AP生物学 词汇

AP生物学 词汇

AP生物学词汇Unit1TheChemistryofLife生命中的化学ionicbonding离子键covalentbonding共价键hydrogenbonding氢键polar,(nonpolar）molecule极性（非极性）分子monomer单体polymer多聚物functionalgroup（有机化学中的）功能团carbohydrate糖类，碳水化合物protein蛋白质lipid脂类nucleicacid核酸DNA脱氧核糖核酸RNA核糖核酸enzyme生物酶activationenergy反应起始需要的能量Enzymes酶metabolism新陈代谢Hydrophobic疏水的Hydrophilic亲水的Vinegar血浆miscible互溶的Biome群落isomers同分异构Cis-transisomers顺反异构体enantiomers对映异构体Calorimeter热量计monosaccharides果糖Disaccharides二糖polysaccharide多糖Glucose葡萄galactose半乳糖Fructose果maltose麦芽Lactose乳sucrose蔗Cellulose纤维素starch淀粉Chitin几丁质,壳质，角素;glycogen糖原Glycerol甘油carboxyl烃基Testosterone雄激素estradiol雌激素Cholesterol胆固醇phospholipids磷脂Polymers聚合物polypeptides多肽Fibrous纤维chaperone伴侣9\nCatabolism分解代谢anabolism合成代谢Globular球状tertiary三级Cofactors辅助因子coenzymes辅酶Cooperativity协同Unit2TheCell细胞prokaryote原核生物eukaryote真核生物cellmembrane细胞膜phospholipidbilayer磷脂双分子层fluidmosaicmodel（生物膜的）流动镶嵌模型diffusion扩散osmosis渗透activetransport主动运输exocytosis胞吐endocytosis胞吞organelle细胞器chloroplast叶绿体mitochondria线粒体lysosome溶酶体ribosome核糖体cytoskeleton细胞骨架cellularrespiration细胞呼吸fermentation发酵，无氧呼吸glycolysis糖酵解chemiosmosis化学偶联citricacid(kreb’s)cycle三羧酸循环oxidativephosphorylation氧化磷酸化electrontransportchain电子传递链lacticacid乳酸photosynthesis光合作用autotrophy自养生物heterotrophy异养生物lightreaction光反应calvincycle(darkreaction)暗反应thylakoid类囊体stroma叶绿体基质carbonfixation固碳（合成糖）的反应Endosymbiosis内共生cytosol细胞质Prokaryotes原核eukaryotes真核nucleolus核仁Ribosomes核糖体peroxisomes过氧化物酶Nucleus核endoplasmic内质网Vacuoles液泡，收缩泡Countercurrentexchange逆流变换hydrophilic亲水Proteinkinase蛋白激酶9\nUnit3Genetics遗传mitosis有丝分裂chromosome染色体interphase间期prophase前期metaphase中期anaphase后期telophase末期cytokinesis胞质分裂meiosis减数分裂haploid单倍体diploid双倍体sisterchromatid姐妹染色单体allele等位基因dominant显性recessive隐性phenotype表现型genotype基因型homozygous纯合子heterozygous杂合子P,F1,F2generation母代，子一代，子二代testcross测交lawofsegregation分离定律lawofindependentassortment自由组合定律incompletedominance不完全显性codominance共显性sex-linked伴性遗传DNAreplicationDNA复制semi-conservativereplication半保留复制polymerase复制酶（延长DNA链）replicationfork复制叉okazakifragment冈崎片段mutation突变frameshift读码框迁移transcription转录introns内含子exons外显子translation翻译virus病毒bacteriophage噬菌体retrovirus逆转录病毒bacteria细菌conjugation接合（通过F因子）transduction转导（通过病毒）transformation转化（通过感受态细胞）geneexpression基因表达operon操纵子recombinantDNADNA重组级数restrictionenzyme限制性内切酶plasmid质粒gelelectrophoresis凝胶电泳9\nPCRpolymerasechainreaction聚合酶链反应DNAsequencingDNA测序Humangenomeproject人类基因组工程Respiration呼吸anaerobic无氧Aerobic有氧glycolysis糖酵解Pyruvate丙酮酸glucose葡萄Thecitricacidcycle三烃酸循环synthase合酶Gradient梯度Unit4Mechanismsofevolution进化原理paleontology古生物学embryology胚胎学comparativeanatomy比较解剖学homologousstructures同源性结构analogousstructures同功性结构artificialselection人工选择naturalselection自然选择bottle-neckeffect瓶颈效应hardy-weinbergequilibriumH-W群体进化平衡（公式）genedrift基因漂移geneflow基因扩散allopatricisolation地理隔离sympatricisolation非地理隔离divergentevolution发散式进化convergentevolution聚合式进化parallelevolution平行式进化gradualism渐变式进化punctuatedequilibrium跃进式进化endosymbiotictheory内共生学说Chlorophylls叶绿素carotenoids类胡萝卜xanthophyll叶黄素，胡萝卜醇phycobillins藻胆素;青色素9\nantennapigments天线色素thylakoids类囊体grana基粒chemiosmosis化学渗透photorespiration光呼吸peroxisomes过氧化物酶体Unit5Biologicaldiversity生物分类和多样性Threedomain生物三界Archaea古生菌thermophile嗜热菌halophile嗜盐菌protist原生生物algae原生藻diatom硅藻fungi真菌moss苔藓植物fern羊厥植物gymnosperm裸子植物angiosperm被子植物bilateral体对称invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate有脊椎动物Mitosis有丝分裂meiosis减数分裂、成熟分裂Centromere着丝点chromatids染色单体Interphase中期Unit6Plantformandfunction植物结构和功能parenchyma薄壁组织collenchyma厚角组织sclerenchyma厚壁组织vasculartissue维管组织xylem木质部phloem韧皮部sievetube筛管细胞9\ncompanioncell伴随细胞root根roothair根毛cortex皮质leaf叶stomata气孔细胞guardcell保卫细胞vascularbundle维管束鞘transpiration蒸腾作用planthormone植物激素auxin植物生长素apicaldominance顶端优势gibberellin赤霉素cytokinin细胞分裂素ethylene乙烯催熟剂abscisicacid(ABA)脱落酸phototropism趋光性photoperiodism光周期性Hybrid杂合homozygous纯合（pure）Dominant显性recessive隐性Lawofsegregation分离定律monohybrid但因子杂种Backcross回交testcross测交Independentassortment自由组合pleiotropy多效性Epistasis异位显性penetrance外显率Autosomes常染色体chromosomes性染色体Hemophilia血友病chiasma交叉Pedigree系谱图mutations突变Karyotype染色体组型nondisjunction不分离Genomicimprinting基因组印迹pleiotropy多效性Unit7Animalformandfunction动物生理和功能homeostasis动态平衡，稳态respiratorySystem呼吸系统9\ngill鳃lung肺hemoglobin血红蛋白circulatorySystem循环系统opencirculatorysystem开放循环系统closedcirculatorysystem闭合循环系统heart心脏atria动脉ventricle静脉valve心瓣pulmonarycircuit肺循环systemiccircuit体循环capillary毛细血管RBC红细胞WBC白细胞platelet血小板plasma血浆excretorysystem泌尿系统urea尿素uricacid尿酸digestivesystem消化系统salivaryamylase唾液淀粉酶pharynx咽stomach胃pepsin胃蛋白酶smallintestine小肠pancreas胰腺liver肝脏gallbladder胆largeintestine大肠nervoussystem神经系统9\nperipheral（神经）末梢区域的animalbehavior动物行为FAP(signstimlulus)应激反应imprinting印随classicalconditioning经典条件作用，条件反射operantconditioning操作性条件反射habituation条件适应Template模板polymerase聚合酶Helicases解旋酶topoisomerases拓扑异构酶Telomeres端粒telomerase端粒酶Triplet三个一组transcription转录Initiation开始sicklecellanemia镰刀性贫血Bacteriophages噬菌体lyticcycle裂解周期Virulentphage烈性噬菌体lysogeniccycle溶原化循环Prophage前噬菌体temperateviruses弱毒性病毒Retroviruses逆转录病毒transduction转导Nucleoid伪核binaryfission无丝分离Plasmid质粒operon操纵子Promoter启动子prions朊病毒Genome染色体组histones组蛋白Nucleosome核小体acetylation乙酰化作用Methylation甲基化epigeneticinheritance表观遗传Degradation退化gelelectrophoresis凝胶电泳Unit8Ecology生态survivorshipcurves生存曲线exponentialgrowth指数生长carryingcapacity（一个环境条件所允许的最大种群数量）负载力r-selected,K-selected见相关课本predation捕食者symbiosis共生mutualism互利共生commensalism非互利共生parasitism寄生9\nbiome生境tropicalrainforest热带雨林savanna热带稀树大草原temperategrassland温带草原temperatedeciduousforest温带落叶林desert沙漠taiga针叶林tundra冻原freshwater淡水生境marine海水生境primaryproducer初级生产者primaryconsumer初级消费者secondaryconsumer次级消费者tertiaryconsumer三级消费者decomposer分解者foodweb食物链ecologicalpyramid食物链金字塔eutrophication富营养化carboncycle碳循环watercycle水循环nitrogencycle氮循环phosphoruscycle磷循环greenhouseeffect,globalwarming温室效应ozonedepletion臭氧层变薄acidrain酸雨lossofhabitat&biodiversity生物多样性受损deforestation森林砍伐和破坏introducedspecies外来入侵生物overexploitation过度开发desertification沙漠化9