语言学 简答(5页)

语言学 简答(5页)

《简明语言学》简答&论述一、简答题1、Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingsomeexamplesinEnglishforillustration.2、Theinventoryofsoundscanchange,andsoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,soundloss,soundaddition,andsoundmovement.3、Brieflydiscusstheindividualfactorswhichaffecttheacquisitionofasecondlanguage.4、Explainwithexamplesthethreenotionsofphone,phonemeandallophone,andalsohowtheyarerelated.5、Thephonologicalfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofindividualsoundsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Discussthemainsuprasegmentalfeatures,illustratingwithexampleshowtheyfunctioninthedistinctionofmeaning.6、Explainandgiveexamplestoshowinwhatwaycomponentialanalysisissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures.7、ExplainsociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish.8、Explainbrieflythefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sacquisitionofasecondlanguage.\n9、Givesomelexicalitemstoillustratesocialdialects.Trytoexplaintheirconnotations.20points10、WhatcanthisrulemeaninEnglishgrammar?10points11、Definethefollowingsoundsintermsofarticulatoryfeatures10points12、TrytotellsomeofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesenominalconstructions.Supplysomeexamples.10points13、Trytodiscussasmanyaspossiblethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.15points14、Whatcanlinguisticsdoforlanguagelearningandteaching?(10points)15、Underwhatconditionswilltwosoundsbeassignedtothesamephoneme?16、Whydowesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructure inanalyzingtheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements?Supportyourstatementwithexamples.17、Describetheprocessoflanguageperception,comprehensionandproduction五、论述题1、Paraphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentways\ntoshowthesyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguityofsentences. (1)Theshootingofthehuntersmightbeterrible. (2)Hesawyoungmenandwomenpresent. (3)Theyweresurprisedatthepresident'sappointment.2、Decidethemeaningofthefollowingaffixesandgiveeachaffixtwoexamples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age3、Underwhatconditionswilltwosoundsbeassignedtothesamephoneme?4、Forthefollowingsentence, drawatreediagramtorevealitsunderlyingstructure.    Thegirlatetheorange.5、StudythepassagetakenfromShakespeare’sHAMLETbelowcarefullyandidentifyeverydifferenceinexpressionbetweenElizabethanandModernEnglishthatisevident.\n   King:WhereisPolonius?   Hamlet:Inheaven, Sendthithertosee.   Ifyourmessengerfindhimnotthere,   seekhimi’theotherplaceyourself.   Butindeed,ifyoufindhimnotwithin   thismonth,youshallnosehimasyou   goupthestairsintothelobby.              ActIV, Sceneiii6、CommentonthefollowingconversationintermsofGrice’sCooperativePrinciple:A:Where’veyoubeen?B:Out.7、Analysethefollowingwordsandshowhowmanymorphemeseachofthemcontains:specialize,indisputable,individualistic,downfall,unexceptionableness,ungentlemanliness8、Wecanusethepattern“itis……”toemphasizeanypartofasentenceexceptthepredicate.Whatcanwedoifwemustemphasizeit?Pleasegiveexamplestohighlightyouremphasisofanypartofthissentence:15pointsIboughtabookinthecityyesterday.9、Observethefollowingsentences: \n老王找到老张，才找到他的儿子。老王找到老张，才找到他自己的儿子。老王找到老张，才找到自己的儿子。老王找到老张，才找到儿子。Whichsentenceisclearinitsmeaning?Whichoneisunclear?Trytoexplainwhy.PointoutsomefeaturesoftheChineselanguage.10points10、DeterminerPhrase(DP)isthenamenewlygiventotheNPingenerativegrammar.ADPcanbeaformlike 1)abook;2)thebook;3)books;4)obook. ThisnamemaybebetterthantheoldnameofNPinthatitremindsusofsthwhenwe(Chinesespeakers)learnorteachEnglish.Doyouagreetothis?Trytotellanythingsignificanthere.(10points)