语言学教程考试

语言学教程考试

第一题名词解释1.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.3.Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.4.Morpheme:Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.5.Reference:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.6.Semantics:Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.7.Pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.8.Freemorpheme:Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.9.Componentialanalysis:Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.10.Cooperativeprinciple:Itisageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximofquantitythemaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.第二题填空1.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.2.Ofallthespeechorgans,thetongueisthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.3.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”.ThisquotationfromShakespeareillustratesthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureofarbitrariness.4.Thedifferencebetweenaconsonantandavowelliesinwhetherthereisairobstructionintheproductionofthem.5.Phonologyisadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.6.Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.7.Majorlexicalcategoriesareopencategoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.8.Thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapairofgradable\nantonyms.1.Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.2.Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximofquantitythemaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.第三题阐述题1.LanguageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationExplainitindetail.Firstofall,languageisasystem,becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Secondly,languageisarbitrarybecausethereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning,orbetweenthesignandwhatitstandsfor.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectintheworld.Thisfactisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:wordsarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Thirdly,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwell-developedtheirwritingsystemare.Theterm“human”indefinitionindicatesthatlanguageisownedbyhumanbeingsandisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofotherlivingbeings.Theterm“communication”meansthatlanguagecanmakeusertalktoeachotherandfulfiltheircommunicativeneeds.2.WhatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguageIllustratethemwithexamples.1)Arbitrarinessthearbitrarinessoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forexample,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweenthewordelephantandtheanimalitsymbolizes.Inaddition,differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages,andevenwithinthesamelanguage,thesamesounddoesnotrefertothesamething.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds,suchascrash,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.2)ProductivityLanguageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.Theycan\nsendmessageswhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlylimitedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.3)DualityThedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwolevels,oneissoundandanotheroneismeaning.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel,canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartoownit.4)DisplacementDisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Animalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.5)CulturaltransmissionHumanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned,butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.1.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexamples.Therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinatesentence,andcomplexsentence.1.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.Forexample:Johnreadsextensively.2.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample：Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.3.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample：BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlinguistics.\n1.Accordingtothewaysynonymsdiffer,howmanygroupscanweclassifysynonymsintoIllustratethemwithexamples.1.DialectalsynonymsTheyaresynonymswhichareusedindifferentregionaldialects.Forexamples：BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishAutumnfallliftelevatorWecanalsofinditwithinBritish,orAmericanEnglishitself.Forexample："girl"iscalled"lass"or"lassie"inScottishdialect，and"liquor"iscalled"whisky"inIrishdialect.2.StylisticsynonymsTheyaresynonymswhicharedifferentinstyle.Sometendtobemoreformal,sometendtobecasual,andotherstendtobeneutral.Forexample:oldman，daddy，dad，father，maleparent/chap，pal，friend，companion3.SynonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaningTheyarethewordsthathavethesamemeaningbutexpressdifferentemotionsoftheuser.Theemotionsoftheuserindicatetheattitudeorbiasoftheusertowardwhatheistalkingabout.Forexample，”collaborator”and“accomplice”aresynonymous，sharingthemeaningof"apersonwhohelpsanother",buttheyaredifferentintheirevaluativemeaning.Theformermeansthatapersonwhohelpsanotherindoingsomethinggood,whilethelatterreferstoapersonwhohelpsanotherinacriminalact.4.CollocationalsynonymsTheyaresynonymswhichdifferintheircollocation.Forexample,wecanuseaccuse,charge,rebuketosaythatsomeonehasdonesomethingwrongorevencriminal,buttheyareusedwithdifferentprepositionsaccuse……of,charge……with,rebuke……for.5.SemanticallydifferentsynonymsSemanticallydifferentsynonymsrefertothesynonymsthatdifferslightlyinwhattheymean.\nForexample,”amaze”and”astound”areverycloseinmeaningtotheword“surprise”,buttheyhaveverysubtledifferencesinmeaning.Amazesuggestsconfusionandbewilderment,”astound”impliesdifficultyinbelieving.