疫学·NeuroinformaticsNeuroinformatics·NeurointensivecareNeurointensive保健·Neurolaw两·Neurolinguistics神经语言学·Neurology神经学·NeurometricsNeurometrics·Neuromodulation神经调节·NeuromonitoringNeuromonitoring·NeurooncologyNeurooncology·Neuro-ophthalmology神经眼科·Neuropathology神经病理学·Neuropharmacology神经药理学·NeurophilosophyNeurophilosophy上写道·NeurophysicsNeurophysics·Neurophysiology神经生理学·Neuroplasticity成形·NeuroprostheticsNeuroprosthetics·Neuropsychiatry神经精神病学·Neuropsychology神经心理学·Neuroradiology神经放射学·Neurorehabilitation收入神经康复·NeuroroboticsNeurorobotics·Neurosurgery神经外科·Neurotechnology脑科学·Neurotheology神经神学·Neurotology神经耳科学·Neurotoxin神经毒素·Neurotransmitter神经递质·NeurovirologyNeurovirology·PaleoneurologyPaleoneurology·Psychiatry精神病学·Sensoryneuroscience感觉神经科学·Socialneuroscience社会神经科学·Systemsneuroscience系统神经科学·Book书·Category类别·CommonsCommonsRetrievedfrom"是从“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronobiology&oldid=521281229http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronobiology&oldid=521281229"ViewpageratingsRatethispageRatethispagePageratingsWhat'sthis?Currentaverageratings.TrustworthyObjectiveCompleteWell-written\nIamhighlyknowledgeableaboutthistopic(optional)Ihavearelevantcollege/universitydegreeItispartofmyprofessionItisadeeppersonalpassionThesourceofmyknowledgeisnotlistedhereIwouldliketohelpimproveWikipedia,sendmeane-mail(optional)Wewillsendyouaconfirmatione-mail.Wewillnotshareyoure-mailaddresswithoutsidepartiesasperourfeedbackprivacystatement.SubmitratingsSavedsuccessfullyYourratingshavenotbeensubmittedyetYourratingshaveexpiredPleasereevaluatethispageandsubmitnewratings.Anerrorhasoccurred.Pleasetryagainlater.Thanks!Yourratingshavebeensaved.Doyouwanttocreateanaccount?Anaccountwillhelpyoutrackyouredits,getinvolvedindiscussions,andbeapartofthecommunity.CreateanaccountorLoginMaybelaterThanks!Yourratingshavebeensaved.Didyouknowthatyoucaneditthispage?EditthispageMaybelaterCategories类别:·Biologicalprocesses生物过程·Circadianrhythm昼夜节律·Chronobiology生物钟学·Neuroscience神经科学Navigationmenu导航菜单Personaltools个人工具·Createaccount创建帐户·Login登录Namespaces名称空间·Article文章·Talk谈话Variants变异Views视图·Read读·Edit编辑·Viewhistory认为历史Actions行动\nSearch搜索窗体顶端窗体底端Navigation导航·Mainpage主页·Contents内容·Featuredcontent特色内容·Currentevents时事·Randomarticle随机文章·DonatetoWikipedia捐赠给维基百科Interaction交互·Help帮助·AboutWikipedia关于维基百科·Communityportal社区门户·Recentchanges最近的变化·ContactWikipedia联系维基百科Toolbox工具箱·Whatlinkshere这里什么链接·Relatedchanges相关变化·Uploadfile上传文件·Specialpages特殊页·Permanentlink永久链接·Pageinformation页面信息·Citethispage引用该页面·RatethispagePrint/export打印/出口·Createabook创建一个书\n·DownloadasPDF下载PDF·Printableversion可打印版Languages语言·CatalàCatala·ČeskyČesky·DeutschDeutsch·EestiEesti·Español西班牙的·Esperanto世界语·Français法语·GalegoGalego·BahasaIndonesia印度尼西亚语·Italiano意大利语·עבריתעברית·ҚазақшаҚазақша·КыргызчаКыргызча·日本語日本語·Norsk(bokmål)挪威人(书面挪威语)·Norsk(nynorsk)挪威人(尼诺斯克语)·Polski波兰语·Português葡萄牙·RomânăRomană·РусскийРусский·සිංහලසිංහල·Suomi芬兰语·Tagalog塔加拉族语·УкраїнськаУкраїнська·中��中文·Thispagewaslastmodifiedon4November2012at00:15.此页面最后修改于2012年11月4日在00:15。·Textisavailableunderthe文本可以遵循CreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicenseCreativeCommons归因授权许可;additionaltermsmayapply.;附加的条款可能应用。See看到TermsofUse使用条款fordetails.详情。Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkofthe维基百科®是的一个注册商标WikimediaFoundation,Inc.维基媒体基金会,公司。,anon-profitorganization.,一个非盈利的组织。·Contactus联系我们·Privacypolicy隐私政策·AboutWikipedia关于维基百科\n·Disclaimers免责声明·Mobileview移动视图··原文：更好的翻译建议提交翻译建议感谢您为有道提供建议^_^