【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题名词性从句学案（6页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题名词性从句学案（6页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习名词性从句学案 ‎【考情分析】‎ 名词性从句是历年高考的重点和难点也是热点。名词性从句相当于名词，可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有：连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which，有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等；连接副词：when, where, why, how，有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语；连接词：that, whether, if, as if，if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分；that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略。‎ 高考对名词性从句的考查仍将集中在关联词的选用上，特别是对what引导的名词性从句的考查。名词性从句与其他从句的混合考查将在今后高考中占据一席之地。易混句型的辨析，比如it作形式主语，主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。‎ ‎【知识点归纳】‎ 名词性从句的用法 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。‎ 一、引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词：that（无任何词意）；whether, if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）；as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）。‎ 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever 连接副词：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however.‎ 不可省略的连词：‎ ‎1. 介词后的连词 I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.‎ ‎2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。‎ That she was chosen made us very happy.‎ We heard the news that our team had won.‎ 比较：‎ Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：‎ ‎1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首；‎ ‎2. 引导表语从句 The problem is whether he will come.‎ ‎3. Whether从句作介词宾语；‎ ‎4. 从句后有"or not"‎ Whether he will come or not is not clear.‎ 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。‎ It is not important who will go.‎ It is still unknown which team will win the match.‎ 二、具体分类 ‎1．主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：‎ What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。‎ Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。‎ It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。‎ Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。‎ ‎【典例1】(2009·上海卷)It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over.‎ A. since       B. what          C. when         D. whether ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时：经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示，不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。‎ ‎【典例2】(2008·山东卷)_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.‎ ‎ A. It         B. This           C. What          D. As ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】she told me是插入语，可删除。what引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语。‎ 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：‎ ‎（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句 ‎（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句 ‎（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 ‎（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：‎ It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …‎ It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…‎ It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…‎ ‎【典例】(2009·天津卷)It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future.‎ A. as             B. which               C. whether           D. that ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词，因该主语从句不缺成分，且句意完整，故应用不作任何成分的连词that。‎ ‎2．宾语从句 名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。‎ ‎（1） 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：‎ He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。‎ We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。‎ 注意：在demand，order，suggest，decide，insist，desire，request，command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：‎ I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。‎ The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。‎ ‎（2）用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：‎ I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。‎ She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。‎ She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。‎ ‎【典例1】(2008·北京卷)The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.‎ A. which           B. that         C. what           D. who ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】create后为宾语从句，从句中they hope是插入语，可删除。因为从句中缺少主语，所以用what引导该从句。‎ ‎【典例2】(2009· 全国卷Ⅰ) Could I speak to         is in charge of International Sales please?‎ A. who                        B. what            C. whoever                           D. whatever ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，因此填whoever。‎ ‎（3）用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：‎ a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：‎ Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。‎ The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?‎ Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。‎ I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。‎ Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？‎ ‎（4）注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用 不同时态。例如：‎ he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）‎ he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）‎ I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）‎ he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）‎ 当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：‎ The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．‎ ‎（5）think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：‎ We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。‎ I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。‎ ‎3．表语从句 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：‎ The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。‎ That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。‎ This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。‎ That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。‎ It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。‎ 需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：‎ The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .‎ ‎【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。‎ ‎【典例1】 (2009·山东卷)The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother.‎ A. where             B. what            C. how             D. who ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】remain是系动词，后加表语从句，由句意可知，从句缺地点状语，所以选A。‎ ‎【典例2】(2008·天津卷)The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park.‎ A. where          B. how           C. when           D. why ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】was后为表语从句，此处when与the last time相呼应，根据句意可排除其他选项。‎ ‎4． 同位语从句 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等。例如：‎ The news that we won the game is exciting.　我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。‎ I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。‎ The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。‎ ‎【典例】(2009· 重庆卷) We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science.‎ A. that            B. when         C. which          D. where ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知，空格处是同位语从句的引导词，修饰中心名词request，且在句子中不充当成分，故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求，即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。‎ 三、对比与用法 ‎1．同位语从句和定语从句的区别：‎ that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。‎ 试比较下面两个例句:‎ I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）‎ Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）‎ ‎2．that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。 ‎ ‎ 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：‎ a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that…　有必要……‎ It is important that…　重要的是……‎ It is obvious that…　很明显……‎ b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that…　人们相信……‎ It is known to all that…　从所周知……‎ It has been decided that…　已决定……‎ c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that…　……是常识 It is a surprise that…　令人惊奇的是……‎ It is a fact that…　事实是……‎ d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 It appears that…　似乎……‎ It happens that…　碰巧……‎ It occurred to me that…　我突然想起……‎ It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　‎ ‎ 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。‎ It's a pity that you should have to leave.　‎ ‎ 你非走不可真是件憾事。‎ ‎3．否定转移 ‎（1） 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。‎ I don't think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。‎ I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。‎ 注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。‎ I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。‎ ‎（2）将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。‎ It doesn't seem that they know where to go.‎ 看来他们不知道往哪去。‎ It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.‎ 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。‎ ‎【备考策略】‎ 考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义，因为在对于名词性从句的考查中，引导词在句子中都起作用，有意义，因此在分析句子结构，对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后，最后还是要选择引导词；另外还要注意以下几点：‎ ‎1．what 引导词的考查，尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。‎ ‎2．Whether和if 的区别，尤其注意他们的不同之处。‎ ‎3．名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。‎ ‎4.句子语序和时态。‎ 具体说：‎ ‎1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能 名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。‎ ‎(1) 若从句在句中作主语为主语从句 ‎(2) 若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句 ‎(3)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句 ‎(4) 若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句 ‎2.掌握连词的含义及分类 绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义，称为有义连词，如what表“……的内容”，when表“……的时间”，where表“……的地点”，why表“……的原因”，how表“如何；怎样”，who表“谁”，if, whether表“是否”；没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词，无义连词只有that一个。‎ ‎3.掌握名词性从句的语序 名词性从句用陈述语序。‎ ‎4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系 有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句，应掌握它们之间的关系。‎ ‎(1) if ,whether表"是否"时引导名词性从句；if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句；whether表“无论是否；不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。‎ ‎(2) when表“……的时间”，where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句；when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句，where表“……的地方”，且修饰行为动词时，引导地点状语从句；when, where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。‎ ‎【专题突破】‎ 高考中考查名词性从句时，经常考查连接词的选用。解题时应先判断从句的类型，然后判断从句是否缺少成分以及意义是否完整，最后根据引导名词性从句的连词的特点确定特定的连接词。要求学生在做题中要注意如下几点：‎ ‎1.分析结构，辨析名词性从句和状语从句；‎ ‎2.理解句意，正确区别引导词；‎ ‎3.按照句意，出现那个引导词意思，便选择那个引导词。‎