【英语】2020届二轮复习省略用法考点纵览学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习省略用法考点纵览学案

‎2020届二轮复习 省略用法考点纵览学案 一、概述 省略是英语中一种十分常见的语言现象，它使语言更简洁、快捷。在英语中的作用也是巨大的，是分析一些语言点、知识点的关键。‎ 本章介绍了代替式省略、非代替式省略、介词省略及状语从句、独立主格中的省略，并给予了大量实例进行论证。在相应部分也进行了深刻分析，介绍了如何用省略法去分析一些语言现象。‎ 要将省略看作一种方法和分析问题的手段去学习，故本章取名为“省略法”。要学会用省略法去分析一些本质问题，很好学好本章可以有效帮助分析一些问题，提高英语理论能力。‎ 二、非替代式省略 非代替式省略即直接省去相应成分，不用任何成分去代替被省略的成分，非替代省略主要有以下几种：‎ ‎1、主语的省略。如：‎ Sit down, please.‎ Given me the pen, will you?‎ 祈使句中主语一般都不可省去，被祈使的对象可根据具体语境而确定。非祈使句中省略主语的情况也是很常见的。‎ The man gave me more than (what) was needed.‎ ‎(It/That) sounds great.‎ ‎(I) beg your pardon.‎ It (looks) as if it is going to rain.‎ ‎(There) might be something wrong with my computer.（there be存在句中的there叶可作为主语而省去）‎ ‎2、表语的省略 有些结构可承上省略表语，以避免重复。如：‎ ‎—Is your father a worker?‎ ‎—Yes, he is (a worker).‎ ‎—Are you well today?‎ ‎—Yes, I am (well).‎ ‎3、助动词的省略 有些结构可省略相应的助动词，尤其在口语中较为常见。如：‎ ‎(Do) you agree?‎ ‎(Have) you been to Beijing?‎ ‎4、主语+谓语的省略 主语+谓语的省略一般出现在相应的状语从句中，在后面状语从句中的省略中，将详细阐述，全面展开。‎ Although (he is) a boy six year old, he knows a lot.‎ If (you are) interested in a subject, you will learn it well.‎ ‎5、主语+动词+宾语的省略。如：‎ ‎—For whom you bought the birthday present?‎ ‎—For my mother (I bought the birthday present).‎ ‎6、there be的省略。如：‎ ‎(There is) something special on her faces today.‎ ‎(Is there) any time left?‎ ‎8、名词短语中中心词的省略。如：‎ A bird in hand is worth two (birds) in bush.‎ He is the first (student) to come into class and the last (student) to leave.‎ ‎9、所有格后名词的省略。如：‎ He stayed at his grandpa’s (house) for a week.‎ She bought the coat at Mary’s shop.‎ 对此可参考名词一章中“名词所有格”部分的相关内容。‎ ‎10、冠词的省略 两个名词并列时，第二个名词前的冠词常可省略。如：‎ Both the rich and (the) poor should enjoy the same right.‎ It is a pen or (a) pencil?‎ ‎11、并列结构中，相同句子成分的省略。如：‎ I like noodles but my husband hates (noodles).‎ My mother goes to work by bus and my father (goes to work) by car.‎ I like English more than (I like) math.‎ His father loves him more than his father (loves him).‎ Tom is hard-working but John (is) lazy.‎ You can go there by bus or (by) train.‎ ‎12、关系代词的省略 ‎（1）关系代词that、which、whom、who作宾语和表语时，一般都可省略。如：‎ He is the man (that/who/whom) I met yesterday.‎ He is the man (that) he used to be.‎ The pen (that) I picked up on the road and that I put in my pencil box had gone.‎ 注意：两个that关系从句修饰同一先行词时，只可省略其中一个关系代词，如上例中的第二个that便不可省。类似在宾语从句中，若动词后面仅跟一个宾语从句，那么that一般可省略，但若跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，则只可省略第一个宾语从句的that，从第二个宾语从句开始that便不可省。如：‎ Our teacher said (that) the entrance examination was coming and that we should make the best of time to go over our lessons.‎ ‎（2）关系代词作主语非省略 ‎①在以there、here、it、that开头的句中。如：‎ There is a table (that) stands in the corner.‎ Here are some methods (that) can help you solve the problem.‎ It was the boy (that) broke the glass.‎ That is the right way (that) leads to the village.‎ ‎②在以what、who等开头的疑问句中。如：‎ What is it (that) makes you angry?‎ Who is the man (that) directs the whole film?‎ ‎③在“形容词最高级或only、last、first+名词+that + ever +谓语”结构中作主语的关系代词that可省略。如：‎ He is the most famous writer (that) ever breathed.‎ The man is the last person (that) ever left the room.‎ He is the only Chinese athlete (that) ever won a medal.‎ ‎④在I think、I believe、I suppose、I admit、I feel、I imagine、I know、I guess等插入语前作主语的关系代词可省略。如：‎ The man is the actor (that) I think plays a good role in the film.‎ They work out the problem (that) I feel is very difficult.‎ ‎⑤在以we have开头的句子中。如：‎ We have three papers (that) need to be finished in the evening.‎ ‎13、关系副词的省略 关系副词that的用法在表示方式、时间、地点或原因的先行词后面，常用that代替in which、when、where或why、that可省去，关系副词that在句中不作任何成分，只起引导定语从句的作用，修饰词常为the way、the time、the day、the place、the reason。此时也可换为其他相应的关系副词，下面具体阐述关系副词的省略问题。‎ ‎（1）用在某些表示时间名词后的关系副词可省略，如：the time、every time、each time、the moment等。如：‎ By the time (when) he was six, he had set his life-long aim.‎ I still remember the first day (when) I went to school.‎ 此种关系副词的省略方式可以从根源最本质的角度去解释表示时间的名词短语，用作连词引导主从复合句的原因。对此要从两个角度进行剖析：一、上述时间名词短语本身就可在句中充当状语。二、作为先行词的时间名词短语后所接定语从句的关系副词when可省略。下面以every time为例进行阐述，逐层剖析。‎ 先看以例句：Every time I see the picture, I will recall my childhood.‎ 此句话的意义是“每次我看到那些照片，我将回忆起我的童年。”从句意上也能感受到every time好像在引导一主从复合句，但实际上并非如此简单。‎ 由上述此种关系副词的省略方式，我们知道，every time后省略了关系副词when，而I see the picture是用以修饰every time的定语从句部分。如果在翻译的过程中保留定语从句的原有痕迹，可以这样翻译：我看到那张照片的每一次，我将回忆起我的童年。所以，可将every time看作时间副词短语修饰I will recall my childhood.“我看到那张照片的每一次”和“每次我看到那张照片”含义是一样，但后者比前者更通顺、流畅，所以在长期的理解运用过程中人们便简单直接地认为every time用作连词，引导表示时间的主从复合句。从根源上去剖析，有利于对此深刻认识和灵活运用，对于其他类似词组也可运用同样方式分析。如：‎ The moment I arrive, I will call you.（“我到的那一刻，我将给你打电话”，也就是说“我一到，我就给你打电话”）‎ My brother got married the spring I joined the army.（我入伍的那年春天，我哥哥结婚了）‎ He found a good job the year he graduated.（他毕业的那年找到了一份好工作）‎ ‎（2）在某些地点名词后，关系副词也可省略。如：‎ That’s the place (where) he lived when he was in Pairs.‎ This is the place (where) we met many years ago.‎ ‎（3）先行词reason后面的关系副词可省略。如：‎ That’s the reason (why) I asked you to come.‎ The reason (why) he did that is quite clear.‎ ‎（4）当先行词为way时，关系副词常常省略。如：‎ I appreciate the way (that/in which) you teach us.‎ He plays basketball the way his father does.‎ 此种省略方式可以从本质最深层次的角度去解释“为什么名词短语the way可作连词引导方式状语从句”，the way的此种用法同上述every time的用法基本相同，亦可从两方面进行剖析：‎ 一、首先要明确一种用法：way既可表示方式，也可表示方面，而且均和介词in连用，当表示方式的时候in可省略，即可直接用the/this/that way，名词短语充当状语，但如果表示方面的时候，in则不可省。如：‎ You shouldn’t beat the boy (in) this way.（用这种方式）‎ The twin brothers are different in this way.（在这方面）‎ 而the way引导方式状语从句的时候，表示的含义正是“方式”。‎ 二、the way在句中充当先行词的时候，关系副词that或in which可省略。下面将通过一具体实例进行分析论证。‎ 先看以例句：‎ The boy can speak English the way a native speaker does.‎ 这是省略以后得到的句子，那么省略之前的句子应是这样的：‎ The boy can speak English in the way that/in which a native speaker does.‎ 因为上述的两种省略方式，人们在长期的运用过程中就简单地认为the way这个名词短语可作为连词引导方式状语从句。‎ 以上分别讲述了关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的省略。既然关系代词和关系副词都可在定语从句中不留任何痕迹的省略，那么仍然需要准确地判断到底省略的是关系代词还是关系副词，最核心的方式还是从关系代词和关系副词分别在定语从句中所充当的成分入手，如果定语从句中缺少关系代词所充当的成分即主语、宾语、表语，那么省略的则是关系代词，相反如果定语从句中缺少关系副词所能充当的成分即状语，那么省略的则是关系副词。‎ ‎14、as…as结构中的省略 这种省略方式通常有两种情况：①从句中与主句中重复的词可省。②在把两个时间、地点等相比较时，第一个as可省。如：‎ My mother loves us as much as my father (loves us).‎ The little boy plays (as) happily at home as at school.‎ The man is (as) successful now as in the past.‎ ‎15、全句省略 在某些表示愿望或假设的复合句中可将主句或从句省略。如：‎ If I had studied hard at school (I would be successful now)!‎ He would be a millionaire (if he took the business chance).‎ 三、代替式省略 所谓代替式省略就是在某些情况下省略掉某个词、词组或句子时，还需要用某个词去代替，常用的代替词有：do、so、not、to、neither、nor、one（ones）、that（those）、do so、do that、do it、the same等。‎ 下面将分类介绍其每个代替词的用法：‎ ‎1、do do用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。如：‎ Tom runs faster than John does (=runs).‎ Did you water the flowers today? Yes, I did (=watered the flowers).‎ He didn’t pass the driving test, but I wish he had done (=passed the driving test).‎ ‎2、to to在省略结构中代替不定式，常同want、try、expect、hope、like、refuse、forget、remember、wish、mean、intend等连用。如：‎ Maybe I have hurt him, but I don’t mean to (hurt him).‎ I asked him to lock the door, but he forgot to (lock the door).‎ 注意：如果省略的不定式结构中含有be、have或have been时，要保留be、have或have been，不可省。如：‎ He is a doctor but he doesn’t want to be (a doctor).‎ ‎—Has he already found a job?‎ ‎—Yes, he is likely to have (already found a job).‎ ‎3、so和not so可以代替单词、词组或句子，作call、expect、think、believe、suppose、guess、hope、do、fear、imagine、hear、say、tell、be afraid、notice等宾语，not用以代替否定的句子，用法与so相似，并可放在perhaps、probably、absolutely等副词后面。如：‎ At first, he isn’t nervous but later he becomes so (nervous).‎ He is my best friend and I do hope he can remain so (my best friend).‎ The hero sacrificed his own life to save a girl and so I’ve heard. (The hero sacrificed his own life to save a girl.)‎ He says she is a good mother but I think not (she isn’t a good mother.或I don’t think she is a good mother.)‎ Such a bad man should do this good indeed, absolutely not.‎ 对此予以补充说明以下几点内容：‎ ‎①动词hope、think、fear、wish、be afraid和so、to连用的两种用法是不同的，一般情况下，so所代替的多为句子，而to则只代替动词不定式。如：‎ ‎—Can you attend my lecture?‎ ‎—I hope so. (=I can attend your lecture.)‎ I hope to. (=attend your lecture)‎ ‎②so作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，口气较委婉，不表示肯定也不表示否定，因此在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。如：‎ I’m sure so.（误）‎ I’m sure of it.（正）‎ I doubt so.（误）‎ I doubt it.（正）‎ 同样在ask和know之后不可用so。如：‎ Do you ask so? （误）‎ Do you ask that? （正）‎ I know so. （误）‎ I know that. （正）‎ ‎③so可以放在句首或句尾，但当谓语动词是see、hear或notice时，则只能放在句首。如：‎ I think (believe, say…) so. = So I think (believe, say…)‎ So I see (hear, notice). （正）‎ I see (hear, notice) so. （误）‎ ‎④“not +人称代词”有时相当于“No，人称代词+相应助动词的否定形式”，前后语气更强烈。如：‎ Does he get up now?‎ Not he.（相当于No, he doesn’t.）‎ ‎⑤“not+状语”也是一种常见的省略形式。如：‎ ‎—Can you swim?‎ ‎—Not at an early age.（=No, I can’t swim at an early age.）‎ ‎—How you go to work?‎ ‎—Not by bus.（=No, I don’t go to school by bus.）‎ ‎⑥not that也是省略形式的一种，此种结构可意为I don’t mean that，I don’t say that或not because。如：‎ The boy broke the glass. Not that he wanted of course.‎ You should be more hard-working. Not that you are lazy.‎ He came late. Not that he didn’t catch the bus but that he got up so late.‎ ‎4、复合代替词do so、do that和do it ‎（1）do so可代替动词加宾语，也可以代替动词加状语。如：‎ He said he would read English books, but he didn’t do so (=read English books).‎ His mother told him to get up early, but he didn’t do so (=get up early).‎ ‎（2）do so代替动词加宾语结构时，so可以用it或that取代，it指具体事物，that口气较重。如：‎ He wants to make a visit and I also want to do it.‎ She tries to find a good job and finally she does that.‎ ‎5、one和ones one和ones具有泛指性质，常用来代替单数或复数可数名词，不能代替不可数名词，使用时应注意以下几点：‎ ‎①one前面有this或that，ones前面有these或those或者二者前面有形式对比的形容词、最高级形容词或the next、the last时，one或ones可省略，而且one前面的形容词带定冠词the时，one也可省略。‎ ‎②whose和名词所有格之后不用one或ones；基数词和序数词通常不同one连用，own也不可同one或ones连用。‎ ‎③another和other可单独使用，也可跟one。复数形式可用other ones或others。‎ ‎④which、former、latter、either和neither也可以跟one和ones，也可不跟。如：‎ This coat is a little big. Can you give me a bigger one?‎ Please give me another (this, that) one.‎ Let’s finish this task in order to continue with the next (one).‎ Your bike is newer than mine.（不能说mine one）‎ I like to ride my own.（不能说my own one）‎ ‎—Whose is it? （不能说whose one）‎ ‎—It’s my sister’s.（不能说my sister’s one）‎ You need three boxes, but I only have two.（不能说two ones）‎ Which (one) do you like better?‎ ‎6、the same the same一般指物，可代替名词词组、从句、形容词词组或比较结构。如：‎ He pays ten dollars for the meat. I pay the same (=ten dollars).‎ I love my mother and I do the same to my father (=I love my father).‎ Tom is as good at English as Jim and I think the same (=Tom is as good at English as Jim).‎ 四、介词的省略 ‎1、动名词前in（at）的省略，常用于以下句型中：‎ It is no use/good (in) doing sth There is no use/point/hurry/good (in) doing sth be busy/late/weary (in) doing sth employ/engage/occupy/busy oneself (in) doing sth take turns (in, at) doing sth be long (in) doing sth spend/lose/waste time/money/energy (in) doing sth be employed/engaged/occupied (in) doing sth have difficulty/trouble/hard time/business (in) doing sth 注意：在主动语态中spend time/money (in) doing sth，介词in可省，但在被动语态中in不可省。如：‎ The bad boy spent a lot of time (in) surfing the internet.‎ A lot of time was spent in surfing the internet.‎ ‎2、当关系代词（what、whose等）、关系副词（how、when）以及whether引导的从句或不定式短语时，其前面的of、about、as to等常可省略。如：‎ I don’t care (about) what she is.‎ He has no idea (about/as to) how to solve the problem.‎ The man wasn’t aware (of) how he got lost.‎ ‎3、表示一段时间或方式短语中的for、in、by等常常省略，但当介词短语放在句首或是在否定句中时for一般不可省略。如：‎ The meeting lasts (for) about two hours.‎ We can’t ill-treat children (in) this way.‎ You can solve the puzzle (by) using this method.‎ I haven’t seen you for a long time.‎ For many years they have been married.‎ 因为表示时间和方式的名词短语在句中本来就可以作状语，所以相应的介词for、in、by可省略。‎ ‎4、表语名词前的of可以省略 当表语为size、age、color、height、weight、length、volume、width、shape等时，其前的of可以省略。如：‎ The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size.‎ These boxes are (of) the same weight.‎ ‎(Of) what size is your coat?‎ ‎5、两个介词短语连用时的介词省略 当instead of或并列连词and、or、either…or…、both…and…、not only…but (also)、neither…nor…等连接两个介词短语时，当前后两个介词相同时，第二个介词可省略。如：‎ He travels by train instead of (by) bus.‎ You can arrive by land or (by) water.‎ That’s a matter of life and (of) death.‎ He runs a shop both for money and (for) happiness.‎ 但如果表达强烈的对照时，介词不可省。如：‎ Are the officials paid by the month or by the year?‎ 五、状语从句和独立主格中的省略 状语从句中的省略可分为两大类：一是主从复合句主语一致的省略，二是主从复合句主语不一致的省略。下面将分为两大类进行论述。‎ ‎1、主从复合句主语一致的省略（根据从句谓语中有无be动词又可分为两小类）。‎ ‎（1）状语从句谓语中有be动词：如果状语从句的主语同主句主语一致，而且状语从句谓语中有be动词时，可以将状语从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。但并非所有的状语从句都可以省略主语和be动词，由after、before、because等引导的状语从句一般要改成介词短语的形式，用动名词being代替省去的be（因为after、before本身就可作为介词，而because的介词短语为because of）。如：‎ Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.‎ Because of being ill, he didn’t go to school.‎ Before he was admitted, he entered.‎ Before being admitted, he entered.‎ After he was caught by the police, the thief admitted.‎ After being caught by the police, the thief admitted.‎ 有时候，主句也可以位于句首，主语也可以分开，即“主句主语+（连词+现在分词等）+主句谓语。如：‎ When (she was) cooking, she thought of her mother.‎ If (the man was) more interested in his job, he would be promoted to a higher rank in the company.‎ While (you are) on the top of the mountain, you can have a wonderful view of the whole city.‎ Although (he is) only a child, he can speak many foreign languages.‎ He is fatter than (he is) ever.‎ When (they are) ripe, apples turn red and yellow.‎ Apples turn red and yellow, when ripe.‎ Apples, when (they are) ripe, turn red and yellow.‎ 有时候，在此基础上进一步省略的话，亦可将引导状语从句的连词省去，如可将when、while、though、if、unless等省去，因为现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、形容词都可以独立充当状语，所以在此种情况下可将引导状语从句的引导词省略（当然，不仅要会正面分析，还要学会反面分析为什么现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、形容词可以在句中充当状语就是这种省略而致的，两者应相结合，相辅相成，全面分析）。‎ ‎（2）状语从句谓语中没有be动词：如果状语从句的主语同主句主语一致，而且状语从句谓语动词是纯do的形式（即do、does、did、have done、has done、had done这几种形式，do不可和其他助动词或情态动词连用）时，可以将状语从句的主语省略，将相应的谓语变为非谓语，即doing或having done两种形式（因为状语从句的主语在谓语中没有be动词的情况下，和do只可能是主动关系，不可能是被动关系），而且在这种情况下，引导状语从句的连词一般都可省。如：‎ When he walked in the park, he met his old friend.‎ When walking in the park, he met his old friend.‎ Walking in the park, he met his old friend.‎ If I have finished my homework, I will be free now.‎ If having finished my homework, I will be free now.‎ Having finished my homework, I will be free now.‎ 因为上述省略后的形式是在主从复合句主语一致的情况下而来的，主从复合句主语一致是状语从句得以省略的先决条件和前提，所以doing的逻辑主语是主句的主语，这是解决现在分词作状语的关键，也是核心的内容，也就是说在“doing短语，后接一个句子”结构中，doing的逻辑主语为后面所接句子的主语，如果该句的主语不能和doing的中心动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，则是不成立的，下面通过一实例具体剖析。‎ Studying very hard, he made great achievements.（正）‎ Studying very hard, great achievements were made.（误）‎ 既然studying前没有主语，那么则暗示后面句子的主语应是study逻辑上的主语，人称代词be当然可充当studying的逻辑主语，构成逻辑上的主谓关系。明显“伟大的成就”不能充当studying的逻辑主语，构成逻辑上的主谓关系，因为“伟大的成就去学习”是讲不通的，所以第一句是正确的，而第二句是错误的。我们可在第二句的studying前加一个可同studying构成主谓关系的主语，如：The student studying very hard, great achievements were made.（这正是下面要将的状语从句中主从复合句的主语不一致的省略方式）‎ ‎2、主从复合句主语不一致的省略 当主从复合句的主语不一致时，进行省略时当然要保留各自的主语不可省略。把从句的谓语动词变为非谓语动词形式（即be变为being，do、does或did变为doing，have done、has done或had done变为having done的形式，谓语动词也不可和其他助动词和情态动词连用，否则不可实行任何省略）。如：‎ He being late for school, his teacher punished him.‎ The boy doing a lot of housework, his mother is very happy.‎ The plan having been put into use, they are busy with the project.‎ 对于此种省略方式，因为主从复合句都有相应逻辑主语，而且从句采取非谓语动词形式，所以要把引导状语从句的连词省略，如果带有相应连词则必须是两个完整的句子。‎ ‎3、从句中it is的省略 当it is在状语从句的从句中出现的时候，it is常可省略。如：‎ You can call me when (it is) necessary.‎ If (it is) possible, I will go abroad.‎ Don’t do it unless (it is) needed.‎ ‎4、独立主格中分词的省略 ‎①独立主格中的being和having been常可省略。如：‎ The football game (being) over, many people poured into the road.‎ The last table (having been) booked, he changes his mind.‎ ‎②当独立主格中being done表示“正在被做”时，being不可省略。如：‎ Food being cooked, I feel asleep.‎ ‎③当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it、there时，being不可省略。如：‎ It being cloudy, we can’t go hiking.‎ There being no buses, he must walk home.‎