2020届二轮复习之语法篇定语从句课件

2020届二轮复习之语法篇定语从句课件

定语从句学习指导 定语从句特别注意两点 : 一、先行词的概念 ; 二、关系代词和关系副词的用。 先行词 是定语从句里特有的概念，指的是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。 关系代词和关系副词 不仅起引导从向的作用，还在从句中充当一定的成分。 关系代词可作主语宾语或定语等 ; 关系副词可作状语。 要正确选择关系词，必须找准先行词，并把它放入定语从句中，看看它在从句中充当什么成分。 例如 : A dictionary is a book which gives meaning of word. 。   此处先行词是 book ， which gives the meaning of words 是定语从句 ; 关系代词 which 指代 book ，在从句中作主语 在空自处填入适当的词。 I. This book is written by my sister,____-is working for CCTV. 2. Can you lend me the novel__________you talked about the other day? 3. Do you still remember the day____________we first met? 答案： 1.who 2. Which/that/ 不填 3when/on which 4. At last the thief took out everything_______________he had stolen 5. I live in a room______________window faces south 6. This is the museum________________we saw an exhibition last week 答案： 4. That/ 不填 5.whose 6. Where/ in which 具体讲解 1. 定义在复合句中作定语的句子叫做定语从句 ( Attributive Clause) 。 2. 引导定语从句的有 关系代词 who ， whom ， which ， that ， whose 等， 关系副词 when ， where ， why 等。 3. 先行词：定语从句一般在它所修饰的名词、代词等之后，这个名词成代词被称作先行词。 4. 定语从句的类别：定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 高考分析：定语从句是高考热点、 主要考察关系代词及关系副词的正确运用，特备是它在 非限定定语从句 中的运用 。 主要考点有： （ 1 ）关系代词 which 引导的非限定定语从句 （ 2 ）关系副词 where 引导的定从（近年常考察先行词是抽象地点的情况） （ 3 ）“介词 + 关系代词”引的非限定定语从句 （ 4 ） as 引导的非限定定语从句 一．关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语等，作宾语时可以省略。 常见的关系代词有 who ， whom ， which ， that ， whose 。 1. 关系代词 who 指人，在从句中多作主语 。 例如 Mozi was another teacher who was very influential 。墨子是另一位很有影响力的老师。 The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing. 电视制作人打算找四位既能唱歌又能表演的乐手。 2. 关系代词 whom 指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略 。例如 : The girl(whom)/ saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫马雨。 3. 关系代词 which 指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。 例如 There are still two other sharks which are fierce. 还有其他两种凶猛的鲨鱼。 There his parents bought a candy store(which) they ran for the nerr40 or so year ，在那儿，他的父母买下了一家糖果店，之后一直经营了约 40 年 4 关系代词 that 关系代词出指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略，例如 : Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 地是卖报纸的那个女孩吗 ?(that 可以换成 who) There are many things (that)everyone can do to help stop desertification. 每个人都可以做很多事情来防止沙漠化。 5 关系代词 whose 关系代词 whose 指人或物，在从句中作定语。例如 : Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 救接人员为那些家园被 毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。 I live next door to a couple_________________children often make a lot of noise. 答 : whose whose 导定语从句，并在从向中作定语，相当于 the couple’s 6. 用 that 不用 which 或 who 的情况 (1) 当先行词为不定代词 anything ， something ， everything ， all ， much ， little 等时，关系代词多用 that. 例如 : All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，末必尽黄全。 She told me everything that she knew. 她把知道的一切都告诉了我。 (2) 当先行词由形容词最高级、序数词或限定词 the only ， the very ， all ， every ， any Few no 等修饰时，关系代词一般用 that ， 例如 This is the best novel that I have ever read 这是我读过的最好的一部小说 Australia is the only country that is also a continent 澳大利亚是一一个既是国家又是洲的 国家 (3) 当先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词多用 that. 例如 They talked of the things and persons that they remembered in school. 他们谈到了记忆中的学校里的人和事。 (4) 当关系代词出现在以 who 或 which 开头的疑问句中时，应用 that ，以道免重复使用 who 或 which 而造成语义含混不清。 例如 who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁 ? 7. 定语从句中的主谓一致 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数由先行词决定。例如： There are at least two teams of scientists which are trying to oclone humans. 至少有两组科学教在试图克隆人。 二．关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词在定语从句中做状语，一般不可以省略 常见的关系副词有 when, where, why 1. 关系副词 when 在从句中作时间状语，定语从句修饰的是表示时间的名词。 例如 It was a time when philosophers could have positions in governments. We live in an age______________more information is available with greater ease than ever before 答 :when 先行词是 Age( 时代 ) ，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用 when;when 相当于 in the age 2 ，关系副词 where 关系副词 where 在从句中作地点状语，定语从句修饰的是表示地点的名词 (1) where 引导的定语从句常修饰表示具体地点概念的名词。 例如 : Ancient China was a place where states were ofen at war with each other.. 古代中国是各诸侯国 之间经常发生战争的地方。 When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house____________I would be staying 。 答 : where 先行词是 house ，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语。 where 相当于 in the house ( 2) where 引导的定语从句还可以修饰表示抽象空间概念的名词 case( 情况 ) ， situation( 情形 ) ， position( 位置 ) ， stage( 阶段 ) ， point( 地步 ) 等。 例如 : What are some situations where body language is the only form of communication? 在哪些情形下身势语是唯一的沟通方式 ? I had reached a point in my career where I needed to decide which way to go. 我的事业到了要我决定何去何从的阶段。 Sales director is a position____________ communication ability is just as important as sales 答案 :where where 在定语从句中作状语相当于 in which 即 in the position 注意：   正确选择择关系代词 which/that 或关系副词 when/ where I 的关键在于 : 关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分。当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，应该用关系代词 ; 关系词在从句中作状语时，应该用关系副词 试比较以下两组句子 : I returned to the city which/ that visited last year. 我回到了去年游览的城市。 ( which/that 作宾语 ) I returned to the city where I grew up. 我回到了我成长的城市。 ( wheret 作状语 ) 3. 关系副词 why 引导 关系副词 why 在从句中作原因状语，定语从句修饰的是表示原因的名词 reason ，例如 The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my e-mail. 我打电语给你是想问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。 This is the reason why he was late for school 这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。 三、“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句 当关系代词作介词宾语时，就出现了“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。 作介词宾语的关系代词通常用 which 或 whom ，不能用 that 。 “介词 + which ”引导的定语从句修饰指物的先行词， “介词 +whom ”引导的定语从句修饰指人的先行词。 注意：在・介词 + 关系代词“结构中，介词的确定以下两个原则 （ 1 ）根据从句中的谓语动词与先行词的习惯搭配。例如 : This is the book for which I paid 10 yuan 这是我花 10 元钱买的书。 ②根据介词与先行词的习惯搭配。例如 : Jordan made a film in which he acted with a cartoon character. 乔丹出演了一部电影，他在里面和一个卡通角色一起主演。 1. “介词 + 关系代词”在从句中作状语 What is the youngest age at which a person can be employed? 可以受雇的最低年龄是多大 ? made a list of the members from whom/ had received replies. 我做了一张名单，列出我已经收到回复的会员 Creating an atmosphere ________employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. 答案 : in which 先行 atmosphere 指抽象意义上的地点， in which) ＂ 即 in the atmosphere 在定语从句中作地点状语，也可用 where 代替 注意： “介词 + which ”有时可与相应的关系副词互换。例如 Is his the schoo in which/(=where)you studied lo years ago? 这就是你 10 年前就读过的学校 The reason for which( =why)she was absent was that she missed the train. 地缺席的原因是没有是赶上火车。 介词可后里，这时，关系代词可省略。例如 This is the book(which)I’m most interested in. 这就是我非常感兴趣的那本书。 2. “介词十关系代词”在从句中作定语 Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year. 五位评委听了你的演讲，他们都认为你的演讲是今年最好的。 Their use was limited by laws, the first of which dates back to the fourteenth centur. 法律限制了它们 ( 面具 ) 的使用，这最可以追溯到 14 世纪。 3. “介词 + 关系代词 which ”中 which 作定语 We arrived at noon, by which time the demonstration was over. 我们是中午到的，那时示威游行行已经结束。 I called him by the wrong name ， for which mistake I should apologize ，我把他的名字叫错了对此错误我应当道歉。 四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，若缺少，句意则不完整，与主句一般不用逗号隔开 限制性定语从句与先行词关系不太密切，若缺少，句意仍相对完整，一般与主句用逗号隔开 关系代词 that 不能引导非限制性定语从句， 另外，在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词做宾语时不能省略。例如 : The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. 选出来的琥珀色彩艳丽， 呈现蜂蜜一样的黄褐色。 China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals. when people admire the moon and give gifts ofmooncakes 中国和日本都过中秋节。这时，人们会賞月，并互赠月饼。 The school year is divided into two semesters, the first of which is September through December. 学年分为两个学期，第一个学期是从九月份到十ニ月价。 2.which 引导的非限制性定语从句 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词 which 既可以指代表示物的先行词，还可以指代整个 主句内容，并在从句中作主语或宾语。 例如 The building is in Shanghai ， which is the biggest city in China. 这座大厦坐落在上海，中国最大的城市。 ( which 指代先行词 Shanghai ，在从句中作主语 ) He finished college at fifteen ， which I found hard to believe. 他 15 岁就大学毕业了，我觉得简直难以信。 ( which 指代整个主句内容，在从句中作宾语 ) It is a truly delightful place,__________looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. 答案 : which 非限制性定定从句中缺主语，先行词是 place ，故应用关系代词 which 引导该从句。 五、 as 引导的定语从句 1.as 引导限制性定语从句 用在固定搭配 as…as ， so……as ， such…….as ， the same…as 中。例如 : He is not the same man as he was. 他和以前不一样了。 The world has been changing at such a high speed as no one has expected. 世界变化速度之快 没人意料得到。 2.as 引导非限制性定语从句 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，指代主句的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语。例如 As is announce on /he school/ radio ， the sports meet will be held next month. 校广播宣布，运动会将于下月举行。 As I have pointed out ， it is important to include vegetables in our diet. 正如我指出的，日常饮食包含蔬菜很重要。 3.as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别 (1)as 引导的非限性定定语从句可置于主句前。面 which 则不能。试比较 As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically. 你知道，如果你反复做同样的事，你就会自动 地去做了。 And our porters carry your luggage, which means that you can simply enjoy the experience. 有搬运工为你搬运行李，这意味着你能尽情地享受行。 (2)as 引导非限制性定语从句时有“正如”之意，而 which 没有此意。 Smoking is harmful to one ＇ s health ， as is known to is all. 正如我们大家所知道的，吸烟有害健康。 It was raining heavily last night, which prevented me from going to the party 。 昨夜而下得很大，我无法参加晚会。 ___________is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived   答案： As 句感 : 正如孩子们常有的情況一样，医生到的时候艾米就好了。此处 as 引导的每非限制性定语从句位于主句之前， as 指代整个主内客，意为“正如” 六 应注意的问题 1. 定语从句的位置 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后。有时，定语从句与先行词之间插入其他成分，这类定 语从句称为分隔定语从句。例如 A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German 。 明天要来一位新老师教你们德语。 2.that 引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别 在定语从句中， that 作主语或宾语 : 在同位语从句中， that 不作任何成分。 试比较 : They find signs that make them believe other humans before them have travelled to the Earth‘s center. 他们发现了一些迹象，这使他们相信，在他们之前已经有其他人到地心旅行过。 ( 定语从句 ;that 在从向中作主语 ) There are certainly no signs that Charles was a rich man! 当然没有迹象表明查尔斯是个有前钱人。 ( 同位语从句 ;that 在从向中不作成分 )