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语言学考试文献
1linguistics：isgenerallydefinedasthesentificstudyoflanguage2Language：Asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.3phonetic：isabranchoflinguisticswhichcomprisethestudyofthesoundsofhumanspeech,itisconcernedwiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsandtheirphysiologicalproduction,auditoryperceptionandneurophysiologicalstates4pjonology：isthestudyofsoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguage.5morpheme：isthesmallestunitoflanguageisregardtotherelationshipbetweensoundingandmeaning,aunitthatcannnotbedividedintofurthersmallestunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning.6syntax：isthestudyofrulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.7semantics：thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics8pragmantics：isthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthataregrammaticalizedorencodedinthestructureofalanguage9morphology:thesystematicstudyofmorphemeisabranchoflinguisticscalledmorphology.10competence：Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’s\nknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.11perfomance：istheactualrelationaloftheknowledgeoftheruleinlinguisticscommunication.12psycholinguistics：thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics13sociolinguuistics：thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.14interlanguage:referstothetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguage.15.communicativecompetence:referstothecompetenceincorporatingtheknowledgeofgrammarandthepragmaticabilityoflanguageuse.16componentialanalysis:istheapproachthatanalyzeswordmeaningbydecomposingitintoitssemanticfeatures,itshowsthesemanticfeaturesofaword.17compositionality:theideathatthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombinedisusuallyknowsastheprincipleofcompositionality.18argument:isatermwhichreferstosomeentityaboutwhichastatementisbeingmade.19freevariation:iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironmentdonotcontrast,thetwosoundscanbeseeasfreevariation.\n大题Whatmakeslanguageuniquetohumanbeings?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication,itisthedesignfeaturesthatmakeinuniquetohumanbeings.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication,theyare:①Arbitrariness:refertothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Forexample,adogmightbeapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersonhaduseditforapig②Duality:thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:meaningfulunitsandmeaninglesssegments.Forexample,wehavedictionariesofwords,butnodictionaryofsentences③creativity:Languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inanothersense,thatisitspotentialtocreateendlesssentences.④Displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Forexample,wecanaskafriend,“wheredidyougolastnight?”“DidyoumeetTomyesterdayafternoon”andsoon.⑤Culturaltransmission:Itmeansthatlanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.查看更多