语言学作业论文

语言学作业论文

ALinguisticAnlysisontheSpeechActTheoryI.IntroductionSpeechactreferstothebehaviorthatpeopleuselanguageinspecificcontexttoachievecommunicativepurpose.TheBritishanthropologistMalinowskifirstproposedtheconceptin1923.BritishphilosopherAustinproposedthenspeechacttheory11inthe1950s.BytheimprovementanddevelopmentofthephilosophersandlinguistssuchasSearlejtnotonlybecameaimportantresearchtopicinphilosophyandlinguistics,butalsobecameoneofthecorecontentinmodernpragmatics.II.Austinandthespeechacttheory2.1RepresentationaldiscourseandperformativediscourseAustinthinkitisnotconducivetopeopletounderstandandusespeechastraditionalsyntaxdividesentenceintodeclarative,interrogative,imperativesentencesandothertypesaccordingtotheirfunction.Anditisnotconducivetopeopletounderstandandusespeechbecausethesamesentencehavedifferentfunctionsinadifferentlanguage.Hebelievesthatmanywordsnotonlyprovideinformation,butalsocompleteorhelpcompletemanyacts・SoheproposedtheHspeechacttheorynbasedonthis.Austinfirstdistinguishbetweentherepresentationalandperformativediscourseinhowtodothingswithwords.Therepresentationaldiscoursereferstothestatementanddescribingprocessorstateofthings.Butperformativediscoursehasthecapacitytoact,itisabehavior,itcanexpresspromise,apologize,accusing,thanks,congratulations,etc.Forexamplejswimonceaweek.ItisnotmeanIswimnow,butstatethefactthatIswimonceaweek,soitisakindofrepresentationaldiscourse.ThesentenceIadvisehimnottogiveuptryingisnotstating"advise”it,butthespeakerHInintheprocessofspeakingimplementHadvisenbehavior,soitisperformativediscourse.Therepresentationalandperformativediscoursearedifferentinnature,therepresentationaldiscourseisdescribingtheprocessorstateofanevent,soithastrueorfalse.Performativediscourseistobeusedtocommitsomeacts,thespeakingitselfisdoingonething,soithasnotrueorfalse,butithasappropriateorinappropriate.Withfurtherresearch,Austindividedperformativediscourseintodominantperformativediscourseandrecessiveperformativediscourse.Dominant\nperformativediscourseistheperformativediscoursethatoriginallymentioned.Themainfeaturesofthedominantperformativediscourseisthatthesubjectisthefirstperson,tenseisthepresenttense,andtheverbisactingverb.Recessiveperformativediscoursereferstothesentencethatdonothavethecharacteristicsofmanyothertypesofsentences.Mostofthiskindofsentencecanbecomedominantperformativediscoursethroughaddcharacteristicsofdominantperformativediscourse.2.1Speechactone-thirdsaidOnthisbasis,Austindividedthespeechactsintothreecategories.Thatislocutionactjllocutionactandperlocutionactjt^salsocalledspeechactone-thirdsaid.Thelocutionactreferstothemeaningfulwordsutteredwithsound;theillocutionactrelatestothespeaker'sintentions,Suchas:conclude,doubt,orders,thedescription,interpretation,apology,thank,congratulations,etc;theperlocutionactinvolvesthespeaker^impactsonthehearer,forexample:makehimhappy,exciting,angry,afraid,convincing,etc,topromoteotherpeopletodosomethingortoabandontheoriginalplan.Everydiscoursecompletedthreeactsatthesametime.Forexample,Asaid'Closethedoor9toB,thiscalledlocutionact;A'sintentionistomakeBclosethedoor,thiscalledillocutionact;BlistenedtothewordsofA,closedthedoor,achievedtheeffectofspeaking,thiscalledperlocutionact.Onvisible,speechacttheoryisimportanttoexplaintheintentofthespeechact.IILSearleandthespeechacttheory3.1Searle，sfourrulesandfivecategoriesManysubsequentscholarsstudiedthespeechacttheoryofAustinmorein-depth,whichobtainedthemostoutstandingachievementsisAmericanphilosopherSearle一studentsoftheAustin.SearlehadafurtherstudyofhumancommunicationonthebaseofAustin'sspeechacttheory.Theuseoflanguageisgovernedbyvariousrulesjustlikemanyhumanactivities,theyareintentionalbehavior.Healsobelievesthatthesuccessfulimplementationofaspeechactmustmeetthefollowingfourrules:(l)propositionalcontentrules,thatisspeakersayonepropositionexpressaproposition,anddeterminehisownfuturebehaviortathesametime.(2)preliminaryrules,theheareriswillingtocommitanactofthespeaker,andthespeakerbelievetheimplementationofthisactisinlinewiththeinterestsofthehearer.(3)sincererules,thatthespeakerintendstoengageinaparticularbehavior.(4)basicrules,thespeakerintendstosaya\nstatementtoassumetheobligationtoimplementabehavior.Searledividedagentivebehaviorintofivecategories:Thefirstcategoryisdescriptionclass,thebasicruleistospeakofsomethingtomakeacertainstatementJudgingthetruthofthepropositionalcontentexpressedbythewords,thespeaker'swordsisinlinewiththeobjectivereality.Theseverbsinclude:state,affirm,claim,deny,etc.Thesecondcategoryisinstructionclass,thebasicruleisthespeakerdirectsthehearertodosomethingindifferentdegrees,andchangeobjectivereality,soastoadapttothespeaker'swords.Theseverbsinclude:request,order,demand,insist,etc.Thethirdcategoryiscommitmentclass,thebasicruleisthatthespeakermakeacommitmenttohisfuturebehavior.Theseverbsinclude:apologize,thank,congratulate,wel-come,etc.Thefifthcategoryisannounceclass,thebasicruleispropositioncontentexpressedbydiscourseisconsistentwiththeobjectivereality.Theseverbsinclude:resign,name,declare,nom-inate,etc.3.1IndirectspeechactsSearlethinksspeechactisnotjustasimpleonejtalsohasdirectandindirectdistinction.Assumethatit'sveryhotinsidethehouse,however,thedoorisclosed,youwantthehearertoopenthedoor,butforsomereasonyoudon'twanttorequestorcommanddirectly,soyouexpresstheideawithanimperativesentence,andyouhaveamoresubtleapproach.Soyousay'Thisroomisreallyhot5.Thatisyouuseadeclarativesentence,thisstatementbehavioriswhatSearlecalled”indirectspeechacts”.InSale,theso-called"indirectspeechacts11referstoanagentbehaviorindirectlyexpressedthroughanotherspeechact.Asweknow,absolutelyonerelationshipbetweenformandfunctionofthesentencedoesnotexist.Ineverydayconversation,whenwewantsomeoneelsetodosomething,weoftenavoidusingimperativesentencesdirectly,buttofindanothermellowedexpression.Inindirectspeechacts,Searlethinksthatmakehearerunderstandtheintentionofdiscoursebeyondtheliteralmeaning,thisdependsonthebackgroundinformationsharedbythespeakerandheare匚3.2Conventionalandnon-conventionalindirectspeechactsInaddition,Searlealsothinkthatthespeechactisimplementedaccordingtosomerules,thustheindirectspeechactcanalsobedividedintoconventionalindirectspeechactandnon-conventionalindirectspeechacts.Conventionalindirectspeechactsissubjecttospecificculturalfactors,certainspeechactshavebeensolidifiedintoanotherspeechact,thistypeofspeechactcanbeinferredthe"implication”accordingthehabit.Therearemoreuncertainfactorsinnon-conventionalindirectspeechacts,becauseitdoesnotsolidifyintoanotherspeechact,hearercannotinferthemeaningfromthelanguageform\nthatthespeakerwantstoexpress,soitdependsmoreonthelocales,someevendependsontheanalyticalskillsandreasoningabilityofthehearer.Sowesaythatthesentenceforindirectspeechactunderstandingisnolongersimplyasemanticcategory,butbelongstothepragmaticsareas.Throughindirectspeechacttheory,peoplehavehighlyimprovedinunderstandingspeechactsthanbefore.Tosearle,histheoryhasmadeagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentoflanguagestudies,atthesametime,italsoprovidelinguisticssometheoreticalbasistoexploreinthefieldofindirectbehavio匚IVCommentsonthetheory4.1NegativeevaluationAnysignificanttheory“sdevelopmentareinseparablefromtheobjective,impartialevaluation,thespeechacttheoryisnoexception.Itisproblemcanbesummarizedasthefollowing:First,studiesarenotenoughtotakeeffectbehavior.Whilestressingthattakeeffectbehaviorisaindispensablepartofthefullspeechacts,butweexcluditfromthestudy,andsometimeswemixitwiththetakeeffectresults.ThisisduetotheconceptproposedbyAustinisvague,andthesuccessordoesnotpayenoughattentiontoit.SecondJhereisnotonlyverbalbehaviorexpressedthroughwords,butalsonon-verbalbehavior.Behaviorsuchasheadorhandmovements,itseemsdidnotreceivedueattention.Third,weshouldnotviewthesincererulesinthespeechacttheoryasafixedpattern.Becausedifferentscenarios,differentinterpretation,interpretationshouldcombinedcloselywithscenarios.Fourth,thestudyofspeechacttheorycountingfromAustin,hasbeenmorethan40years,theoveralllessonisemphasisontheoreticalresearchtoomuch,andignorethespecificlanguagematerialsinvestigation.4.2PositiveevaluationSpeechacttheoryoriginatedinsignificanceresearchOfthephilosopher,Itisatheorythatstudythemeaningoflanguage•Theproduceofthespeechacttheorybroughtanewperspectivetothephilosophicalcircles,italsoprovidesanewtheoreticalbasisforlinguisticresearch.Despiteitsimperfections,butatthetimeitproposedandalongtimeafteritproposed,itprovidesatheoreticalbasisfortodayslinguists,anditalsoprovidesimportantinspirationfortheForeignLanguageTeachingandInterculturalCommunication.Soithasaepoch-makingrole.Actually,speechacttheoryhasgonebeyondthetraditionalareasofresearch,it'sstrongoperabilityhasagreatimpactonpeople'sstudyofspeechsofar.\nNotes[1]李明慧.简析言语行为理论[J]・黑龙江史志,2006,(2):59.[2]何自然•推理和关联[J]•外语教学,1997,(4).⑶付习涛.言语行为理论综述[J]・求索，2004(6).14J何自然•语用学概论[Ml妙:湖南教育出版社,1998.[5]Robins,R.H・GeneralLinguistics[M]・Beijing:For-eignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress•2000•