语言学各章复习重点

语言学各章复习重点

InvitationstoLinguistics1.Givedefinitionsforthefollowingterms:arbitrarinessmetalanguagephaticcommunion2.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.1)Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?2)HowisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?Howaretheydifferentfromeachother?3)“Asthenightfell,thewindrose.”Couldthissentencebeexpressed“Asthewindrose,thenightfell”?Ifnot,why?Doesthisindicateanon-arbitrarinessaboutwordorder?4)Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality,why?5）Isthefactthatlinguisticsignalsdonotnormallyserveanyothertypeofpurpose,suchasfeeding,agoodreasontoconsiderthis(signaling)auniquepropertyofhumanlanguage?6)Listfivemajorfunctionsoflanguageandexplainwhattheymeanrespectively.Chapter2Phonetics1.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.1)Giveabriefintroductiontophonetics.2)Whichofthefollowingwordsendwithvoiceless(-V)soundsandwhichendwithvoiced(+V)sounds?A)crashB)bangC)smackD)thudE)whamF)splat3)Howdothewordssurfaceandservicedifferphonetically?4)Give2examplesforeachofthefollowingterms:voicedSoundsvoicelessSoundsplosivesfrontvowelsdiphthongsNotes:PleaseremembertheTable2.1onpage44andTable2.3onpage52.Chapter3Phonology3.Givedefinitionsforthefollowingterms:phonemeallophoneminimalpairssyllable4.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.1)Howarephoneticsandphonologyrelatedtoanddifferentfromeachother?2)Whichsegmentsaremostlikelytobeaffectedbyelisioninthepronunciationofthefollowingwords?A)postmanB)governmentC)sandwichD)pumpkin3)Maryiswashingthedishes.Write3differentstressesforthesentenceandexplainthedifferenceinmeaning.4)What’sthedifferencebetweenanopenandaclosedsyllable?\nChapter4Wordsandword-formationprocesses1.Definethefollowingterms:Lexemederivationinflectionaffixloanwordacronym2.Commentonthefollowingviewpointbriefly:Wordisaminimumfreeform.3.Listfiveword-formationprocesses.3.Givefiveexamplesofonomatopoeicwords.4.Givefiveexamplesofacronyms.5.Giveaninflectionalendingtothefollowingwords:tableopenwhisperstandbook6.Changethewordclassofthefollowingwordsusingderivations:shortprisonwiseplayhelp7.Givetheabbreviationsforthefollowingwords:advertisementbicyclemathematicsprofessorinformationminivanChapter5Morphology1.Definethefollowingterms:morphologymorphemefreemorphemeboundmorphemeallomorph2.Listtheboundmorphemestobefoundinthesewords:misleads;previewer,shorten3.Addaninflectionalaffixtothefollowingwords:rundisplaymanageflowerpart3.Drawatreediagramtoshowtherelationshipamongthefollowingterms.morpheme,freemorpheme,boundmorpheme,boundroot,affix,derivationalmorpheme,inflectionalmorphemeChapter6Syntax1.Defineorexplainthefollowingterms:syntax,immediateconstituentanalysis,FSP1.Changethefollowingsentencestobelessambiguous:i.Themanistooheavytomove.ii.Flyingplanescanbedangerous.2.Whodistinguishedsyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations?Whatdotheyrefertorespectively?3.WhoputforwardtheICanalysis?ListtwoproblemsinICanalysis.4.Whoisthemostimportantadvocatoroftransformational-generativegrammar?Whyisitnamedtransformational-generativegrammar?5.ICanalysis.\nChapter7Semantics1.Defineorexplainthefollowingterms:semanticsconceptualmeaningreferencesynonymyantonymyhomonymyhyponymy1.Giveabriefintroductiontotheclassicsemantictriangle.2.Explainthephenomenonofsemanticambiguitywithexamples.3.Whatisantonymy?Whatarethethreemajortypesofantonyms?4.Whatisthebasiclexicalrelationbetweenthefollowingpairsofwords?a.shallowdeepb.matureripec..tablefurnitured.singlemarriede.moverun(a.antonymy;b.synonymy;c.hyponymy;d.antonymy;e.hyponymy)Chapter8Pragmatics1.Howispragmaticsrelatedtoanddifferentfromsemantics?2.WhichmaximofCPisviolated/floutedrespectivelyinthefollowingconversations?A:Wouldyouliketocometoourpartytonight?B:I’mafraidI’mnotfeelingsowelltoday.A:Thehostessisanawfulbore.Don’tyouthink?B:Therosesinthegardenarebeautiful,aren’tthey?3.Ifyouasksomebody“Canyouopenthedoor?”,heanswers“Yes”butdoesnotactuallydoit,whatwouldyoubeyourreaction?Why?Trytoseeitinthelightofspeechacttheory.4.Whatisspeechacttheory?Giveexamplestodemonstrateit.5.WhatisCP?Howdoestheviolationofitsmaximgiverisetoconversationalimplicatures?Chapter9Language,cultureandthought1.Whatissociolinguistics?Whendiditbecomeanindependentbranchoflinguistics?2.Commentonthefollowingsentences:Languagemarksouridentity./“Youarewhatyousay.”3.Explainwithexampleslanguagesexism/linguisticsexism.4.GiveanintroductiontotheSapir-Whorfhypothesis.5.Whatis,inyouropinion,therelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage?Explainyourviewpointwithexamples.