新编简明语言学教程 《新编简明英语语言学教程》ppt课件.ppt

新编简明语言学教程 《新编简明英语语言学教程》ppt课件.ppt

新编简明语言学教程《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件.ppt导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件.ppt”的资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!accordingtothreedimensions:vd/vlplacemannerLrBrSu10\nHoerIngrCgSgereier?Phonologystudiesthepatterningofspeechsounds,thatis,Phonologythewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguages.?Bothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage----thespeechsounds.Phonetics&phonologyButtheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.10\n?Phoneticsisofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.?Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.?Aphone----aphoneticunitorsegment.ThespeechsoundsPhone,phoneme,allophonePhonewehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,somedon’t,e.g.[b??t]&[b?t],[sp?t]&[sp?t].?Aphoneme----isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofPhonemedistinctivevalue;anabstractunit,notaparticularsound,butitisrepresentedbyacertainphoneincertainphonetic10\ncontext,e.g.thephoneme/p/canberepresenteddifferentlyin[p?t],[t?p]and[sp?t].?Allophones----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeinAllophonedifferentphoneticenvironments.Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionandminimalpair.?Phonemiccontrast----differentordistinctivephonemesarePhonemiccontrastinphonemiccontrast,e.g./b/and/p/in[b?t]and[p?t].?Complementarydistribution----allophonesofthesamephonemeareComplementarydistributionincomplementarydistribution.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontexts,e.g.10\ndark[l]&clear[l],aspirated[p]&unaspirated[p].?Minimalpair----whentwodifferentformsareidentical(thesame)inMinimalpaireverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair,e.g.beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boat.?SequentialrulesSomerulesofphonology?Assimilationrule?Deletionrule?Sequentialrules----therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsSequentialrulesinaparticularlanguage,e.g.inEnglish,“kbiI”mightpossiblyformblik,klib,bilk,10\nkilb.?Ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.?IfthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaSequentialrulesword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules,e.g.spring,strict,square,splendid,scream.a)thefirstphonememustbe/s/,b)thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/,c)thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/.*[?neveroccursininitialpositioninEnglishandstandard]Chinese,butitdoesoccurinsomedialects,e.g.inCantonese:“牛肉，我，俄语……”10\n?Assimilationrule----assimilatesonesoundtoanotherbyAssimilationrule“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar,e.g.theprefixinispronounceddifferentlywhenindifferentphoneticcontexts:?indiscreetalveolar[?n]?inconceivablevelar[??]?inputbilabial[??]AssimilationinMandarin?好啊haowa?海啊haiya?看啊kanna?唱啊chang??10\n?跳啊tiaowa……?Deletionrule----ittellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedDeletionrulealthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented,e.g.design,paradigm,thereisno[g]sound;butthe[g]soundispronouncedintheircorrespondingformssignature,designation,paradigmatic.?Suprasegmentalfeatures----thephonemicfeaturesthatSuprasegmentalfeaturesoccurabovethelevelofthesegments(largerthanphoneme):?stress?tone10\n?intonation?AncientGreek:aunitofspeechsoundconsistingofavoweloraSyllable(whatissyllable?)vowelwithoneormorethanoneconsonant.?Dictionary:wordorpartofawordwhichcontainsavowelsoundorconsonantactingasavowel.?Thesyllableconsistsofthreeparts:theONSET,thePEAK,theCODA,e.g.[m?n].?Thepeakistheessentialpart.Itisusuallyformedbyavowel.But[l],[n]and[m]mightalsofunctionaspeaksasin“apple,hidden,communism”.?WordstressStress?Sentencestress10\n10