语言学知识点(语言学简明教程胡壮麟版)

语言学知识点(语言学简明教程胡壮麟版)

ⅠDefinitionA卷①Phonetics语言学(P17)Phoneticsisthefieldoflanguagestudyconcerningthephysicalpropertiesofsoundsandspeechsounds.②Minimalpairs最小辨立对(P42)Theyaremadeupofsimilarsoundsequenceexceptforthedifferenceofonesoundinthecorrespondingposition.③Open-class开放类词(P66)Theyareindefinitelyextendable.Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsareallopen-classwords.④Invariablewords可变化词(P67)Invariablewordsrefertothosewordssuchasconjunctions,prepositions,interjections,etc..Theydonothaveinflectiveendings.⑤Morpheme语素(P68)Inlinguistics,theminimalunitofmeaningiscalledmorpheme.⑥Compounds复合词(P69)Compoundsconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes.⑦Derivation派生(P72)Derivationistheprocessinwhichnewwordsarecreatedfromalreadyexistingwordsthroughaffixation.⑧Pragmatics语用学(P150)Pragmaticsisastudyoftheintendedmeaningofspeakersinaparticularcontext.⑨Blending缩合(P187)Blendingheremeanstoformanewwordbyjoiningtheinitialpartofawordandtheinitialorfinalpartofanotherwordtogether.⑩Dissimilation异化(P189)Thisoccurswhenoneoftwosimilaroridenticalsoundsinawordchangeinsuchawaythatitbecomeslesssimilartotheother.B卷①Articulatoryphonetics发声语音学(P18)Itstudiesthesoundunitsfromtheangleofhoweachsoundsegmentisarticulated.②Diphthongs(P)Therearevowelswhichmaybedescribedasasequenceoftwosounds,ortheglidefromonevowelpositiontoanother.③Minimalpairs最小辨立对(P42)Theyaremadeupofsimilarsoundsequenceexceptforthedifferenceofonesoundinthecorrespondingposition.④Closed-class封闭类词(P66)Wordsinthisclasscannotnormallybeextendedbythereationofadditionalmembers.⑤Stem词干(P70)Astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectional\naffixcanbeadded.⑥Conversion转化(P75)Conversionisactuallythederivationalprocesswherebyawordisadaptedorconvertedtoanewword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.⑦Text语篇(P112)Atextisachunkoflanguagespokenorwrittenforcommunicationinactualcircumstances.⑧Theme主位(P113)Themeisthepointofdepartureinasentence.TherestoftheclauseiscalledtheRheme（述位）.⑨Assimilation同化(P189)Assimilationisasoundbecomesmoresimilartoitsadjacentsound.⑩Idiolect个人方言(P202)Idiolectreferstothecharacteristicsofanindividual’sspeech.ⅡWritethesourcesofthefollowingLatinabbreviationandtranslatethemintoChineseP85cf.：confer参看etc.：etcetera等等etal.：etalii以及其他等等vs.：versus对e.g.：exemmpligratia例如id.：idem同上a.m.：antemeridiem午前p.m.：postmeridiem午后l.c.：lococitato在上述引文中sec.：secundum根据ⅢDisambiguatethefollowingsentencesbyprovidingtwounambiguousinterpretations.P110P157⑴Wehavegreaterinterestinourenvironmentthantheyoungergeneration.①Wehavegreaterinterestinourenvironmentthantheyoungergenerationdo.②Wehavegreaterinterestinourenvironmentthanintheyoungergeneration.⑵Thereweremorewealthyfarmersthanyouyoungindustrialists.①Therewerefarmersmorewealthythanyouyoungindustrialists.②Thereweremorewealthyfarmersthantherewereyouyoungindustrialists.⑶Theyneedmorehighlytrainedteachers.①Theyneedteacherswhoaremorehighlytrained.②Theyneedmoreteacherswhoarehighlytrained.⑷Thelongdrillwasboring.①Thelongdrillwasmakingahole.②Thedrillthatlastedforalongtimewasboring.⑸Ittakesagoodrulertomakeastraightline.①Onlyagoodleadercanmakeaproperpolicy.②Onlywithagoodrulecanwedrawastraightline.⑹TheCongressmanisadirtystreetfighter.①TheCongressmanisfightingtomakethestreetscleaner.②TheCongressmanislikeadishonestguywhofightsinthestreet.⑺Thepigletistoohottoeat.①Thepigletissohotthatitisunabletoeatanything.\n②Thepigletisservedsohotthatwecannoteatit.⑻Oldmenandwomenwillbeservedfirst.①Oldmenwillbeservedfirstandsowillbewomen.②Oldmenandoldwomenwillbeservedfirst.⑼Theyaremovingmachines.①Theworkersaremovingmachines.②Thesearethemachinesthatcanmove.⑽JohnlovesBillmorethanEmma.①JohnlovesBillmorethanEmmadoes.②JohnlovesBillmorethanhelovesEmma.⑾Theylaughedatthecolorfulball.①Theylaughedinthecolorfuldancingparty.②Theyshowedopenscornforthecolorfulball.⑿HesaidhewouldfileitonMonday.①HesaidhewouldfilethedocumentonMonday.②HesaidhewouldsmoothitwithafileonMonday.ⅣSemantictriangle(语义三角)P135Reference(e.g.thought,concept,mentalimage)指称意义（即，想法、概念和大脑中的意象）refersto指代symbolizes代表------------------------------------Symbol(e.g.word)referent(e.g.objectintheword)符号（即，词）standsfor指称物（即，世界上的事物）代表Inthetriangle,wehavethreecomponents:①thesymbolastheword,thereferentastheobjectintheworldandthereferenceasthethoughtorconceptormentalimage.②Whatissymbolizedbythewordisnottheobjectintherealworldbuttheconceptsandmentalimagesthespeakerhaveatthemomentofutteranceorcanrecallfrommemory.③Thedottedlineatthebottomofthetriangleindicatesthatthereisnoone-toonerelationshipbetweenwordandreferent.