认知语言学课件new

认知语言学课件new

1)Introduction2)PrototypesandCategoriesWeek1and2\nDefiningcognitivelinguisticsThreemainapproachesofcognitivelinguisticsReferencesIntroduction\nCognitiveLinguisticsisthemostrapidlyexpandingschoolinmodernLinguistics.Itaimstocreateascientificapproachtothestudyoflanguage,incorporatingthetoolsofphilosophy,neuroscienceandcomputerscience.Cognitiveapproachestolanguagewereinitiallybasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit(philosophicalthinkingaboutthemind).Bedistinguishedfroma‘logical’viewoflanguage.Definitionofcognitivelinguistics\nOurcarhasbrokendownTraditionalExplanation—GrammaticalstructureModernExplanation—EstablishabodyofLogicalrulesforgeneratingthegrammaticalsentencesCognitiveExplanation—Representedbythreemainapproaches\nExperientialviewProminenceviewAttentionviewThreemainapproachesofcognitivelinguistics\nItsmainclaimisthatinsteadofpostulatinglogicalrulesandobjectivedefinitionsonthebasisoftheoreticalconsiderationsandintrospection,amorepracticalandempiricalpathshouldbepursued.Forexample,Asklanguageuserstodescribewhatisgoingonintheirmindswhentheyproduceandunderstandwordsandsentences.(acar)Experientialview\nTheexperientialviewofwordsprovidesamuchricherandmorenaturaldescriptionoftheirmeanings.Cognitivelinguistsbelievethatoursharedexperienceoftheworldisalsostoredinoureverydaylanguageandcanthusbegleanedfromthewayweexpressourideas.Thetransferofourexperienceofwell-knownobjectsandeventsisevenmoreimportantwhereabstractcategorieslikeemotionsisinvolved.Forexample,Dadexploded.\nTheprominenceviewprovidesoneexplanationofhowtheinformationinaclauseisselectedandarranged.ForExampleThecarcrashedintothetree.Thetreewashitbythecar.Prominenceview\nThisviewisbasedontheassumptionthatwhatweactuallyexpressreflectswhichpartsofaneventattractourattention.ForexampleThecarcrashedintotree.Analysingthesentenceintermsofattentionallocation,theattentionalviewexplainswhyonestageoftheeventisexpressedinthesentenceandwhyotherstagesarenot.Attentionalview\n辛斌.认知语言学理论的发展、应用及跨学科研究——第四届全国认知语言学研讨会综述[J].外语研究,2006(6)廖巧云.认知语言学研究的新概括--《认知语言学》述介[J],现代外语2005(2)熊学亮.认知语言学简述[J].外语研究,2001(3)张辉.认知语言学研究现状[J].外语研究,2001(3)References\nIntroduction:LanguageandCategorization(范畴化)Focalcolours(焦点色)ThepsychologicalbackgroundoffocalcoloursPrototypicalshapes(形状)PrototypicalorganismandobjectGoodexamples,badexamplesandcategoryReferencesPrototypesandCategories\nVagueentityandvagueness(含糊性,模糊性)Fuzzinessandfuzzycategory(模糊范畴)Labov’sexperimentsandconclusionGoodexamples,badexamplesandcategoryboundaries\nInformantsinLabov’sexperimentswereshownlinedrawingsofcupsandothervessels.Thedrawingswerepresentedonebyoneandtheinformantswereaskedtonamethem.Theresultoftheexperimentshowsthatconsistencyis100percentforprototypebutdecreasestowardsthemarginalmembers.Labov’sexperiment\nConclusionCategoriesdonotrepresentarbitrarydivisionsofthephenomenaoftheworld,butshouldbeseenasbasedonthecognitivecapacitiesofthehumanmind.Cognitivecategoriesofcolours,shapes,butalsooforganismsandconcreteobjectsareanchoredinconceptuallysalintprotypes,whichplayacrucialpartintheinformationofcategories.\ntheboundariesofcognitvecategoriesarefuzzy,i.e.neighbouringcategoriesarenotseparatedbyrigidboundaries,butmergedintoeachother.Betweenprototypesandboundaries,cognitvecategoriescontainmemberswhichcanberatedonatypicalityscalerangingfromgoodtobadexamples.Note:cognitivecategoriesareequivalentwiththemeaningsofthesewords;whilewordswhicharepolysemous(多义词)mightdenoteseveralcategories.(Chair-主席,椅子)\nTheterms‘vagueentity’and‘vagueness’’refertoonetypeoftransitionzone,whicharisesfromtheobservationthatsomeconcreteentitiesdonothaveclear-cutboundariesinreality(kneeandotherbodyparts;fog,snowandsimilarweatherphenomenaandlandscapeformslikevalleyormountain.Vagueentityandvagueness\nFuzzinessreferstothecategoryboundariesofentities(chairetc.)andthesecategoriesaretheproductofcognitiveclassification.Itisnottheboundariesofentitiesthatarevague,buttheboundariesofthesecognitivecategories(here:chairsandnon-chairs).Infact,therearesomecaseswherevaguenessandfuzzinesscoincide.(mountain)Alltypesofconcreteentitiesandnaturalphenomenalikecoloursareconceptuallyorganizedintermsofprototypecategories,whosedoundariesdonotseemtobeclear-cut,butfuzzy.Fuzzinessandfuzzycategory\nDoexercise2,4onpage20\nThenotionofprototypecanbeextendedtoentitieswhicharelessobviouslyperceptual.Rosch’sexperiments(1973,1975)Askthestudentstojudgethegoodness(typicality)ofcategorymembers(birds,fruitetc.)withoutreferringtothetextbooks.Thegoodnessratingswerealsoconfirmedinmatchingexperimentsinwhichthe‘priming’techniqueswasused.(Rosch,1975).—theadvanceinformationwhichiscalledupbytheprimedcategorynameismostreadilyappliedtogoodexamples.PrototypicalOrganismsandObjects\nThecategoriesareformedaroundprototypes,whichfunctionascognitivereferencepoints.Categorizationinvolvesdifferentdegreesoftypicality.\nDrawsomeshapes(3sets)ontheblackboardSquaresandtheothergoodformsarealsoprimecandidatesfor‘natural’prototypesinthedomainofgeometricalshapes,similartothefocalcoloursincolourspace.Naturalprototypeisassociatedwithanameandalsojudgedbestexample,nomatterwhetheritispresentedinanaturalcategoryorasamarginalrealizationoftheprincipleunderlyingoneoftheothersets.PrototypicalShapes\nExerciseDrawpicturesofprototypicalexamplesandofobjectsontheborderlinebetweenthecategoriesBOTTLE,GLASS,VASEANDBOWL.\nThepsychologicalprocessesofthecategorizationRosch’sexperimentsRosch’sfindingsPrototypeThepsychologicalbackgroundoffocalcolours\nThecategorizaitonofnaturalphenomenaisinvolvedinthefollowingprocesses:1.Selectionofsimuli(attractourattention)2.Identificationandclassification3.NamingRoschfoundoutfocalcolourwererootedinlanguageorinpre-linguisticcognition(前语言的认知)andfocalcoloursareprovedtobeprominentinthecognitiveprocessesinvolvedincategorization.Thepsychologicalprocessesofcategorization\nBasedontheresultofRosch’sexperiment,RoschreplacedBerlinandKay’s‘focus’withprototype.Thetermwasborrowedfromearlierresearchintopatternrecognitionofsuchstimuliasdotpatterns,polygons多边形andschematicfaces.‘prototype’stoodforartificiallycreated‘bestexample’Theterm’prototype’madeitmucheasiertoextendthenotionoffocibeyondcolourcategories,e.gintothedomainsofshapes,organismsandobjects.Prototype\nRosch’sfirstexperiment:totestthearousalofattentionThesecondexperiment:acolour-matchingmaskTherecognitiontaskRosch’sexperiments\nFocalcoloursareperceptuallymoresalinetthannon-focalcolours.Focalcoloursaremoreaccuratelyrememberedinshort-termmemoryandmoreeasilyretainedinlong-termmemory.Thenamesoffocalcoloursaremorerapidlyproducedincolour-namingtasksandareacquiredearlierbychildren.Rosch’sFindings\nBerlinandKay’sexperimentBasiccolourterms(基本颜色)BerlinandKay’sfindingsExerciseFocalColours\nWorkedwithso-calledMunsellcolourchipsThreedimensions(属性):hue(色调),brightness(亮度)andsaturation(饱和度)Testhowspeakersofthe20selectedlanguagescategorizedcolours.Providethecriteriaforbasiccolourterms.BerlinandKay’sexperiment\nThetermsshouldconsistofjustonewordofnativeorigin(asopposedtogreenish-blueandturquoise(绿松石)Theirapplicationshouldnotberestrictedtoanarrowclassofobjects(asopposed,e.g.,toEnglishandGermanblond)Thewordsshouldcometomindreadilyandshouldbefamiliartoalloratleasttomostspeakersofalanguage.Basiccolourterms\nIncategorizingcolourspeoplerelyoncertainpoints(foci)inthecolourspacefororientation.Focalcoloursarenotonlysharedbythespeakersofoneandthesamelanguagebuttheyarealsoveryconsistentacrossdifferentlanguages.Colourcategorizationisanchoredinfocalcolours.Theboundariesofcolourcategoriesvarybetweenlanguagesandspeakers.BerlinandKay’sfindings\nListbasiccolourtermsinChinesebycheckingwhichcolourtermsconsistofonlyoneshortwordandarefreelyapplicabletodifferentkindsofobjectsandorganisms.Descibethecolourofsweaters,T-shirts,etc.usingbasiccolourtermsaspointsofreference.Exercise\nClassificationCategorizationandCognitivecategorizationTheprinciplesguidingthementalprocessofcategorizationCategorization\nTheworldconsistsofaninfinitevarietyofobjectswithdifferentsubstances,shapesandcolours.Howdoweclassifythevarietyofobjects?Forexample,organismsandobjectsOthertypesofentities(partsoforganism,landscapenamesandwordsofweatherphenomena)Physicalproperties(temperature,colours)Classification\nEasytoidentify,classifyandnameTheyareclearlydelimitedobjects\nnoteasytoidentify,classifyandnameTheboundariesoftheseentitiesarevague.\nAllofthemuninterruptedscalesextendbetweentwoextremesThetemperaturescaleandthecolourcontinuumdonotprovidenaturaldivisions\nThementalprocessofclassificationiscommonlycalledcategorization.TheclassificationoftemperatureandcolourscanbeconceivedasamentalprocessTheproductofcategorizationiscognitivecategories.CategorizationandCognitivecategorization\nTwoexplanationsOneexplanation:colourcategogiresaretotallyarbitrary(BrownandLenneberg1954;Lenneberg1967)Asecondexplantion:thecolourcontinuumisstructuredbyasystemofreferencepoints(定位参照点系统)fororientation.(BrentBerlinandPaulKay(1969)Focalcolours)Theprinciplesguidingthementalprocessofcategorization(colourcategorization)\nTaylor,J.1989.LinguisticCategorization:PrototypesinlinguisticTheory.Oxford:ClarendonPress.石毓智,1995,’<<女人,火,危险事物—范畴揭示了思维的什么范畴>>评介’,<国外语言学>第2期References