语言学学期论文

语言学学期论文

语言学学期论文姓名马青学号200810011041ComparisonandAnalysisonEnglish-ChineseWordFormationinAffix1.Introduction:EnglishandChinesehavetheirrespectivewordformationsastheyaredifferent\nlanguagefromdifferentlanguagefamilies.English,asamorphologicallanguage,hasveryreproductiveaffixationwhileChinese,anon-morphologicallanguage,hadoriginallynoaffix.However,withthedevelopmentoflanguages,themodernChinesehastakenonaffixationofsomekindasitswordformation.Thefollowingtextwillmakeacomparisonbetweenthetwodifferentlanguagestostudythesimilaritiesanddifferencesinboththeformsandmeaningsoftheiraffixesincludingprefixes,infixesandsuffixes.1.ComparisonandAnalysisInwordformation,affixationisoneofthederivation,whichreferstothecreationofanewwordbymeansoftheadditionofanaffixtoastem.Aderivationalaffixcanchangethepartofspeechofaword,oritcanalterthemeaningofawordBothEnglishandChinesecanformnewworldsbyattachingprefixesandsuffixes.InEnglish,largequantitiesofprefixesandsuffixescanbefoundintheprocessofwordformation,whiletheprefixesandsuffixesexistedinChinesewordsarecomparativelylessthanitinEnglishinnumbersandtypes.TherearetwokindsofmorphemesinEnglish,oneiscalledderivationalmorphemes,whichwillchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassoftheoriginalwordswhilenewwordsarederivedorformedbyconjoiningtoothermorphemes.Averb,forexample,isformedbyadding・entotheadjiectiveblack,—blacken,orbyadding-izetothenouncomputer,—computerize.Theotheroneisnamedinflectionalmorphemes,theyareattachedtowordsormorphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntactriccategory.Suchas-edor-ing,whichdonotaddanylexicalmeaningbutrepresenttheconceptoftenseandaspect.SinceChinesebelongtonon-morphologicallanguage,mostofitsmorphemesarefreemorphemes・Inthisway,phrasescanbeformedconveniently・Whereas,undertheinfluenceofIndo-Europeanlanguages,newmethodofwordformationwhichalsoincludespreffixandsuffixgetsmoreandmorepopular,insomelevel,thiskindofwordformationismuchsimilartoaffixationinEnglish・Afterthecomparisonandanalysis,similaritiesanddifferencesofaffixationinEnglish-Chinesewordformationcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes.2.1SimilarinformandmeaningInsomesituations,EnglishprefixesandsuffixescanbefindcorrespondingonesinChineselanguagereflectingthesimilarmeaninginsimilarform.InEnglishlanguage,\nplentyofprefixes,suchasun-,nonin・,canbeusedtoexpressanegativemeaningwhiletheChineseword“非"canalsoreachtotheeffectthatexactlysameasthiskindofnegativeprefixesinEnglish.What'smore,theChineseword"非"sharethesameusagewhenitputintoattachingastermandformanewwordthatowninganoppositemeaningtotheoriginalone.ThefollowingaresomeexamplesaboutnegativeprefixesinEnglishandtheircorrespondingChinesewordsinmeaningandform:unprofessional非专业的unceremonious非正式白勺nonmetal非金属inconclusive非决定性的inartistic非艺术性Fromtheabovewecansee,tosomeextent,theusageofattachingtheChineseword'MH^onanotherwordhasturnedintoafixedcollocationtoexpresstheoppositemeaningoftheoriginalone,thusbecomingakindofprefixsimilartoun->non->in-inEnglishlanguage.However,insomesituations,negativeprefixesinEnglisharemoreappropriatetobetranslatedintoanotherChineseword"不：suchasunhappy不Underthecircumstances,"冇'cannotberegardedasanindependentwordinmeaning,so“aphraseratherthanaword.WhenittalksabouttheusageofsuffixesinEnglish,weshouldknowthatgreatmajorityofEnglishsuffixesbelongtoderivationalmorphemes,whichwillchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassoftheoriginalwords.Thesuffixesthatcantransformwordsfromadjectivesintonouninclude-ness,-ity,・dom,etc.Suchashappy-happiness,able-ability,free-freedom;Thesuffixesthatcantransformwordsfromverbintonouninclude-ation、・ment.etc.Suchasattend-attention,move-movement.Relevantly,therearesomesuffixesthatcanchangethecategoryoftheoriginalwords.Forinstance,疯.——疯子,胖——胖子,傻——傻子;苦.——苦头,想——想头甜甜头Romthatwecansee,partofderivationinEnglishandChineselanguagescanplaythesimilarword-buildingfunctionbothinformandmeaning.\n2.2SimilarinmeaningbutdifferentinformForthesamesemanticmeaning,itmayexpressedbytheformofsuffixinEnglishwhilepreffixinChinese.Thefollowingaresomeexamples:lovely可爱的joyful可乐的hateful可恨的shameful可耻的InEnglish,nounwordsandverbscanbetransformedintoadjectivesbyattachingsufixeslike-ly>・fuLWhenitcomestoChinese,thesamesemanticfunctioncanbereachedbyaddingtheword“硏infrontofverbsoradjectives.Asafixedlinguisticperformance,itcanberegardedasprefixthatcanbecombinedwithmanydifferentrootsofwords,suchas"可笑”，"可亲”，“可悲"eIc.\qaddition,Englishformsordinalnumeralthroughaddingsuffix-thatthebackofacardinalnumeral.WhileChineseattachesthepreffix“第^infrontofcardinalnumeraltocomposeordinalnumeral,suchas"第一”,:第二”,/".Inthisway,differentformsofaffixationcanexpresssimilarmeaningofwords.2・3・DifferentinformandmeaningEnglish,asamorphologicallanguage,hasveryreproductiveaffixeswhichplayananimatedroleinwordformation.WhileinChinese,anon-moq)hologicallanguage,itishardlytofindaexactaffixtoexpressthesimilarmeaningasitinEnglish.Heressomeexamples:(1)toexpressthemeaningofcontempt:mis-.mcil->pseudo-(2)toexpressthemeaningofdegreei^rc/?-.super->out-.over->under->hyper->ultra-(3)toexpressthemeaningofattitude:^-.counter->anti-、pro・\n(1)toexpressthemeaningofdirection』©疋产、inter->trcins-(2)toexpressthemeaningoftime^bre->pre-、post-.ex->re-(3)toexpressthemeaningofquantity:wwz->mono->bi-、cli・、tri・、multi-、poly-(4)othersemanticmeaningssuchas:auto->neo->pan-、proto-However,thoughtheaffixinmodernChinesewordisstillverylimitedandcomparativelyweakinwordformation,duetotheforceofitsowncharacteristics,Chineselanguagealsohaveitsownstylewhenitderiveanewword.SomekindofaffixarequiteraretoseeinamoiphologicallanguagesuchasEnglish,thefollowingaresomeexamples:⑴theusageofprefix"阿".•网赞、阿姐、阿哥、阿妹、阿妈⑵theusageofinfixes“一”.•说一说、看一看、听一听、瞧一瞧、摸一摸、闻一闻⑶theusageofsuffixes“尹•桀沢凳子、椅子、瓶子、筷子、饺子SuchkindofusagethatneitherchangethemeaningnorthecategoryorgrammaticalclassoftheoriginalwordsishardtofindinEnglishlanguage.Besides,Chinesehavesomereduplicatedformofsuffixthatexpressanspecialeffectonrighteousness.Itcanberegardedasanuniqueusageinthewordfomation,suchas:—乎乎:圆乎乎、胖乎乎、脏乎乎、烂乎乎—溜溜:细溜溜、灰溜溜、顺溜溜、瘦溜溜—滋滋:甜滋滋、凉滋滋—茸茸:毛茸茸、绿茸茸1.ConclusionDifferentlanguage,especiallywhentheybelongtodifferentlanguagefamilies,havetheirdifferentword-formationmethods,differentformsandaffixaswellasdifferentsemanticfunctions.EnglishbelongstoakindofChinesecharacters,inthiswayaffixisveryactiveandplaysanimportantroleinformingnewwords.AndtheChineseisnotaformlanguage.WhenittracedbacktotheancientChineselanguage,itmayseldomtofindtheusageofanyaffix.Afterthecomparisonandanalysisallabove,wecangetagraspofthedifferenceandsimilaritybetweenEnglish-Chinesewordformationinaffix・\n参考文献[11Robins,RobertHenry.GeneralLinguistics-AnIntroductorySurvey\M\.Longmans,GreenandCo.Ltd,1964.⑵WeidongDai.ANewConciseCourseinLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglish[M].ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2002.⑶王理嘉.现代汉语[M].商务印书馆,1993.[4]张静.新编现代汉语[M].上海教育出版社,1979.⑸张韵斐现代英语词汇学概论[M].北京师范人学出版社,1986.