语言学习题答案

语言学习题答案

..-1.Q:Whatisthescopeoflinguistics?Thescopeoflinguisticscanbeillustratedas:1)Generallinguistics:thestudyoflanguageaswhole.Itdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.2)Phonetics:thestudyofsoundsusedinmunication.3)Phonology:thestudyabouthowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaninginmunication.4)Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichsymbols/morphemesarearrangedtoformwords.5)Syntax:thestudyoftherulesaboutthebinationofwordstoformpermisiblesentences.6)Semantics:thestudyofmeaning.7)Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaninginthecontextofuse.AndtheInterdisciplinarybranches.1)Sociolinguistics2)Psycholinguistics……………2.Q:Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways:firstly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itdescribesthelanguageasitis;whiletraditional-.word.zl-\n..-grammarisprescriptive,itprescribesthewaylanguageshouldbeused.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Then,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoalatin-basedframework.3.Q:Whatisaphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.4.Q:Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationruleandthedeletionrule?1)Sequentialrulesformthelettersas“k,h,l,j〞intoallpossiblewordsinEnglish.Wemightorderthemas:blik,klib,bilk,kilb.withoutotherorders.Soitindicatesthattherearerulesthatgovernthebinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Onespecialsequentialrulethat……-.word.zl-\n..-2)Assimilationrule:itassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatherofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Forexample:“illegal〞,inlegal3)Deletionrule:Itcanbestatedas:deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.forexample:“designation〞,the[g]representedbytheletter“g〞ispronounced,whileintheword“sign〞./g/soundisdeleted,becauseitisfollowedbyandendedwiththenasalconsonant/n/.5.Q:WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?TherearefivetypesofsynonymsinEnglish.Theyaredialectalsynonyms--synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects;stylisticssynonyms–synonymsdifferinginstyle;synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning;collocationalsynonyms;semanticallydifferentsynonyms.6.Q:Explainwithexamples“Homonymy〞,“Polysemy〞,and“Hyponymy〞?Homonymy(定义)….Itincludeshomophones(定义)(piece\peace),homographs(定义)(bowv.\bown.)andpletehomonyms(定义)(scalen.\scalev.).Polysemymeansthatthesameonewordmayhavemore-.word.zl-\n..-thatonemeaning.Forexample:“table〞,hasatleastsevenmeanings.Hyponymymeansthatthesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Forexample:“furniture〞issuper-ordinate,itshyponymsarebed,table,desk,dresser,wardrobe,settee……7.Q:Howcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassified?Towhichcategorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong?Therearethreetypesoppositionsinmeaning.Theyaregradableantonyms,plementaryantonymsandrelationalopposites.“north\south〞,“wide\narrow〞and“poor\rich〞belongtogradableantonyms;“vacant\occupied〞and“literate\illiterate〞belongtoplementaryantonyms;“above\below〞,“doctor\patient〞and“father\daughter〞belongtorelationalopposites.8.Q:Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,andde-contextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Themeaningofanutteranceisbased-.word.zl-\n..-onsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofmunication,orsimplyinacontext.Difference:Sentencemeaningincludeslocutionaryact,butitdoesn’tincludeillocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.9.Q:AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample?Theyarelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Forexample:someoneutters“you〞“have〞“door〞“open〞!Thelocutionaryactexpresseswhatthewordsliterallymean.Theillocutionaryactexpressesthespeaker’sintention:askingsomeonetoclosethedoor.Thehearergetsthespeaker’smessageandseesthatthespeakermeanstotellhimtoclosethedoor,andthenthehearerclosesthedoor.Therefore,theutterancegetstheeffectoflosingthedoor.Andthisistheperlocutionaryact.10.Q:WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Trytogiveyourownexamplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature?-.word.zl-\n..-Theyarethemaximofquantity(具体说明其内容)…themaximofquality…themaximofrelation…andthemaximofmanner….Forexample:A:WhenisJerry’sbirthdayparty?B:Sometimenextmonth.So,Bdoesn’twishtotellyouwhenJerry’sbirthdaypartyisgoingtobeheld.A:Wouldyouliketoattendourtravelingatweekend?B:I’mafraidIhavegotaninvitationatweekend.So,Bdoesn’twanttoattendyourtraveling.A:Shallwegetsomethingforourbrother?B:Yes.ButIvetoG-U-N.So,Bdoesn’twanttheirbrothertoknowtheyaretalkingaboutgettingthemagun.11.Q:CitewithexamplesthechangesinEnglishLanguage?1)soundchange:“mouse〞[mu:s]—[maus];2)morphologicalchange:greenen—green;3)syntacticchange:youcanspeak,can’tyou?Youspeak,speaknotyou?-.word.zl-\n..-4)lexicalchange:wot—toknow,ASPCA,math—mathematics;5)semanticchange:“silly〞meanshappyinoldEnglish,buttodayitmeansfoolish;“aunt〞meansfather’ssisterbefore,buttodayitalsomeansmother’ssister.12.Q:Whatarethemainsocialdialects?Howdotheyjointlydetermineidiolect?TheyareGendervariation,Agevariation,Ethnicdialect,Stylisticvariation,Register.Idiolectalvariationisdeterminedbymanyfactors.Thedifferentbackgroundsofdifferentpeopleinfluencetheirchoiceoflinguisticforms,andthelinguisticfeaturesofthelanguagetheyuserevealtheirindentities.….13.Q:WhatpeticuliarfeaturesdoesaPidginhave?Anydialectshavenativespeakers,exceptpidgin.….Twopartiesdidn’tknoweachother,soinordertodotrade,theyhavetousepidgin.Withmoreunderstandingsofeachother’scultures,lesspeoplewouldusepidgin.14.Q:Amongthelanguageacquisitiontheories,whichonedoyouthinkismorereasonableandconvincing?Explain-.word.zl-\n..-why?Therearethreelanguageacquisitiontheories,theyarethebehavioristview,theinnatistviewandtheinteractionistview.Itendtothebehavioristmuchmore,inmyopinion,todoisbetterthandoingnothing,practiceandintimationarethebestwaytolearnalanguage.Fortheinnatist,sedulitycanmakeupeverynaturalfacultiy,andfortheinteractionist,noteveryonecangoaboardtohavealanguageenvironment,athome,therearestillmanyscholarshipsstudydifferentlanguageswell.15.Q:WhatisLanguageAcquisition?Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,itmeanshowthechildestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhismunity.16.Q:WhatisLanguageAcquisitionDevices?ItalsoknownasLAD,itclaimsthathumanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthechildjustasotherbiologicalfunctionssuchaswalking.itwasdescribedasanimaginary“blackbox〞existingsomewhereinthehumanbrain,the“blackbox〞issaidtocontainprinciplesthat-.word.zl-\n..-areuniversaltoallhumanlanguages.17.Q:WhatistheCriticalPeriodHypothesis?Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone’slifeextendingfromaboutagetwotopuberty,duringwhichthehumanbrainismostreadytoacquireaparticularlanguageandlanguagelearningcanproceedeasily,swiftly,andwithoutexplicitinstruction.18.Q:WhatisRegister?Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries,itdiffersindifferentsituations,itisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.19.Q:WhatisIdiolect?Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatbineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.20.Q:WhatisPidgin?Pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.21.Q:WhatisCreole?ItisoriginallyaPidginthathasbeeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechmunity.Thatis,whenapidgine-.word.zl-\n..-tobeadoptedbyapopulationasitsprimarylanguage,andchildrenlearnitastheirfirstlanguage,thenthepidginlanguageiscalledaCreole.22.Q:WhatisCP?ItisstandofthecooperativePrinciple.….Itrequiresthatthespeakerandthehearershouldmakeconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichthespeakerandthehearerareengaged.23.Q:WhatisHomonymy?Itreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.ItincludesHomophones,Homograghs,pleteHomonyms.24.Q:WhatisPolysemy?Itmeansthatthesameonewordhavingmorethanonemeaning.25.Q:WhatisSense?Itisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itisthe-.word.zl-\n..-meaninginthedictionary.Itdoesnotrefertoanyparticularindividualthatexistsintherealword,butappliestoanyindividualthatmeetsthefeaturesdescribedinthedefinition.26.Q:WhatisSyntax?Itisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarebinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.-.word.zl-